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Unit 16 Stories Section 语法预备役观察句子，指出哪一个动作在前，哪一个动作在后1. Pliny wrote about an extremely terrible volcanic eruption that he had witnessed as a young man.()答案：“目睹”动作在前，“描述”动作在后2. This particularly sad event left a deep impression on Pliny who had lost an uncle in the eruption.()答案：“失去叔叔”动作在前，“留下印象”动作在后3. However, more than 1,600 years later, some scientists found the lost towns that had been buried under the ashes.()答案：“埋葬”动作在前，“发现”动作在后4. Before the eruption occurred, it had been a booming Roman city with temples, markets, restaurants and theatres.()答案：“是繁华的城市”动作在前，“火山爆发”动作在后语法讲座过去完成时一、构成had过去分词(had通用于所有人称)She showed me the pictures she had painted.她把她画的画拿给我看。二、用法1过去的过去表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，也就是“过去的过去”，图示为过去完成时的过去时间常用下面四种方式表示。(1)用by和before引导的短语表示，如by that time, by.oclock，by the end of., before 1993等。By three oclock yesterday afternoon we had finished the work.到昨天下午三点钟，我们已经完成了工作。She had learnt 2,000 English words by the end of last month.到上个月的月末， 她已经学了2000个英语单词。He had already had his breakfast before seven oclock this morning.今天早晨七点钟之前他已经吃完了早饭。(2)用when和before引导的状语从句表示。He hadnt learnt English before he came to England.他来英国之前没有学过英语。How long had Mr. Wang taught in the middle school before he came here?王先生来这里之前，在中学教了多长时间？The train had already left when I got to the station.我赶到车站时，火车已经开走了。(3)用sb.said，sb. knew或sb. asked等主句表示。He said he had never been to Nanjing.他说他从没到过南京。She knew she had met him before.她知道她以前见过他。He thought he had read the book.他想他曾经读过那本书。He asked who had broken the window.他责问是谁打破了窗户。(4)通过上下文表示出来。I was very sad at his death. We had been good friends since our childhood.他的去世使我很悲伤。我们自童年时代起就是好朋友。(直到他去世之前)He had worked the whole day.他已经工作了一整天。(在回家之前已工作了一天)2. 过去的动作延续到过去某一时间表示过去某一时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到那时，并可能继续下去，常同由for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。By the end of last month he had worked in Shanghai for twenty years.到上月底，他已经在上海工作了整整20年。(可能继续工作下去)3. 过去完成时常用于定语从句中定语从句中的动作如果发生在主句动作之前，要用过去完成时。I found the pen which I had lost.我找到了丢失的那支笔。I lent her the book which I had bought the day before.我把前一天买的书借给她了。4. 主句和从句的时间先后区别有时候，时间状语从句中谓语动词的动作发生在主句动作之前，这时，从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。After she had done her homework，she took a walk in the garden.她做完家庭作业后，在院子里散步。(先做完作业，后散步)When I had finished reading the book，I returned it to the library.读完了那本书，我就把它还给了图书馆。点津有时候，连词when，after，as soon as引导从句时，其本身往往就说明了两个相近动作的先后关系。因此，主句和从句有时均可用一般过去时。The bus started after he got on it.他刚上车，车就发动了。As soon as I came into the classroom，the bell rang.我一进教室铃就响了。5. hope，think，want，mean等动词的过去完成时这种形式可以表示过去未曾实现的愿望、意图、希望或打算等。I had meant to come，but it rained.我本想来的，但是下雨了。(没能如愿)I had hoped to see her again.我曾经希望再见到她。(过去的愿望)三、使用过去完成时应注意的几点1. 表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作，即指“过去的过去”。2. 过去时间有时由时间状语(when，before，by等)表现出来，但在更多情况下则通过上下文来体现。The play had already started when we got to the theatre.我们到剧场时，戏已经开始了。3. 用于宾语从句中(特别是在间接引语中)。I heard that they had made an important discovery.我听说他们有了一个重要发现。4用于时间状语从句中。I didnt begin the work until he had gone.直到他走了我才开始工作。5用于It was the first (second，.)time.句型中。It was the first time he had spoken to me in such a tone.这是他第一次用这种语调和我说话。6用于as或than引导的从句中。We didnt get along as well as we had hoped.我们相处得没有原先希望得那样好。We finished the work earlier than we had expected.我们早于预期完成了这项工作。强化印证选择合适的短语填入空白处1. The police found that the house _ and a lot of things stolen. (has been broken into; had been broken into)答案：had been broken into2. The pen I thought I _ is on my desk, right under my nose. (lost; had lost)答案：had lost3. By the time he was twelve, Edison_several experiments by himself. (would make; had made)答案：had made4. By eleven oclock yesterday we _ at the airport. (had arrived; arrived)答案：had arrived5. _ got into the room, when the telephone rang.(Hardly had he ; Hardly has he)答案：Hardly had he考点研讨1. 2014北京高考I found the lecture hard to follow because it _ (start) when I arrived.解题关键：when引导的时间状语在句中的作用。答案研讨：had started句意：我发现我很难明白讲座的内容，因为当我到的时候它已经开始了。题干中的语境为过去时，根据句意可知空格处发生的动作先于arrived，故使用过去完成时。2. 2014山东高考Writing out all the invitations by hand was more timeconsuming than we _ (expect)解题关键：注意was表明的时态以及than的作用。答案研讨：had expected句意：手写所有的请柬比我们预期的更加耗时。主句的时态是一般过去时，根据句意可知expect的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，所以该空表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。3. 2013辽宁高考改编He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he _(have) it for a very long time.解题关键：注意时间状语，比较动作的先后。答案研讨：had had考查时态。句意：当他卖掉他的吉他的时候他不高兴，毕竟，他拥有它已经很长一段时间了。卖掉吉他和不高兴这两个动作都用了一般过去时，而拥有吉他一定是在这之前的动作，所以要用过去完成时。4. 2012江苏高考改编The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he _(meet) some European business partners.解题关键：to have arrived back from Paris表明的时态。答案研讨：had met考查时态。句意：据说经理已经从巴黎回来了，在巴黎他会见了一些来自欧洲的商业伙伴。本题中出现了三个动词：is said, arrived, met, 需要搞清动作发生的先后顺序。根据句意，动词的先后顺序应该依次为：met, arrived, is said。is said表示一般现在时，to have arrived back为不定式的完成时表示动作已完成，因此meet动作发生在arrive这个过去的动作之前，应该用过去完成时。5. 2012天津高考改编We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold _(not offer) us a ride home.解题关键：would have called的作用。答案研讨：hadnt offered考查虚拟语气中的时态。句意：如果哈罗德不开车送我们回家，我们昨天可以叫出租车。根据句意可知if引导的条件状语从句是对发生在过去的事实的一种假设，所以要用虚拟语气，即用过去完成时。达标演练. 完成句子1. _(父亲本希望儿子与他一起做生意), but his son became an artist later.答案：The father had hoped that his son would go to business with him2. _(我们做了大量的准备工作) before class began.答案：We had done/made a lot of preparations3. By ten oclock _(我已完成了家庭作业)答案：I had done/finished my homework4. _(她曾是护士)before she entered a medical college.答案：She had been a nurse5. _(她在这所学校任教多年) before I came here.答案：She had taught in this school for many years6. I wish _(上星期天与你去了就好了)答案：I had gone with you last Sunday7. _(他们本打算到车站给我送行), but they couldnt get there in time.答案：They had meant to see me off at the station8. He talked about Rome _(他好像去过那里)答案：as if he had been there9. _(我们刚坐下) when she brought plates of food for us.答案：We had hardly sat down/Hardly had we sat down10. _(我们一到家) than it began to rain.答案：We had no sooner reached home/No sooner had we reached home. 单句语法填空(不多于3个单词)1. 2014河南模考By the time my parents reached home, I _(cook) the dinner already.答案：had cookedcook的动作发生在reached home之前，故主句应用过去完成时。2. What a mistake!Yes, I_(suggest) his doing it another way, but without success.答案：had suggested考查时态。过去完成时表示在过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。根据句意“愚蠢的错误！是的，我已建议他换种方式做，但没成功”可知，建议这一动作发生在犯错误这个动作之前，故应用过去完成时。3. 2014新余一中高二第一次段考My sister was very afraid all the way, because it was the first time she _(drive) a car.答案：had driven固定句型：It was the first time sb. had done sth.4. Claire had her luggage_(check) an hour before her plane left.答案：checked考查非谓语动词。句意：在飞机起飞前一个小时Claire把行李进行了安检。check与luggage之间是动宾关系，所以应用过去分词形式表示被动概念，构成have宾语过去分词结构，表示“找人做”或“使被”。5. 2013莆田高二检测What has happened to Jack?Hes had one of his legs_(injure) trying to save a boy from the fire.答案：injuredinjure与one of his legs之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。6. Tom，could you get the photo _ (develop) for me，please?答案：developedget the photo developed“冲洗相片”，develop“发展、冲洗”。7. Finishing their shopping at the mall, the couple discovered that their new car _(steal)答案：had been stolen考查动词的时态。steal这一动作发生在discover之前，所以用过去完成时表示“过去的过去”。8. 2014北京海淀区高二测试You didnt let me drive. If we _(drive) in turn, you wouldnt have got so tired.答案：had driven句意：你不让我开车。如果我们轮流开车的话，你就不会这么疲惫了。根据didnt 可知事情发生在过去，if条件句指过去，虚拟语气应用过去完成时。9. The building had been out of condition for years，so we decided to have it _ (rebuild)答案：rebuilt句意：这所建筑物失修好多年了，所以我们决定让人重建。have/get sth. done“使某事被做”。10. These cases were too heavy，so the old man got them _ (carry) from the house to the taxi.答案：carried考查get sth. done结构，意为“请/叫别人做某事”。
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