高三英语复习 定语从句讲义

定语从句考点清单 定语从句的基本用法一 定语从句的基本知识1定义：定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词 组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词 或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。2. 定语从句的位置: 定语从句的位置只能放在它所修饰词的后面。 Tom, who is 17, is my classmate.Tom is my classmate, who is 17. 3定语从句的结构: 被修饰的名词 / 代词 + 关系代词 + 从句 “被修饰的名词/代词”= “先行词” 这儿要强调的是先行词只能是名词或代词4定语从句的分类: 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句 见清单 P89 一二、关系代词的用法1. 关系代词which, that的用法which（指物，作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省略，）, that（指人/物，作宾语可省略）所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语。例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语）The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）注意：定语从句中，只能用关系代词that或只能用关系代词which 的情况： 见清单P90 二、（二）2.当关系代词后面带有插入语时, 只能用whichHere is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.避免重复当先行词为that时或一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个用了that，另一个宜用whichThat which you borrowed is out of date.I bought some magazines that might help me to kill time and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.2. 关系代词who, whom, whose的用法见清单 P90 二、（一）1，2 指人时，宜用who的情况（4点） 非限定性定语从句中指人的时候，只能用who 避免重复。如先行词为that/those时 如果先行词是one, ones, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时,关系代词应该用 who 或whom There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用whoTheres a gentleman who wants to see you.3. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 介词后面的关系词不能省略。that前不能有介词。 1）见清单P91，（三），1 2）见清单P91，（三），2 a. The man (to whom you talked just now) will chair the meeting tomorrow.= The man (whom/who you talked to just now) will chair the meeting tomorrow.但注意，在固定短语中介词不能提前，比如：care for, call on, put off, listen to, look for, look after等，如果把它们拆开，那么这些短语就失去了原来的含意。The old man whom I am looking after is better. b. He told me the tickets are hard to buy, in which case youd better buy right now. (which作case的定语)（He told me the tickets are hard to buy, and youd better buy right now in that case. ）c. The books, some of which he has read, are very interesting. 表示整体与部分关系（The books are very interesting and he has read some of the book.）d. The students, most of whom have seen the movie, are from our class.（The students are from our class and most of them have seen the movie.）e. He spent 2 hours there, during which time he slept.（He spent 2 hours there and he slept during that time.）f. The boss in whose department Mr. King worked had a heart attack.（The boss had a heart attack. Mr. King worked in his department.）3）复合介词短语+关系代词which的倒装P91，（三），3a.I arrived at a building， in front of which grow many trees.=I arrived at a building, and many trees grow in front of it.b.We visited a hill，at the foot of which lies a temple.=We visited a hill, and a temple lies at the foot of it.c.They went into the classroom， in the center of which stands a large table.=They went into the classroom, and a large table stands in the center of it.4）介词+which/whom +不定式结构见清单P91，（三），4He sold his gold watch and got twenty pounds with which to buy his wife a birthday gift.4. 关系代词as引导的定语从句见清单P91，（四）P91，二（一），3关系代词as (as as, such as, the same as/that) 可放于句首和句中，可作从句主语、宾语和状语（做题时一般看到前面有as, such, the same等，大部分情况后面都选as） Take as many books as you can. I want to read such a book as you read. (as定语从句)This is such a good book that we all like it. (so/suchthat结果状语从句，that后跟完整的句子)Please do it in the same way as I did. (as作状语)I want to borrow the same book as you read. 我想借一本和你读的一样的书。I want to borrow the same book that you read.我想借你读的那本书。（只有一本） 5. 关系代词as, which 的区别 见清单P91，（四）4与as区别：前面发生的事产生后面结果用which as一般为泛指，“正如”三 关系副词的用法1. 表时间、地点、原因的先行词在从句中作状语时，关系词使用关系副词。 When 表时间 = 介词 + which Where 表地点 = 介词 + which Why 表原因 = for which 例如： I still remember the day on which/when I joined the League. 表时间 This is the room in which/where I stayed for the night.表地点 This is the reason for which/why he was late. 表原因2. 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年待过的山村。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错： （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A3. 介词+where/when见清单P92(二)四定语从句其他用法要点（特殊句型及注意点）（一）定语从句的主谓一致：见清单P92 四 （二）特殊的定语从句1the way+定语从句，the way做从句状语时，通常用that/in which/省略The way (that/in which) he is doing the experiment is very funny. 2It/Thisis+the+序数词+时间+ (that) +定语从句（从句用完成时）It/Thisisthefirsttime（that）Ihavebeenhere.3It is (high) time +that+定语从句It is time that we should go home. It is time that we went home 4but作为关系代词（了解即可），相当于that(who) notThere are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不佩服他的才华。(三) 定语从句需特别注意的地方1 situation, case, point, stage在从句中充当状语时，后常用where见清单P92 三（三）Can you think of a situation where(= in which) you can use the word?The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in. 2 标点符号，比较以下一组句子：I picked up the apples. Some of them were bad.I picked up the apples; some of them were bad.I picked up the apples and most of them were bad.I picked up the apples, some of which were bad.3 分裂式定语从句：有些定语从句的先行词和关系词之间会插入一些其它成份。He arrived in Jinzhou in 1984, where he became a manger 2 years later. 此句中关系词不能用when，因为从句中已经有时间状语，因此先行词不是1984，而是Jinzhou。4带有插入语的定语从句，如I think, do you suggest等。Please choose someone who you think is kind. 此句中you think为插入语，关系代词who作从句的主语，is是从句的谓语。5定语从句和同位语从句的区别。定语从句的先行词或关系代词要在从句中充当一定的句子成份，而同位语从句中则不充当任何句子成份，比较以下两个句子。The news that our team lost the game disappointed all of us. 此句为同位语从句，the news在从句中不充当任何句子成份。The news that you told me yesterday is so disappointing.此句为定语从句，the news在从句中充当宾语。6定语从句和状语从句的区别，状语从句没有先行词，引导词用where，它很明显的特点是其前面为动词、副词等，有时虽有名词但不是表示地点的名词。You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again.状从After the war a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre. (状语从句)This is the room where/in which we lived three years ago.定从7定语从句和强调句的区别强调句型的结构：It is / was (could be) + 被强调的成分 + that .强调的成分是主语、宾语和状语。强调句型可用“还原法”来判断，若删除强调句型结构后，句子能还原为一个完整的句子，就是强调句。It was at the school gate that I met Tom yesterday. It was the school gate where I met Tom yesterday.第一句为强调句，去掉强调句型结构后，句子可以还原成一个完整的句子，I met Tom yesterday at the school gate. 而第二句不能还原成一个完整的句子，必须要加个介词at。8as前置和It作形式主语的主语从句混淆这两种形式主要区别在于as结构有标点符号“，”号，而It和that连用，比较下面两个句子：As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.It is known to all that the earth moves around the sun. 五 定语从句练习中的难点除了以上的几点需特别注意外，定语从句练习中还要小心下面的情况： 陷阱题。1. 从句迷惑主句结构的判断The person we spoke to _ no answer at first Amaking Bmakes Cmake Dmade对于此题，一些粗心的学生看到to马上就选择C。实际上we spoke to是定语从句，修饰the person，主句的主干应该是The person made no answer.应该选D。The man whose songs we are fond of _ in our city next week Asinging Bto sing Cwill sing Dsang同样，此题易误选A，以为是be fond of singing，实际上whose songs we are fond of 为定语，句子主干为The man will sing in our city.2. 主句从句结构混杂在一起Everything he _ away from him before he returned to his hometown. A. took B. had been taken C. had had been taken D. had taken此句对于一些基础差的学生有一定难度，他们无法正确判断句子的结构，容易误选A或D。但实际上，此题是主句和从句的结构相互混杂。Everything为先行词，he had为定语从句修饰everything，主句主干为Everything had been taken away. 因此应选C。3定语从句和强调句混杂在一起定语从句和强调句本身就容易混淆，如果把两者加在一起就更容易混淆了，做题时，关键是要判断定语从句的范围。如以下这个句子：It was in this building _ I once worked _ he met his former classmate.It was in this building (where I once worked) that he met his former classmate.