江苏专版2017高考英语二轮复习与策略第1部分专题3阅读理解模式2主旨大意题讲练

模式2| 主旨大意题确定标题概括全文主题概括段落大意写作目的标题是文章的题目，它不是主题，但限定主题的范围，可表达主题，是对主题的提炼和浓缩，表现形式多为短语，尤其是名词短语。主题是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表达的中心意思，有的直接出现在文中，有的需通过综合全文的内容概括归纳得出。段落大意是指段落的中心意思。文章常由多个段落组成，共同支撑全文主题，但每段又分述不同的意思，可通过归纳、演绎等方法概括得出。作者写文章的目的有三个：to express ones feelings，attitude and ideas；to affect readers；to inform readers。可细分为to introduce，describe，explain，inform，analyze，express，convey，argue，encourage，praise，criticize，advocate等。解题技巧1.细读文章或段落的首句、中间句和尾句，主题往往就在这些地方出现。2特别关注however，but等表示转折的信息词，主题很可能就在这类词的后面出现。3表示结论性的信息词如so，thus，therefore等后面通常会出现主题句。4对记叙文要会根据所述事件进行归纳概括，领会其寓意，总结出文章的主题。5标题是对主题句的高度概括，用词更少，简明扼要，有时会用形象化的语句。典例1(2015江苏高考B)In the United States alone，over 100 million cellphones are thrown away each year.Cellphones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants.The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver.A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste，the concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in socalled ewaste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals.Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed，the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries，in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material，up to 100 times more than the material contained in the finished products.Consider again the cellphone，and imagine the mines that produced those metals，the factories needed to make the box and packaging (包装) it came in.Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The US.Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production，distribution，and use of productsas well as management of the resulting wasteall result in greenhouse gas release.”Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the startfor instance，buying reusable products and recycling.In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive (动机) for reducing waste.If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products，would they reduce the packaging in the first place?Governments incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money.Why，they ask，should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫) that encased your television?From the governments point of view，a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and taxpayers back to the producers.60What does the passage mainly talk about?AThe increase in ewaste.BThe creation of ewaste.CThe seriousness of ewaste.DThe management of ewaste.60.D主旨大意题。文章首段提出了一种普遍现象电子垃圾太多，接下来介绍了电子垃圾的危害及来源。从第五段到最后一段一直在分析电子垃圾的处理措施及责任归属，特别是由最后一段的内容可知应选D项。A、C两项只是对首段的概括，内涵太小；B项是对第四段的概括。典例2(2014江苏高考C节选)Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour：we move closer to people we like.Most negative emotions，in contrast，are associated with avoidance behaviour：we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious.But anger is an exception to this pattern.The angrier we are，the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger：the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger.This approachandconfront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不对称) of EEG activity.Interestingly，this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy (同感)towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response.In defensive anger，in contrast，the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the angerinspiring situation.64What is the key message of the last paragraph?AHow anger differs from other emotions.BHow anger relates to other emotions.CBehavioural responses to anger.DBehavioural patterns of anger.64.D主旨大意题之段落大意。本题考查考生理解全段、提炼信息和概括总结的能力。根据题干信息可定位到文章的最后一段。根据本段第三句“But anger is an exception to this pattern.但愤怒是这种模式的一个例外。”以及下面对愤怒形式的描述可确定D项正确。A项“How anger differs from other emotions.生气是怎样与其他情感不同”表述不合题意。B项中“relates to other emotions生气与其他情感的联系”与A项错误相同。C项“Behavioural responses to anger.对生气的行为反应”，也不合题意。3