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专题二 定语从句一三个概念1. 定义：用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。如：The man you talked about is our headmaster. 你们刚才所谈论的那个人是我们的校长This is the bike my father gave me as my birthday present. 这是我父亲送给我作为生日礼物的自行车。The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year. 那棵红色叶子的树是去年栽的2. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的词就叫做先行词，它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。如：The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old. 在舞台上唱歌的那个男孩今年才九岁。Anyone who is willing to help others is welcome to our group. 欢迎任何愿意帮助他人的人参加我们的组织。His mother is out of danger,which excites their family very much. 他母亲脱离了危险，这件事情使他们家兴奋不已。3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词就叫做关系词。根据关系词的用法不同，关系词又分关系代词和关系副词，其中关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but等，关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用，又在从句中作某个成分。如：Lee is one of the students who are working very hard. 李是一个学习非常努力的学生。There is nobody but knows you here. 这儿没有不认识你的人。(but=who.not)He led us to a place where we have never been before. 他把我们带到以前从未去过的地方。 二如何把两个句子合为含有定从的复合句。1.The students are working hard. 2. Lee is one of the students.步骤1.两个句中相同的词（the students）；2.把用作定语从句的句中的那个词变为关系代词或关系副词，不管它在句中担当什么成分都要用在句首；3.把这个含有关系词的从句放到另一句中相同的词后，定语从句是后置定语。Lee is one of the students who are working hard.再看两个句子:This is the factory. I once worked in the factory.This is the factory (which) I once worked in.也可以是：This is the factory where/in which I once worked.三关系代词和关系副词基本用法根据关系词在定语从句中的不同用法，可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词主要有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下：当先行词指人时，若它在从句中作主语，则用who；若它在从句作宾语，则用whom或who；若它在从句中作定语，则用whose。如：The man who told me this refused to tell me his name.告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it.你拿了那个女人的伞，她非常生气。有时关系代词用that不用which，大致有如下几种情况：1.当先行词本身是all, everything, anything, nothing, none, little, few等代词时，关系代词原则上用that，不用which，例如：InChina, parents always do everythingthatthey can to support their children.在中国，父母总是尽他们所能来抚养孩子。I did nothingthatmight hurt you.我没有做任何可能伤害你的事。Allthatglitters is not gold.闪光的东西并非都是金子。2.当先行词被all, every, no, little, few, the only, the very, the right（恰当的）, the last, the same等修饰时，关系代词原则上用that，不用which，例如：Chatting is the only thingthatinterests her most.聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事情。These messages are the very onesthatI have been looking for.这些就是我一直在寻找的信息。This is the last thingthatI want to do.这是我最不愿意做的事情。3.当先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级，以及被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词原则上用that，不用which，例如：It was the largest mapthatI ever saw.那是我见过的最大的地图。When it comes toJinan, the firstthatcomes to mind is the spring water.谈到济南时，首先想到的就是泉水。 有时定语从句只能用which引导。1.非限制性定语从句。如：The river, which flows throughLondon, is called theThames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。2.which引导定语从句时，它在从句中主要用作主语或宾语，但有时也可用作定语，在意义上大致相当于this或that。如：We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took.我们叫他去看医生，他听取了我们的劝告。He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today.他学经济学，这种知识现今很重要。3. 介词后只能用whichWater is the natural medium in which fish live.水是鱼类赖以生存的自然环境。(注意搭配live in)This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teachers desk.这是我们的教室，前面有老师的讲台。(注意搭配in the front of our classroom)注意:有时可以见到“介词+关系代词+不定式”这样的结构（可视为一种紧缩的定语从句）。比较：She must have time in which to grow calm.=She must have time in which she can grow calm.她必须有冷静下来时的时间。She had some money in the bank, with which to help her mother.=She had some money in the bank, with which she could help her mother.她银行里有些钱用来帮助她的母亲。关系代词as用于引导限制性定语从句，必须与such, as, the same，so连用，其意为“像的”“凡是的”“一类的人(物)”。如：He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.他并不是一个做事半途而废的人。You must show my wife the same respect as you show me.你必须对我妻子表现出与对我同样的敬重。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford.他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。也可引导非限制性定语从句，根据情况可位于主句之前或之后，有时也可插在主句中间，其意为“这件事”“这一点”。如：He is late, as is often the case.他迟到了，这是经常的事。As is usual with children, they soon got tired.孩子们一贯如此，他们很快就厌倦了。关系副词主要有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when主要放在time, day, years, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后；where主要放在place, city, town, village, house等地点名词后；why则通常只放在reason后。如：Wednesday is the day when the shops are not open in the afternoon.星期三下午商店不开门。Give me one reason why we should help you.给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。要特别注意，activity,case, point, even, situation, job, organization, position等抽象名词后接where引导定语从句的用法(这是近几年高考的一个新热点)。如：I dont want a job where Im chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。Today, well discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.治疗将会持续到病人可以正常且安全地行走。If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it.你如果拿重要的东西去冒险，那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。一. 用定语从句改写下列句子：The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winterThe freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place_ this winter.The market, founded in 1979, sets up its tents every Saturday from 7:00 am to 1 p.m.- The market, _ in 1979, sets up its tents every Saturday from 7:00 am to 1 p.m3. The treatment will continue until the patient can walk correctly and safely. -The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point_ walk correctly and safely.4. The airs for us to breathe is getting dirtier and dirtier. - The airs _ is getting dirtier and dirtier.5. We must find ways to protect our environment - We must find ways_ protect our environment6. It is well known that the moon moves around the earth. - _, the moon moves around the earth.7. Football is played in more than 100 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. -Football is played in more than 100 countries, _ the most popular sport in the world.8. I know these people. They are all very friendly. -Such people _ are all very friendly.9. He wouldnt give the reason for his decision. -He wouldnt give the reason _ made the decision.10. Do you still remember the day? We first met in a park on the day. -Do you still remember the day _?二翻译下列句子，必须用定语从句。1. 他把他写的文章拿给我看。2. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子。3. 我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人。4. 这是一座岛，名字我忘了。5. 我碰到一个人，他说认识你。6. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。7. 这故事跟我昨天从她那儿听到的一样。8. 众所周知，月球每月绕地球转一周。9. 在那儿，孩子们有个可以玩耍的花园。10. 她写过许多书，但没有一本是受欢迎的。感受背景文化 Noahs Ark and the Flood - Story Summary:God saw how great evil had become and decided to wipe mankind from the face of the earth. However, one righteous (正直的) man among all the people of that time, Noah, found favor in Gods eyes. With very specific instructions, God told Noah to build an ark for him and his family in preparation for a catastrophic（毁灭性的）flood that would destroy every living thing on earth. God also instructed Noah to bring into the ark two of all living creatures, both male and female, and seven pairs of all the clean animals, along with every kind of food to be stored for the animals and his family while on the ark. Noah obeyed everything God commanded him to do.After they entered the ark, rain fell on the earth for a period of forty days and nights. The waters flooded the earth for a hundred and fifty days, and every living thing on the face of the earth was wiped out. As the waters drew back, the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat. Noah and his family continued to wait for almost eight more months while the surface of the earth dried out. Finally after an entire year, God invited Noah to come out of the ark. Immediately, he built an altar（祭坛） and worshiped the Lord with burnt offerings from some of the clean animals. God was pleased with the offerings and promised never again to destroy all the living creatures as he had just done. Later God established a covenant（圣约）with Noah: Never again will there be a flood to destroy the earth. As a sign of this everlasting covenant God set a rainbow in the clouds.Points of Interest from the Story: Gods purpose in the flood was not to destroy people, but to destroy wickedness and sin. With more detail in Genesis（起源）7:2-3, God instructed Noah to take seven pairs of every kind of clean animal, and two of every kind of unclean animal. Bible scholars have calculated that approximately 45,000 animals might have fit on the ark. Genesis 7:16 interestingly points out that God shut them in the ark, or closed the door, so to speak. The ark was exactly six times longer than it was wide. According to the Life Application Bible study notes, this is the same ratio（比率）used by modern ship builders. In modern times researchers continue to look for evidence of Noahs Ark. Check out this article by Joe Kovacs from WorldNetDaily.com on the Ararat Anomaly.Question for Reflection: Noah was righteous and blameless, but he was not sinless (see Genesis 9:20-21). Noah pleased God and found favor because he loved and obeyed God with his whole heart. As a result, Noahs life was an example to his entire generation. Although everyone around him followed the evil in their hearts, Noah followed God. Does your life set an example, or are you negatively influenced by the people around you? 专题二 定语从句一1. where we/you/people can spend time 2. which was founded3. where he can 4. (that/which) we breathe 5. in which we can 6. As is well known, 7. which makes it 8. as I know 9. why he had 10. when/on which we first met in a park二翻译1. He showed me the article that he had written.2. Sunday is the day when very few people go to work.3. I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music.4. It was an island whose name I have forgotten.5. I met someone who said he knew you.6. He changed his mind, which made me very angry.7. Its the same story as I heard from her yesterday.8. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.9. There the children have a garden in which they can play.(There the children have a garden in which to play.)10. She wrote a lot of novels, none of which were popular.8
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