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专题24说明文考纲展示命题探究1题型解读说明文是以“说明”为主要表达方式，用来说明情况、阐明事理的一种文体。它通过介绍情况、说明事物的特征，给人以正确思想或科学知识。在说明文完形填空中，作者一般是首先提出一个要说明的对象，如某种理论、某种方法、某项活动，然后按照从时间、空间、事情发展的顺序，进行介绍或说明。2题型特点(1)从类别上看说明文一般有三类：实体说明文。实体是指国家、城市、人物、山水、树木、花草、虫鱼、鸟兽、建筑、文化古迹、科技成果及各种工农业产品，包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等。事理说明文。事理是指观点、立场、名词概念、学术流派等，包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等。文艺性说明文。即把说明对象拟人化，进而编成故事，对其进行介绍。(2)在说明文完形填空中，作者一般首先提出一个要说明的对象，例如：某种理论、某种方法、某种技巧、某项活动，然后按照时间、空间、事情发展的顺序、步骤，再运用举例、对比等方式进行介绍或说明。通过阅读这样的文章，读者就会明白某种道理，掌握某种技巧或学会某种方法。考法综述说明文完形填空常就某一个问题从不同的角度来加以说明，考查频率不高，考查难度一般低于阅读理解。命题法1介词、连词的选择典例1.In that case, eat before the flight，_an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping.AthoughBsoCwhileDor答案D考查连词。此处是“祈使句and/or陈述句”句式，祈使句“eat before the flight”和“an empty stomach”是相反的，故用or。在乘飞机之前要用餐，否则空腹会让你睡不着觉。【解题法】介词、连词选择的解题思路介词属于虚词，主要用于名词、代词和动名词之前。介词用法非常复杂，特别是一些固定搭配中的介词，考生需要逐一记忆，如介词短语中的介词(with the help of, under the leadership of, on the contrary, in turn等)，动词短语中的介词(remind sb. of sth, result from, call at, lie in等)，形容词短语中的介词(be curious about, be popular with, be strict in sth.等)。高考对连词的考查一般包括以下三个考查点：连接并列成分或并列句的并列连词(and, so, for, but等)，引导名词性从句(that, whether, if, what等)和状语从句(when, because, as soon as, where等)的从属连词，引导定语从句的关系代词(who, whom, whose, that, which等)和关系副词(when, where, why等)。命题法2生活常识典例2Most people learn best using a variety of_1_(methods)_，but traditional classes are an ideal (理想的) start for many people. They_2_(provide)_ an environment where you can practice under the_3_ of someone whos good at the language.3A.controlBcommandCguidanceDpressure答案C在说明文类完形填空的解题中，生活常识法是比较常用的，其原因是该文体介绍的事件或理论通常要符合科学和逻辑，且通常不带有个人想象的色彩。比如本题中，进行语言练习，当然需要由某个擅长语言的人“指导”，运用这样的常识，选项中control, command和pressure自然也就排除掉了。【解题法】生活常识的解题思路高考完形填空提供的是不完整的语篇信息，其间交织渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识和生活常识，旨在考查考生灵活运用相关知识补充完整信息的能力。要想解决这类题目，考生不仅要有广博的知识和丰富的生活阅历，还要能够驾驭全文；不仅要理解文章的表层意义，还要弄清文章的深层意义。当对语言的把握不准确时，可充分利用社会文化知识和生活常识来帮助判断。命题法3利用总分原则，巧判词类范畴典例3Some children learn maths very easily, but others struggle through the basics. If your children are having a(n)_time learning elementary school (小学) maths, there is much that you can do to help. Here are some ideas: If your children are struggling with schoolwork, too much parental pressure can lead to further discouragement.Awonderful Beasy Chard Dspare答案C分析文章结构可知：本部分第一句为总述，后面的部分为分述。总述部分告诉我们，有些孩子学习基础知识很吃力，下面的分述部分讲述帮助学习吃力的孩子学习小学数学的方法。动词struggle表示“吃力地进行”，选项中应找与struggle相关的词，have a hard time与struggle意义相近，因此答案为C。【解题法】利用总分原则，巧判词类范畴的解题思路说明文体裁的完形填空的特点之一是总分原则，即先进行总的说明，或说明一个概念，或说明一种现象。考生做题时要充分利用这一特点，弄清作者要说明的具体内容，准确理解作者的态度，以便准确判断词类范畴。所谓词类范畴，不是指选项属于名词、动词或者形容词等，而是指根据总原则，从所给的四个选项选出与文章具体内容意义最贴近的一项。命题法4准确分析长难句，突破阅读“拦路虎”典例4You can start by putting your phone away and sitting close to your friend. Let your facial expressions reflect what he or she is saying._1_ you are able to fully understand, acknowledge the other persons feelings by reflecting them back. Use_2_ words or even sounds such as“yes”，“right” and“hmm” to encourage the other person to continue.1A.Whether BSince CWhile DIf2A.big Btough Cstrong Dshort答案1.A要想正确解题，首先要判断出“acknowledge the other persons feelings by reflecting them back”为祈使句，并且在此为主句，“_1_ you are able to fully understand”为从句。结合语境和前文中的“Let your facial expressions reflect what he or she is saying”可知此处应选A。 whether引导让步状语从句，表示“不管(还是)”。此处表示不管你能不能完全听懂对方的话，你都要通过对对方进行回应的方式认可他的话。2D句中的“such asyes，right and hmm”修饰“words or even sounds”。考生如果能够意识到对中心词起限定作用的“yes”，“right”和“hmm”都是很简短的词，就不难得出此题的答案为D。short表示“短的”。【解题法】准确分析长难句的解题思路(1)找出句子的主干，即找出句子的主语、谓语和宾语。(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词。(3)分析从句和短语的功能。要分清楚从句是哪种从句(是名词性从句、定语从句还是状语从句)以及各个单词、短语和从句之间的关系。 (4)分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。Cloze 1限时：6分钟Cultural differences occur wherever you go. When visiting another country, you should be aware of those differences and_1_them. Here are some_2_on how to fit in. Every traveler to a foreign country feels_3_at some point. What you do can make locals laugh. Your best defense is a sense of_4_. If you can laugh off eating with the wrong hand in India, locals will warm to you as “that crazy foreigner”. Wearing proper clothes is important too,_5_locals will judge you by what you wear. In some Middle Eastern countries, exposing your flesh is_6_， especially if you are a woman. So leave your torn jeans at home. Also be cautious about expressing_7_. Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly. In some countries it is_8_to kiss in public.题材为社会生活类。我们到一个陌生的国家一定会遇到文化差异所带来的困难。本文就如何应对这一现象提出了一些建议。1A.reject Brecite Crespect Dremove答案C当到另外一个国家去游玩时，你应该意识到那些差异并去尊重(respect)它们。reject“拒绝，驳回”；recite“背诵”；respect“尊重，尊敬，重视”；remove“去除”。根据常识可知，应尊重文化差异。2A.plans BtipsCarguments Dchoices答案B这儿有几条关于如何去适应这种差异的建议(tip)。3A.unsafe BexcitedCsatisfied Dawkward答案D每一个到国外的游客在某种程度上都会感到不舒适。unsafe“不安全的”；excited“(感到)激动的，兴奋的”；satisfied“(感到)满意的”；awkward“不舒适的”。根据句意可知答案为D项。4A.relief BbelongingChumor Ddirection答案C当你的所作所为让当地人发笑时，最好的保护自己的方法就是要有幽默感。a sense of humor“幽默感”。所以答案为C项。5A.but BforCso Dor答案B穿合适的衣服也是一件很重要的事，因为(for)当地人会根据你的穿着去判断你。for在此表示原因。6A.forbidden BallowedCexpected Dtolerated答案A根据下一句描述的“把你的破牛仔裤留在家里。”可知，在一些中东国家，暴露身体是被禁止的事情，所以答案为A项。forbid“禁止，不准”；allow“允许，许可”；expect“期望，预期”；tolerate“容忍，忍受”。7A.emotions BconcernCinterest Dviews答案A根据下一句的描述“在东南亚发怒会让你看上去很傻”可知设空处句意为“在表达自己的情感(emotions)的时候也要小心谨慎点”。所以答案为A项。8A.natural BadvisableCunwise Dunnecessary答案C有一些国家在公共场所接吻也是不明智的。natural“自然的，天生的”；advisable“可取的，明智的”；unwise“不明智的，愚蠢的”；unnecessary“不必要的”。Cloze 2 限时：16分钟If you want to learn a new language, the very first thing to think about is why. Do you need it for a_1_ reason, such as your job or your studies？_2_ perhaps youre interested in the_3_， films or music of a different country and you know how much it will help to have a_4_of the language.Most people learn best using a variety of_5_,_but traditional classes are an ideal (理想的) start for many people. They_6_ an environment where you can practice under the_7_ of someone whos good at the language. We all lead_8_ lives and learning a language takes_9_. You will have more success if you study regularly, so try to develop a_10_. It doesnt matter if you havent got long. Becoming fluent in a language will take years, but learning to get by takes_11_. Many people start learning a language and soon give up. “Im too_12_，” they say. Yes, children do learn languages more_13_ than adults, but research has shown that you can learn a language at any_14_. And learning is good for the health of your brain, too. Ive also heard people_15_ about the mistakes they make when_16_. Well, relax and laugh about your mistakes_17_ youre much less likely to make them again.Learning a new language is never_18_. But with some work and devotion, youll make progress. And youll be_19_ by the positive reaction of some people when you say just a few words in_20_ own language. Good luck!学习外语并非易事，但最好的方式还是传统的课堂学习模式，在老师的指导下，通过自己的努力，你会不断地进步，并获得学习外语的乐趣。1A.technical Bpolitical Cpractical Dphysical答案C根据空后的“. such as your job or your studies？”可知，此处是指学习英语的实际(practical)原因，故选C项。technical“技术的”；political“政治的”；physical“身体的；物理的”。2A.After BSo CThough DOr答案D联系上文中的“a_1_ reason”可知，此处是指你学习外语的另一种原因，故用or连接两个并列句。3A.literature Btransport Cagriculture Dmedicine答案A根据此处所表达的并列关系可知，所填词与后面的films, music一致，故用文学(literature)。transport“交通”；agriculture“农业”。4A.view Bknowledge Cform Ddatabase答案B根据语境可知，此处是指如果你掌握了一门外语，你就会知道它的用途有多大。have a knowledge of意为“掌握”，是固定短语，符合语境。5A.paintings Bregulations Cmethods Dcomputers答案C根据空后的“. but traditional classes are an ideal start for many people.”可知，此处表示绝大多数人学习外语会采用不同的方法(methods)。regulation“规范；规则”。6A.protect Bchange Crespect Dprovide答案D对许多人来说，既然传统的课堂是理想的开始，那么，它们当然可以提供(provide)一种学习外语的环境。protect“保护”；change“改变”；respect“尊重”，均不符合语境。7A.control Bcommand Cguidance Dpressure答案C联系之后的“someone whos good at the language”可知，在传统的课堂上，你是在老师的指导(guidance)下来学习外语的。control“控制”；command“命令”；pressure“压力”，均不符合语境。8A.busy Bhappy Csimple Dnormal答案A根据常识可知，我们的生活都很忙碌(busy)。9A.courage BtimeCenergy Dplace答案B根据下文中的“take years”可知，学习外语需要花费时间(time)。courage“勇气”；energy“精力”；place“地方”，均不符合语境。10A.theory Bbusiness Croutine Dproject答案C根据空前的“if you study regularly”可知，此处强调学习外语要形成一种惯例(routine)。theory“理论”；business“生意”； project“工程，项目”，均不符合语境。11A.some risks Ba lot less Csome notes Da lot more答案B根据语境可知，学习外语需要花费多年的时间。但如果能够把握规律，就能够节省时间，即花费的时间会少很多(a lot less)。12A.old Bnervous Cweak Dtired答案A根据下一句中的“children do learn languages more_13_ than adults”可以推断出，有些人放弃学习外语的借口是：他们认为自己老了(old)。13A.closely Bquickly Cprivately Dquietly答案B根据常识可知，孩子学习外语比成年人要快(quickly)，但是研究表明处在任何年龄(age)，你都可以学习外语。14A.age Bspeed Cdistance Dschool答案A句意解析见上题。由上文提到的children和adults的对比意义可知答案。15A.worry Bhesitate Cthink Dquarrel答案A联系下文中作者的建议可知，很多人担心(worry)自己会犯错误。16A.singing Bworking Cbargaining Dlearning答案D根据语境可知，有些人担心自己在学习(learning)外语的过程中会犯错误。bargain“讨价还价”。17A.if Band Cbut Dbefore答案B根据“祈使句and简单句”的句式结构可知，此处是指：对于你所犯的错误要放松并付诸一笑，你很可能会避免再犯同样的错误。18A.tiresome BhardCinteresting Deasy答案D结合下文中but表示的转折意义可知，此处强调学习外语从来都不是一件容易的(easy)事情。19A.blamed Bamazed Cinterrupted Dinformed答案B根据语境可知，当你用一门外语说了仅仅几句话，而以这门语言为母语的一些人对你做出积极评价时，你会感到很吃惊(amazed)。20A.their Bhis Cour Dyour答案A此处指上文提到的“some people”，也就是以这门语言为母语的人，故用their。Cloze 3 限时：16分钟Maybe youve lost your job. Maybe you didnt get the_1_in your job. Maybe your sweetheart_2_with you. People say “Dont take it personally” and “Dont let it get to you”， but thats very_3_to do.If youre feeling disheartened,_4_are some strategies (策略) for making yourself feel better? Its pretty clear that_5_“Im the greatest！” or winning a prize along with every other secondgrade soccer player isnt a good way to_6_healthy selfrespect. Then what can you do to feel better? Here are some_7_to follow：Do a good deed. This is as selfish as it is selfless; youll_8_as much as the person youre helping. I had a friend who_9_a period of vast rejection: she was fired from her_10_， she didnt get into the graduate program to which shed_11_， and her boyfriend split up with her. Everything worked out fine_12_， and I asked her how she got through such a(n)_13_ time. She said，“I was_14_ addicted to doing good deeds for other people. It was the only way I could make myself feel like I wasnt a total loser.” Keep a resolution (决心). Not only will you benefit from exercising or_15_ out your garage, but youll also get a boost (激励) from the mere fact that you made a_16_ and stuck to it. Boost your_17_. Studies show that when youre feeling energetic, youre much more likely to feel good about yourself. Most important: get enough sleep. Challenge yourself_18_. This strategy doesnt work for me, but I know that many people feel great_19_ whitewater rafting, bungee jumping, or rollercoasterriding. For the less daring, a great run, or bike ride can do the_20_.当挫折和失败让自己感到心灰意冷、自我怀疑的时候，怎样做才能恢复自尊、自信呢？1A.promotion Bgift Cmatch Dbreak答案A根据上下文可知，作者在列举一些让人感到不开心的事情。在职场中，没能获得晋升就是其中之一。promotion“提升”；gift“礼物”；match“比赛”； break“休息”。2A.kept up Bput up Cbroke up Dmade up答案C或许你的心上人和你分手了。break up with sb.“与某人分手”；keep up with sb.“跟上某人”；put up with sb.“容忍某人”；make up with sb.“同某人言归于好”。3A.easy Bhard Cdangerous Dpleasant答案B句意：人们说“你别往心里去”“不要让它对你产生影响”，但是那做起来却很难。but提示上下文存在转折关系，说明事情是说起来容易，但是做起来难。4A.which Bhow Cwhere Dwhat答案D如果你觉得心灰意冷，有什么(what)策略能让你感觉好点呢？5A.hearing Bpraising CknowingDrepeating答案D根据下文“Im the greatest！”以及常理推断，在遭受挫败的时候，人们往往对自己重复(repeating)一些鼓励的话，让自己心情好起来。6A.have Blose Cbuild Dhurt答案C重复“我是最棒的！”或者在和其他二流足球队员比赛时获胜都不是增强自尊的好方法。build此处意思是“逐渐增强”。7A.ideas Btips Cplans Dmethods答案B根据下文内容可知，这是作者提出的几点建议。tip常用来表示一些有用的小建议；idea“主意，想法”；plan“计划”；method“(系统的)方法”。8A.benefit Brepay Creject Ddemand答案A你会和你所帮助的人获得一样多的收益。benefit“得益于”；repay“偿还”；reject“拒绝接受”；demand“要求”。9A.went through Bcame acrossClooked for Dwaited for答案A这里指经历了一系列严重的挫败。go through“经历”；come across“偶然碰到”；look for“寻找”；wait for“等候”。10A.house Bincident Cjob Dboss答案C介词from提示这里指在工作中(job)被解雇。11A.appealed Blistened Creacted Dapplied答案D她申请读研失败。apply“申请”；appeal“呼吁”；listen“听”；react“回应”。12A.in the beginning Bin the endCin a moment Din a sense答案B一切最终都顺利了。in the end“最后，结果”；in the beginning“起初”；in a moment“立刻，马上”；in a sense“从某种意义上说”。13A.wonderful BtoughCunforgettable Dbusy答案B根据语境可知，她度过的是一段困难的(tough)时期。14A.practically BhardlyCcarefully Dunwillingly答案A此处副词practically相当于almost，意思是“几乎，差不多”。 hardly“几乎不”；carefully“仔细地”；unwillingly“不情愿地”。15A.working Bleaving Cfinding Dcleaning答案D锻炼或者打扫车库会让你受益。clean out“把彻底打扫干净”；work out“计算出，解决”；leave out“遗漏，略去”；find out“找出，查明”。16A.bet Bdifference Cpromise Drecord答案C根据Keep a resolution可知C项意义接近，即做出承诺并且信守承诺。make a promise“许诺”；make a bet“打赌”；make a difference“有影响，起作用”；make a record“录制唱片”。17A.energy BconfidenceCcourage Dability答案A根据下文语境以及“energetic”一词的提示可知该段小标题是Boost your energy(养精蓄锐)。18A.mentally BphysicallyCsuccessfully Dnaturally答案B根据下文提到的极限运动可知，这里指Challenge yourself physically(挑战体能)。19A.before BuponCuntil Dafter答案D很多人在进行了激流皮划艇运动、蹦极或乘坐过山车后(after)感觉很好。20A.service BbusinessCtrickBfavor答案Cdo the trick是固定短语，意思是“起作用；奏效；达到目的”。Cloze 4 限时：17分钟Reading and learning new words is about finding their meaning and use within a passage. The meaning of unknown words which you_1_in your reading sometimes can be known by their_2_， that is, their contexts. The context of the sentence can tell us the part of speech(词性) of the_3_word. Using the context of the paragraph to define unknown words can also be_4_.Readers often have trouble because they understand the sentence word by word but_5_meaning of a word, when they should identify the way it has been used in the passage.One consideration in using the context is to determine the unknown words part of speech. The words around the unknown word can give you_6_. Once you know if the word is a noun or an adjective, it is often enough for you to_7_reading without having to stop to look up the meaning of the word. After coming across the word a few more times，you will know its meaning more_8_than if you had just looked it up.Comparison clues indicate that two or more things are_9_. A comparison is possible because the known and unknown words have_10_. Words likewise show you that comparisons can be made. _11_clues tell you that an example of an unknown word follows. Example clues are usually_12_ by the following words and phrases; such as, such, other, for example, and like.To find meanings from textbased clues, you should look for clues in the sentence. A second kind of clue does not_13_ on specific words to indicate meaning. This kind of context clue is called frameworkbased clue. Your knowledge of the meanings of surrounding words_14_you discover the meaning of a word or sentence. Common_15_and your knowledge of the parts of speech also help in defining unknown words. For example: The angry driver shouted vehemently during his fight with the other driver. What does vehemently_16_？ You know what_17_ means, and you know how people_18_when they argue. From this, you can_19_out that vehemently has something to do with strong_20_or intense feeling.在阅读的过程中，我们常常会遇到很多生词。那么，如何在不查阅词典的情况下去猜测生词的词义呢？1A.take down Blook up Ccome across Dpick out答案C你在阅读中遇到(come across)的生词的词义有时可以通过上下文语境猜测出来。A：记下；B：查阅；D：挑选出。2A.sentences BwordsCtopicsDsurroundings答案D下文中的that is说明此处应选contexts(上下文语境)的近义词。3A.unknown BabnormalCfamiliar Dnegative答案A句子的上下文可以告诉我们这个生词(unknown word)的词性。4A.unique BnaturalChelpful Dcommon答案C语篇语境对于定义生词也是有帮助的(helpful)。5A.incorrect BinconvenientCdifferent Dsatisfactory答案A当读者应该在语篇中通过单词的用法来确定单词词义时，他们却只看单个单词的意思，不能准确(incorrect)理解某个单词的意思，从而导致了理解上的困扰。6A.cases BreasonsCeffects Dclues答案D生词周围的那些词可以给你提供线索(clues)。7A.translate BinterviewCcontinue Dexamine答案C根据下文without having to stop可知，如果你知道这个生词是名词还是形容词，你就可以继续读下去，不必停下来查找单词词义。continue doing sth.“继续做某事”。8A.strangely BuncertainlyCpotentially Dfirmly答案D在遇到这个单词几次之后，你对它的意思的掌握会比查词典更牢固(firmly)。9A.alike BmeaningfulCproper Dgreat答案A对比线索暗示两个或多个事物是相似的(alike)。10A.properties BsimilaritiesCpossibilities Dpersonalities答案B认识的和不认识的词之间有相似之处(similarities)，所以就可能存在比较。11A.Popularity BConsiderationCExample DComparison答案C下文“Example clues”给出了提示。举例线索会告诉你下面有对一个未知词的举例。12A.affected Badjusted Cchanged Dintroduced答案D举例线索通常由such as，such，other，for example和like这样的单词或词组引出(introduced)。13A.focus BspendCcarryDrely答案D另一种线索并不依靠(rely on)特定的词暗示词义。14A.prevents BhelpsCtells Ddisplays答案B你对周围单词意思的了解有助于你发现一个词或句子的意思。help sb.do sth.“帮助某人做某事”。15A.point BtasteCawareness Dsense答案D在定义生词的过程中，常识(common sense)以及你对词性的了解也会有所帮助。16A.mean Buse Ccontain Dcomplete答案A表示“是什么意思”时，常用句型What does.mean？17A.angry Bgrateful Chappy Danxious答案A上文“The angry driver”给出了提示。你知道生气意味着什么。18A.take Bsay Cact Dthink答案C你知道angry是什么意思，并且你知道当人们争吵时，他们是如何表现的。act这里意为“举止，表现”。19A.come Bfigure Cfeel Dset答案B根据这些，你就可以弄清楚(figure out)“vehemently”与强烈的情感有关。20A.demand Bambition Cattitude Demotion答案D下文中“or intense feeling”给出了提示，选项中只有emotion(情感)与feeling的意思接近。Cloze 5 限时：16分钟In the 1450s Johannes Gutenberg, a German printer, developed a new printing press (印刷机 ). Then single letters could be_1_in lines to create a page of text. The letters were made of metal. Each one could be_2_to different parts of the press, depending on which words were_3_on a certain page.This was one of the most important_4_in the history of printing._5_， most books had been created by copying out text by hand. The_6_of a single book would take many hours or even days. With the Gutenberg press,_7_could be printed in several seconds, and many copies of books could be created in a few hours.Gutenbergs printing press was not so much a(n)_8_， however, as an improvement of developing technologies. The Chinese were the first to use wooden blocks (木刻版), as early as the 8th century. Then great_9_was made around 1040. The movable type was invented by Bi Sheng in China. European_10_the printing methods centuries later. Another contribution to Gutenbergs system also comes from the East, _11_. The Ch
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