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专题1 语法填空【构建知识体系】2014-2016年全国高考本专题考查分布明细统计（新课标I卷）动词形容词副词名词代词冠词介词连词2014年331011012015年402120102016年30121111【考纲解读】考试大纲要求考纲解读普通高中英语课程标准(实验)明确指出：高中学生应该学习和掌握的英语语言基础知识包括语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题等五个方面的内容(教育部，2003：14)。考查考生对语法、词汇和语用知识的掌握情况。语篇型语法填空则更侧重考查考生语法和词汇在语境中的运用，强调词汇的变形。同时强调语篇分析能力，凸显交际性和语境化特征。【剖析全国高考真题】预测高考命题方向1.【2016全国新课标I】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top_61_(attract). So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research, I_62_（allow）to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre. From tomorrow, I will be their UK ambassador. The title will be _63_(official) given to me at a ceremony in London. But my connection with pandas goes back _64_ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, _65_ I was the first Western TV reporter_66_ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include _67_(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia. On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by _68_ (it) mother. The nursery team switches him every few _69_( day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, _70_ other is with mum-she never suspects.【答案】61. attraction 62. was allowed 63. officially 64. to 65. when 66. permitted 67. introducing 68. its 69. days 70. the63. officially考查副词。修饰动词用副词形式。64. to 考查介词。固定短语：go back to “回到”。65. when考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，从句缺少状语，因为先行词是时间，故填when。66. permitted 考查过去分词。被修饰的名词和permit之间是被动关系，用过去分词。67. introducing考查动名词。 介词后面应该用动名词形式。68. its考查代词。 修饰名词用形容词性的物主代词，故填its。69. days考查名词复数。Few修饰复数名词。【归纳总结】修饰复数名词的词和短语包括：many, few, a few, several, a number of, hundreds of等。修饰不可数名词的词和短语包括：much, a little, little , a bit of等。既能修饰复数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词和短语包括：more , such, plenty of, a lot of , lots of, a quantity of, quantities of等。70. the考查冠词。固定短语：one the other“一个另一个”。考点：语法填空 【归纳总结】语法填空题的考查范围：动词（时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语形式）、名词、代词、冠词、介词、数词，连词，固定搭配、情态动词、复合句、形容词和副词的比较级最高级及构词法、倒装、虚拟语气，省略、强调等。如：63题是考查副词；68题考查代词；69题考查名词复数；70题考查冠词等。解题策略：1.略读理解分析填空连贯检查（语法正确、语意连贯、拼写正确、书写规范、大小写准确）2. 了解语法、词法、句法、章法和惯用法。2.【2016全国新课标II】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别)those of 41 (great)and less importance. Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of 42 (achieve). Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 43 (be) often acceptable. Most of us are more focused 44 our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. So, get an early start and try to be as productive 45 possible before lunch. This will give you the confidence you need to get you through the afternoon and go home feeling accomplished. Recent 46 (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks 47 (regular). Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 48 while, exercising, or dong something you enjoy. If you find something you love doing outside of the office, youll be less likely 49 (bring) your work home. It could be anything-gardening, cooking, music, sportsbut whatever it is, 50 (make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.【答案】41. greater 42. achievement 43. is 44. on 45. as 46. studies 47. regularly 48. a 49. to bring 50. make43.is 考查句子结构和主谓一致。本句中单个动名词短语“Leaving.tomorrow”在句中做主语，谓语动词使用单数形式，所以使用is。44.on 考查固定搭配。形容词短语be focused on集中于.；很多人早晨对任务的注意力要比晚些时候的注意力更集中。45.as 考查固定搭配。短语as.as.和.一样；正是因为人们早晨的注意力更为集中，所以我们要早起，要和午饭之前一样的高效率。46.studies 考查名词单复数。本句的谓语动词是show，说明主语是复数名词studies。47.regualrly 考查副词。在英语副词通常做状语修饰形容词、副词或动词，形容词通常在句中做定语或表语修饰名词。所以本句中使用副词regularly做状语修饰动词take short breaks。48.a 考查固定短语。介词短语for a while一会；本句是指通过锻炼或做一些你喜欢的事情，让你的身体和思维休息一会。49.to bring 考查形容词短语。形容词短语be likely to do sth可能做某事；你就不太可能把工作带回家去做，因为你找到了你喜欢做的事情。50.make 考查祈使句。本句中动词短语make sure放在句首，构成祈使句。句意：要保证它是让你释放压力，而不是让你担忧的事。【名师点睛】 在语法填空中，我们要特别注意词性转换题。如本文的，横线前面有介词of，横线上要使用名词achievement作为of的宾语。，在英语副词通常做状语修饰形容词、副词或动词，形容词通常在句中做定语或表语修饰名词。所以本句中使用副词regularly做状语修饰动词take short breaks。 词类转换题要先确定所要填的单词在句中的成分。技巧1：作表语、定语或补语，通常用形容词形式。考点：考查语法填空3.【2016全国新课标III】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。In much of Asia, especially the so-called rice bowl cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 41 Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might 42 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 43 (create) special designs.The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, 44 (use) twigs(树枝)to remove it. Over time, 45 the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 46 (gradual) turned into chopsticks.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 47 lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the 48 (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 49 (be) too violent for use at the table.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 50 their hands.【答案】41. and 42. be made43. to create44. using45. as/when46. gradually47. who48. development49. were50. with【解析】试题分析：本题主要考查词法和句法知识，集中考查了词性转换，并列句，定语从句，状语从句和非谓语动词等语法知识。41. and考查并列连词。这里列举了一些亚洲的国家，它们是并列关系，故填and。42.be made考查固定词组。sth be made of精美的筷子可能非由金或银制成的筷子莫属。某物由.制成，情态动词后跟动词原形，故填be made。43. to create考查不定式作目的状语。技术娴熟的工人会把各种各样的硬质木材和金属结合起来，以创造出特殊风格的筷子。这里用不定式表目的，故填to create。44.using考查现在分词作伴随状语。人们可能使用大锅煮食物，用树枝把锅移开，use的逻辑主语是people，两者是主动关系，用现在分词表示伴随状况，故填using。45.as/when考查时间状语从句。句意：随着人口的增长，人们开始把食物切成小块，这样可以煮得快一点，这里是时间状语从句，when意为“当时候”，后跟长动作或短动作，故填aswhen。46.gradually考查副词。副词修饰动词或形容词，这里修饰动词短语turned into，应该用副词，故填gradually。47. who考查非限制性定语从句。剧中有逗号，说明是非限制性定语从句，先行词是Confucius孔子，定语从句缺少主语，且指人，故填who。48.development考查词性转换。the名词of，意为“的”，这里指“筷子的发展”，故填development。考点：名词；介词；副词；并列连词；非谓语动词；定语从句；状语从句 【名师点睛】语法填空的解题技巧语法填空是通过语篇在语境中考查语法知识的运用能力。我们在解题前应快速浏览短文掌握大意，有把握的空格可以进行填写。在读懂的基础上，再结合短文提供的特定的语言环境去逐句分析逐题解答。按题型设计分三种情况：1. 纯空格试题的解题技巧首先分析句子结构，根据所缺成分确定哪类词。然后根据句子意思，确定具体填什么词，或根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。比如第41空，45空，47空和50空，41空考查并列连词，45空考查时间状语从句，47空考查非限制性定语从句，50空考查介词。2. 给出了动词的试题解题技巧首先，判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。若句子没有别的谓语动词或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系，所给动词就是谓语动词，若是谓语动词就要考虑时态和语态；若句子有谓语动词则用非谓语动词（动词不定式、现在分词、动名词和过去分词）。比如42空，43空和49空，给的是动词，根据句意可知42空是动词词组，43空是不定式表目的，49空是并列的谓语。3. 词汇转换题解题技巧这类题主要考查名词、形容词和副词。根据所给词在句中所做句子成分确定用哪种形式。比如46空和48空，分别考查动词转换为名词和形容词转换为副词。【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2017年全国高考试题还会文体以记叙文、议论文为主。上下文语境提示3-4个，单词基本形式提示6-7个。侧重对词汇变形的考查。【精讲研法】课堂讲解突破核心考点考点一 冠词、代词、介词等小品词（1）冠词【例1】The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, _70_ other is with mum-she never suspects.（2016新课标I）【答案】70. the【例2】Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 48 while, exercising, or dong something you enjoy.（2016新课标II）【答案】a【解析】考查定冠词。固定短语。介词短语for a while一会；本句是指通过锻炼或做一些你喜欢的事情，让你的身体和思维休息一会。规律方法1： 如何判断空格处应填冠词？下列情况很可能填不定冠词：(1)_+可数名词(单数)；(2)_+形容词+可数名词(单数)。下列情况下很可能填定冠词：(1)_ (+定语)+名词+ of等介词短语(表示特指)；(2)_ (+定语)+名词+定语从句(表示特指)；(3)_ (+定语)+名词+不定式短语或分词短语(表示特指)。【变式精练】1.The doctor put 46._ operation mirror on his head and had to kneel down in order to get a proper angle for him to see the 47._ (injure) part of the girls mouth.（甘肃省兰州市第一中学2017届高三上学期期中考试）【答案】46. an 47.injured【解析】考查不定冠词。46.an operation以元音开头，故填an。47.injured 句意：看到受伤的部分。形容词修饰名词，故填injured。2.I have recently returned from 61 extended 26-day trip to China. （湖北省华师一附中、孝感高中、荆州中学、襄阳四中等八校2017届高三12月联考）【答案】an 【解析】考查冠词。本句中名词trip是可数名词，使用不定冠词an泛指在中国26天的旅行。（2）代词【例1】On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by _68_ (it) mother. （2016新课标）【答案】 its【解析】考查代词。 its考查代词。 修饰名词用形容词性的物主代词，故填its。【例2】Then the driver stoop up and asked, “ 68 anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop ?” A woman on the bus shouted , “Oh dear “ It is 69 （I）”. She pushed her way to the driver and to the little boy.（2014新课标）【答案】69. mine/me规律方法2： 如何判断空格处应填代词？（1）无提示词。（2）作主语用主格，作宾语用宾格，注意形容词词性和名词性物主代词的区别。（3）指示代词（it和this）,不定代词，it用作引导词,反身代词等。【变式精练】To gain perspective, you may want to write a letter to 70 (you) from that persons point of view. （河北省石家庄市辛集中学2017届高三上学期期中）【答案】yourself 【解析】考查反身代词。由于主语为you，给自己写一封信，因此用yourself。3、介词【例1】But my connection with pandas goes back _64_ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.（2016新课标）【答案】 to【解析】考查介词。固定短语：go back to “回到”。【例2】Most of us are more focused 44 our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. （2016新课标）【答案】on 规律方法3：如何判断空格处应填介词？（1）无提示词：注意搭配问题。（2）与名词相连构成介宾短语担任状语,补语等。（3）与不及物动词构成动词短语接宾语。【变式精练】On this blog(博客) I will be posting a travel journal 70 photographs and drawings. Marked on the map are the cities and villages I visited while in China（湖北省华师一附中、孝感高中、荆州中学、襄阳四中等八校2017届高三12月联考）【答案】with【解析】考查介词。介词with表示“有，配有”，本句中介词短语“with photographs and drawings”作为定语修饰名词短语a travel journal。考点二 连接词【例1】Over time, 45 the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.（2016新课标）【答案】as/when【解析】考查时间状语从句。句意：随着人口的增长，人们开始把食物切成小块，这样可以煮得快一点，这里是时间状语从句，when意为“当时候”，后跟长动作或短动作，故填aswhen。【例2】Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 47 lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks. （2016新课标）【答案】who【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。剧中有逗号，说明是非限制性定语从句，先行词是Confucius孔子，定语从句缺少主语，且指人，故填who。【例3】So, get an early start and try to be as productive 45 possible before lunch. （2016新课标）【答案】as 【解析】考查固定搭配。短语as.as.和.一样；正是因为人们早晨的注意力更为集中，所以我们要早起，要和午饭之前一样的高效率。【例4】Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit _67_ is driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too much or dont know how to control your credit card use.（2014新课标）【答案】that/which【解析】考查连接词。这里habit是先行词，指物，后面定语从句中缺少主语，因此用关系代词that/which引导。规律方法4：如何判断空格处应填连接词？(1) 并列连词：如果空格在两个或几个单词或短语之间，那么就可能填连词。(2) 主从复合句的连接词：如果两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，那么一定是填引导从句的连接词。【变式精练】 I felt hed walk on by, 66._he moved until he was directly in front of me. （河南省重点高中2017届高三上学期第二次质量检测）【答案】but考点三 时态、语态、语气【例1】So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research, I_62_（allow）to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.（2016新课标）【答案】was allowed【解析】考查时态和语态。根据句意可知作者是被允许走近这些动物， be allowed to do sth“被允许做某事”。【例2】Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 49 (be) too violent for use at the table.（2016新课标）【答案】were 【解析】考查时态。根据句意可知，这里指的是刀子因太暴力而不适合在餐桌上使用，believed后跟一个宾语从句，and连接了两个并列的谓语，主语knives是复数，根据时态一致的原则，这里用一般过去时，故填were。【例3】It was raining lightly when I _61_(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didnt care.（2015新课标）【答案】arrived【解析】考查时态。根据主句中was和后一句中的didnt的可知此处应用一般过去时。【例4】This cycle _ _68_ (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and thus always a timely offset（抵消）for the outside temperatures.（2015新课标）【答案】goes 【解析】考查时态。根据上下文，此处用一般现在时态。这种循环日复一日。规律方法5：如何判断空格处应填时态、语态、语气？(1) 寻找关键信息词。题干中的某些关键信息对于解答时态、语态、语气类的题目尤为重要。(2) 利用上下文语境。利用上下文语境是解决时态、语态、语气类题目常用的最有效的方法，(3) 判断是否是客观真理。如果句子所表达的是客观真理、寓言故事、谚语、格言等，通常用一般现在时。【变式精练】One day, I 64_(walk) from class across campus to catch my bus home, head down, fighting tears of total despair, when an old man came down the sidewalk toward me.（河南省重点高中2017届高三上学期第二次质量检测）【答案】was walking考点四 非谓语动词【例1】But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter_66_ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include _67_(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.（2016新课标）【答案】66. permitted67. introducing【解析】66. permitted 考查过去分词。被修饰的名词和permit之间是被动关系，用过去分词。67. introducing考查动名词。 介词后面应该用动名词形式。【例2】 If you find something you love doing outside of the office, youll be less likely 49 (bring) your work home.（2016新课标）【答案】49.to bring 【解析】考查形容词短语。形容词短语be likely to do sth可能做某事；你就不太可能把工作带回家去做，因为你找到了你喜欢做的事情。【例3】Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 43 (create) special designs.（2016新课标）【答案】to create【解析】考查不定式作目的状语。技术娴熟的工人会把各种各样的硬质木材和金属结合起来，以创造出特殊风格的筷子。这里用不定式表目的，故填to create。【例4】The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, 44 (use) twigs(树枝)to remove it. （2016新课标）【答案】using【解析】考查现在分词作伴随状语。人们可能使用大锅煮食物，用树枝把锅移开，use的逻辑主语是people，两者是主动关系，用现在分词表示伴随状况，故填using。【例5】A study of travelers _68_(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.（2015新课标）【答案】conducted【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：一项网站所进行的调查。过去分词作后置定语，表示被动关系。 【例6】Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it _69_(regular) arranges quick getaways here for people _70_(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.（2015新课标）【答案】70. living【例7】The adobe dwellings(土坯房） 61 _(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 62 _ most modern of architects and engineers.（2015新课标）【答案】61. built【解析】考查非谓语动词。过去分词作后置定语。【例8】In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63 _ (able) to “air condition” a house without 64 _（use）electric equipment.（2015新课标）【答案】64. using【解析】考查非谓语动词。介词without后接动名词，use去掉字母e再加-ing。【例9】It took years of work _65_ (reduce) industrial pollution and clean the water.（2014新课标）【答案】to reduce规律方法6：如何判断空格处应填非谓语动词？(1) 正确判断非谓语动词。句子按照结构可分为三类，即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要连词来引导，如果句子中出现了连词，应选谓语动词形式；如果两个结构中未出现连词，则考虑用非谓语动词。(2) 正确判断非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的关系。确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系是主动还是被动。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致，找不到其逻辑主语时，整个句子或句子的主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是作什么成分的非谓语动词都具有以下特点： 1如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，可用现在分词； 2如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，可用过去分词。(3)正确判断非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的时间先后顺序非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点，也可以有动作发生的时间。对于谓语动词，我们用时态来表示动词发生的时间；对于非谓语动词不能用时态来表示动作发生的时间。非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间，即相对于谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不同形式所指时间的含义。如to have done，having done表示该动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生；to be doing，doing强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。【变式精练】1.At sunrise, Jeremy decided that the only way _69_ (help) his friend was to carry him.（山西省“晋商四校”（平遥中学，祁县中学，榆次一中，太谷中学）2017届高三11月联考）【答案】to help 【解析】the way to do sth.做某事的方法。此处是动词不定式作后置定语，故填to help。2.When it comes to _2_ (make) the British laugh, there is nothing _3_ effective than a socially inappropriate joke.（山西省山西大学附属中学2016届高三12月月考）【答案】2. making【解析】考查非谓语动词。When it comes to sth./doing sth. “当谈到”，to是介词，后面接名词或动名词。考点五 形容词、副词的等级及利用构词法进行词类转换【例1】The title will be _63_(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.（2016新课标）【答案】 officially【解析】考查副词。修饰动词用副词形式。【例2】Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks 47 (regular).（2016全国新课标II）【答案】regularly 【解析】考查副词。在英语副词通常做状语修饰形容词、副词或动词，形容词通常在句中做定语或表语修饰名词。所以本句中使用副词regularly做状语修饰动词take short breaks。【例3】Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 46 (gradual) turned into chopsticks.（2016全国新课标）【答案】gradually【解析】考查副词。副词修饰动词或形容词，这里修饰动词短语turned into，应该用副词，故填gradually。【例4】And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it _69_(regular) arranges quick getaways here for people _70_(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. （2015新课标）【答案】regularly【解析】考查副词。句意：定期为人们安排这里适合旅行的地方。修饰动词，用副词修饰。【例5】The rive was so polluted that it _62(actual) caught fire and burned.（2014新课标）【答案】actually【解析】考查副词。cheerful与optimistic两个形容词并列作rabbit。【例6】Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is_66(clean) than ever.（2014新课标）【答案】cleaner【例7】While there are _68_ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be _70_ (patience).（2014新课标）【答案】68.amazing 70. patient【解析】考查形容词。68空应用形容词，修饰后面的名词。amazing“令人吃惊的”，一般修饰物。70空前面有系动词be，故该空用形容词。规律方法7：如何判断空格处应填容词、副词的等级及利用构词法进行词类转换？(1) 正确判断形容词、副词的等级。通过语境或特殊句式确定形容词或副词的等级。(2) 根据所给词的语法功能确定词的正确形式。【变式精练】1.Teenagers are the main sufferers of eating disorder. It increases unwanted fat on various parts of the body and 68 (negative) affects a persons physical or mental health. （江西省九江市十校2017届高三第一次联考）【答案】negatively 【解析】考查副词。在英语中副词通常做状语修饰形容词、副词或动词。而形容词通常做定语和表语。本句中使用副词negatively修饰动词短语affect a persons physical or mental health. 2.The teachers will then share their knowledge with students through 46 (week) basketball classes in the new semester.（河南省豫北名校联盟2017届高三上学期精英对抗赛）【答案】weekly 【解析】句意：通过新学期每周的篮球课，故填weekly。3.However, before I got on the bike, I felt 78 (extreme) nervous and l was afraid that l would fall off and hurt 79 (me).（吉林省东北师范大学附属中学2016届高三上学期第三次模拟考试）【答案】78. extremely【解析】考查副词。副词修饰形容词，故填extremely，“极其地”。
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