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专题二阅读七选五2016年全国卷考情分析试卷类型命题角度试题特点小标题、副标题主题句或主要观点解释、引申、例证类语句方法、措施、建议过渡性语句结论性语句短文的体裁多为事理说明文，针对某个问题或现象加以说明，然后提出合理的解决方法、应对措施。文章层次分明，逻辑性强。此类题型属于综合能力考查，有一定难度。全国甲卷102110全国乙卷012020全国丙卷021110真题例释(2016全国乙卷)Secret codes(密码) keep messages private.Banks，companies，and government agencies use secret codes in doing business，especially when information is sent by computer.People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making.The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example，the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.” 38 You might represent each letter with a number，for example.Lets number the letters of the alphabet，in order，from 1 to 26.If we substitute a number for each letter，the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.”A code uses symbols to replace words，phrases，or sentences.To read the message of a real code，you must have a code book. 39 For example，“bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 40 However，it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long.So codes must be changed frequently.AIt is very hard to break a code without the code book.BIn any language，some letters are used more than others.COnly people who know the keyword can read the message.DAs long as there have been codes，people have tried to break them.EYou can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.FWith a code book，you might write down words that would stand for other words.GAnother way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.本文是一篇说明文。人们用密码来传递信息已有几千年历史。设置密码与破解密码的斗争也是永久不变的话题。36D句间过渡性语句。空格前一句说“人们使用密码已有几千年了”，空格后又说“破解密码从不远远落后于设置密码”，由此语境可知选D项“只要有过的密码，人们就试图破解”。37E前句说有三种密码，空格内应是介绍第一种。由该空的后一句可知，此空选E(你可以拼写每个单词的首字母来隐藏信息)。38G段落主题句，也是段间过渡性语句。前一段作者说有三种主要类型的密码学并介绍了第一种，根据逻辑关系可推知，本段应介绍第二种。39F句间过渡性语句。通过对前面的进一步解释和后面的例证得出正确答案。空格前说“要读取真正代码的信息，你必须要有一个密码本”，由a code book可锁定F项中的With a code book。F项“有了密码本，你可以写下代表其他单词的单词”符合上下文语境。40A分析语境可知，该空仍然在谈论密码本的事情，由此可锁定A项“没有密码本很难破解密码”，这与后一句“但是，长期保持密码本的秘密也很难”语意衔接紧密，可确定为答案。模式1| 设空在段首考查要点(1)小标题或段落主题句：如章首或段首设空，一般考查文章或段落主题。(2)注释小标题：如在小标题之后接着设空，一般是对小标题加以注释。(3)段落间的过渡句：如首段之后的段首设空，一般是考查承上启下的过渡语句。1小标题、副标题考题回放(2016全国甲卷) 17 Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants，flowers，patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料).18.Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants.However，there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.AKnow why you garden思路分析由该空所在位置可知这是一个小标题。由其后内容“有些人可能认为花园，有些人关心然而，还有很多其他原因”可知本段的主题应该是A项“知道你为什么要做园艺工作”。2主题句、主要观点考题回放(2016北京高考) 75 For the riskseekers，a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active，while for the rest of us，a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.GNew brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.思路分析由空格后句子For the riskseekers .while for the rest of us .“对于爱冒险者而对于我们其他人”可断定本段主题为“新的大脑研究表明，当我们面临紧张局势时，我们的大脑工作方式不同”。3段落过渡语句考题回放(2016全国丙卷)Everyone knows that fish is good for health.36.The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease. But it seems that many people dont cook fish at home.Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year，but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home.Buying，storing，and cooking fish isnt difficult.37.It just requires a little knowledge. This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way. 38 Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that youre standing at the oceans edge.Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isnt fresh.39.Do not buy it. When you have bought a fish and arrive home，youd better store the fish in the refrigerator if you dont cook it immediately，but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two.Frozen fish isnt as tasty as the fresh one.FWhen buying fish，you should first smell it.思路分析空格内的句子承上启下，前一段的最后一句说“这篇文章是关于如何轻松地买鱼和烹饪鱼的”，下一段介绍的是买鱼时的注意事项。根据空格后的Fresh fish should smell sweet可判定选F，句意为“买鱼时，你应该先闻一闻”。A(2016武汉市调研测试)How to Pick a Great Book to ReadThe world is full of great books，just waiting to be read.How can you pick one youll really like? Here are some tips：What makes you happy? 1 Are you really into dinosaurs or dogs or a specific person? Are there a few careers youre interested in? You can find books about almost anything you like，and youre more likely to enjoy reading a book if youre already interested in its subject.Fact or fiction?Some books are entirely made up and imagined.Those are called fiction books.Novels，short stories are all examples of fiction.These books can transport you to another world or help you imagine something beyond your own experience.Nonfiction books give you the who，what，when and why. 2 Nonfiction books can bring everything to life from the first trip to the moon to what its like to explore the deepest oceans.Try both fiction and nonfiction books to see which you like better.Find a family favorite.What was your mothers favorite book when she was your age? Or your dads？ 3 Then you can talk about what they liked about it and share your thoughts.Its a fun way to get to know your family a little better，and to find a book youll enjoy!Ask an expert. 4 Tell a librarian about your interestsrock stars，sports teams，historical events，whatever youre intoand the names of some books you already like.Your librarian can help you find other books that youre sure to love.Launch a book swap. 5 Its always fun to see what your friends are reading.Even if theyre not exactly bookworms，you can all encourage each other to read and share books and authors you like.You also can look for book swaps in your area.Its a great way to build your personal library for free!AAsk them and give it a read.BMany of them read novels from start to finish.CWhy not get some friends together and trade favorite books?DIf you have a favorite hobby，look for books about that activity.EThey tell stories using factsbut that doesnt mean theyre boring.FRead the passage and decide for yourself whether it seems knowledgeable.GYour local library is a great place to find books that youll love，and you dont have to search all by yourself.本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了选择课外书的方法，如根据兴趣爱好选择、找到家庭成员的共同爱好等。1D根据本段最后一句和标题“What makes you happy？”可知，本段主要介绍要根据自己的兴趣爱好选择喜欢的书；空处为该段总起句，反映该段主题，故D项符合文意。2E根据该部分标题“Fact or fiction？”可知，该部分主要介绍纪实类书籍和虚构类书籍；该部分第一段介绍了虚构类书籍；据此可以判断，第二段将介绍纪实类书籍，故E项符合文意。3A根据空处前两句可知，当你的父母在你的年纪时，他们喜欢哪些书？据此可以判断，空处建议向父母询问并阅读父母喜欢的书，故A项正确。4G根据空处后的“Tell a librarian about your interests”可知，作者建议告诉图书管理员你的兴趣；据此可以判断，空处与图书馆相关，故G项正确。G项的“you dont have to search all by yourself”与本段的“Your librarian can help you find”相呼应。5C根据空后的“Its always fun to see what your friends are reading.”以及“encourage each other to read and share books and authors you like”可知，看朋友正在阅读的书是很有趣的事情，要互相鼓励去阅读和分享书；据此可以判断，C项正确。B(2016全国甲卷)A garden thats just right for youHave you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you, where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum(总和) of its parts？ 6 But it doesnt happen by accident.It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process. 7 Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料) 8 However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.Recall(回忆) your childhood memoriesOur model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandmas rose garden and Dads vegetable garden might be good or bad, but thats not whats important. 9 how being in those gardens made us feel.If youd like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. 10 Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grownup garden.Have fun.AKnow why you gardenBFind a good place for your own gardenCIts our experience of the garden that mattersDIts delightful to see so many beautiful flowersEStill others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plantsFYou can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, tooGFor each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have本文是一篇说明文。你是否参观过一个正合你心意的花园呢？你是否也想拥有一个这样完美的属于自己的花园呢？本文作者给出了打造理想花园的两个步骤。一起来看看吧！6F解本题可用句意判断法。空格前描述了一个正合你意的花园，空格后语意为“但这不是偶然发生的。它开始于”，纵观各选项，只有F项“你也可以使你自己的花园产生那样一种魔力”能与此语意衔接。本设空类型为过渡句类。7A解本题可用设题位置法。由该空所在位置可知这是一个小标题。由其后内容“有些人可能认为花园，有些人关心然而，还有很多其他原因”可知本段的主题应该是A项“知道你为什么要做园艺工作”。文中的reasons与A项中的why是解题关键。本设空类型为段落主题句类。8E解本题可用关联逻辑法。由本段中的Some.Others.可锁定E项中的Still others。本设空类型为细节理解类。9C解本题可用句意判断法。空格前说“但那一点不重要”，由此可推测空格处会指出什么才是重要的，故选C项“我们做园艺工作的体验才是重要的”。本设空类型为过渡句类。10G解本题可用词汇锁定法。空格前说“花一些时间回忆你小时候的花园”，空格后说“然后走出去，制订计划，把你孩提时代的记忆变成你成年后的花园”。根据此语境可知答案为G项“为每一个那样的花园写下你最深刻的回忆”。同时，空格后的memories与G项中的memory也相呼应。本设空类型为过渡句类。
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