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Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars,Section Warming Up & Reading,一、根据课文内容，选择最佳答案,1.Why was life able to develop on the earth but not on other,planets?_,A.The earth had a solid shape.,B.The earth did not have harmful gases in its atmosphere. C.The water stayed on the earth but not on other planets. D.The earth was not too hot and not too cold.,C,2.Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals?_ A.Animals needed plants to protect them from the sun. B.Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe. C.Animals could hide from hunters in forest. D.It was easier for plants to grow. 3.Why did dinosaurs disappear 65 million years ago?_ A.Because the earth was too hot for them to live on. B.Because there was no food for them to eat. C.Because the earth exploded at that time.,D.It still remains a mystery for us.,D,B,4.Which is the correct order of the following animals appearance on the earth?_ 1.shell fishes 2.mammals,3.reptiles,4.insects 5dinosaurs,A.1,4,3,5,2,B1,4,2,3,5,C.4,1,3,5,2 D3,4,1,5,2,5.What problem is caused by human beings?_ A.They exist everywhere on the earth. B.They cause global warming. C.They find new methods of growing crops. D.They enjoy hunting and fishing.,A,B,二、阅读课文，然后完成下列表格,theory,formation,importance,development,arrival,三、课文内容复述,According to a widely accepted (1)_ the universe,began with a “Big Bang”After the “Big Bang”，the earth was,just a cloud of dust.Between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago, the dust,settled into a solid (2)_The earth became so (3)_,(violence) and exploded loudly with fire and rock.They were in,(4)_ to produce (5)_ ， nitrogen, water and so,on.Water was to be (6)_ to the development of life and made the earth dissolve (7)_ (harm) gases and acids into the oceans and seas.Many millions of years later, the first small,time,carbon,fundamental,harmful,theory,globe,violent,plants began to appear on the surface of the water. They (8) _ (multiply) and filled the oceans and seas.Next, green plants began to grow on land.They were followed by land animals, from insects, amphibians to reptiles.After that, some huge animals developed and (9)_ (exist) on the earth for more than 140 million years.And then mammals appeared and gave (10)_ to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.,multiplied,existed,birth,四、概括课文大意(约 30 词),提示：文章解释了生命如何在地球上开始。首先，地球爆 炸并产生水。因为水的存在，然后植物和动物，包括人类逐渐 在地球上出现。(explode; water; plant; animal; human being; exist),The passage explains how life began on the earth.At first, the earth exploded and produced water.And then plants and animals including human beings appeared on the earth gradually because water exists on the earth.,However, universe began,according to a widely accepted theory, the with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all,directions.然而，一种普遍为人们所接受的理论是：宇宙起源于 一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。 1theory n学说；理论,典例,One theory about the moon is that it is a piece broken,off the earth. 有一种关于月球的理论认为它是从地球分离出的一部分。,拓展 in theory 理论上 in practice 实际上 运用 完成句子 Your plan is good _ (理论上), but it doesnt work _ (实际上),in theory,in practice,2begin with 从开始 典例 Mr Hawkings history class often begins with a story. 霍金先生的历史课经常以一个故事开始。,拓展,to begin with to start with 以开始；由作,为开头；首先,运用 完成句子,begins/starts with,Knowledge _ (开始于) practice. _ ( 首先), we have the correct leadership,of the Party.,To begin/start with,He _ his speech _ (以,开始) a poem.,began/started,with,The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether,the shape would last or not.地球变得如此激烈动荡，不知道这 个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。,3violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的 典例 The boat sank in a violent storm at sea. 船在海上猛烈的风暴中沉没了。,They laid violent hands on him.他们对他施以暴力。 拓展 violence n暴力，强暴；猛烈,violently adv.强暴地；猛烈地,运用 用 violent 的适当形式填空 After running, his heart beats _. Some _ scenes were cut from the film before it came to show. He was involved in the domestic _.,violence,violently,violent,They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere.它们最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体， 从而形成了地球的大气层。 4in time (for sth./to do sth.) 及时；终于,典例,The car came to a stop just in time to prevent an,accident.汽车及时停下，避免了一场车祸。,拓展 on time 准时 at a time 每次；一次,in time of 在的时候 ahead of time 提前 at times 有时,in no time 立刻，马上 at no time 绝不,for the first time 第一次，初次(用作时间状语),运用 用 time 构成的短语填空 Please come in one _， not all together. They were just _ for the train. We can ask our teacher for help _ trouble. Everyone may make mistakes _.,at a time,in time,in time of,at times,Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but,unlike the earth, it had disappeared later.在像火星这些其他行 星上也出现了水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。,5unlike prep.不同；不像 adj.不同的；不相似的 典例 Unlike his brother, he has a good sense of humor. 和他的兄弟不同，他很有幽默感。,They are both teachers.Otherwise they are quite unlike. 他们,俩都是老师。除此之外，他们迥然不同。,拓展 like prep.像；如同 v喜欢 dislike v不喜欢；讨厌 likely adj.可能的 adv.很可能 alike adj.相似的，同样的 adv.一样地，相似地 运用 用 like 的适当形式填空 An elder sister is a friend _ any other.In someway, shes _ a mother.She listens to your problems and gives,good advice.,alike,He likes cats but _ dogs. Its _ that they look _ but actually they come from different families.,likely,dislikes,unlike,like,What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids,into the oceans and seas.很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水 存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。,6harmful adj.有害的,典例 Smoking is a harmful habit. 吸烟是一种有害的习惯。,拓展 be harmful todo harm to 对有害,harm n& v损害，伤害 harmless adj.无害的,运用 用 harm 的适当形式填空 Large scale of single crop will be _ to the environment in the long run. Thats to say, it does _ to our health. The experiment is _ to the animal, so dont worry.,harmful,harmless,harm,They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than,140 million years.它们也下蛋，并在地球上生存了一亿四千多万 年。,7lay vt.(laid, laid, laying) 把放下；摆放；铺(地毯)；,产(蛋)；归(罪)于,典例 He laid his hand on my shoulder. 他把手放在我的肩上。,The workers are laying the tracks.工人们在铺设铁轨。 Who should we lay the blame on? 我们该责备谁？,拓展 lay eggs 下蛋,lay/put sth.aside 把某物放在一边；积蓄(钱) lay sth.down 把某物放下,lay the blame on sb.责备某人,lay the table (饭前)在桌上摆好餐具,lay emphasis/stress on sth.把重点放在某事上,运用 完成句子,The bird _ (下蛋) in other birds nests. He is a political leader that _,(非常强调) individual responsibility.,He _ some money _,(积蓄) for rainy days.,lays great stress/emphasis on,lays/puts,lays eggs,aside,8exist vi.存在；生存,典例 Man cannot exist without air. 没有空气人就不能生存。,The word doesnt exist in English. 英语中不存在这个词。,拓展 exist as 作为而存在；以形态存在,exist in 存在于中,exist on 靠生存/生活 existence n存在；生存 existent adj.存在的,运用 完成句子, This plant _ only _,(存在于) Australia., Can you _ ( 靠 生 存 ) such a low,salary?,Matter can _ (以形态存在) a solid,liquid, or gas.,exist as,exists,in,exist on,These animals were different from all life forms in the past, because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.哺乳动物不同于以往所有的生物形式，因为它们能从 体内分娩出幼仔并给幼仔哺乳。 9give birth to 产生；分娩,典例,Kangaroos and koala bears give birth to very small and,weak young babies.袋鼠和考拉熊产下的幼仔非常幼小虚弱。 It is said that James Watts observation of steam issuing from a kettle gave birth to the idea of the steam engine. 据说，詹姆斯瓦特对水壶蒸汽的观察使他产生了发明蒸汽机 的想法。,拓展 be born (in) 出生(于) at (ones) birth (某人)出生时 运用 完成句子 She _ (生了) a healthy baby last week. The extraordinary experience _ (诞生了) his latest novel. His energetic cry was regarded as a good sign to his family _ (出生时),gave birth to,gave birth to,at (his) birth,Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important,animals on the planet.于是，他们接着成为这个行星上最重要的 动物。,10in ones turn 轮到某人；接着,典例 He is going to clean the classroom in his turn. 轮到他打扫教室卫生了。,Now that I have finished buying the materials, Tom, in his turn,should cook.,既然我已经买来了材料，接着就该汤姆来做菜了。,拓展 in turn 轮流地，依次；反过来，于是 by turns 轮流地,take turns to do sth.依次/轮流做某事 Its ones turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事,运用 用 turn 构成的短语的适当形式填空,I was on duty _ today.,The shop assistants had to have their days off _. I told him the latest news, _， he told me a secret. They _ to look after their sick father.,in my turn,by turns/in turn,in turn,took turns,They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth,into space.他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球 上的热不能释放到太空中去。 11prevent.from 阻止；制止,典例 They prevented the fire from spreading. 他们阻止火势蔓延。,辨析 prevent.from/keep.from/stop.from,这三个短语都有“阻止做某事或阻止某事的发生”之 意。prevent.from 和 stop.from 常用于主动语态中，from 可以 省略；keep.from 在表示此意时，from 不可以省略。如：,I kept the children from going out.,I prevented/stopped the children (from) going out. 我不让孩子们出去。,运用 完成句子,We must _ (阻止这个计划),being carried out.,prevent/stop/keep the plan from,How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that,scientists found hard to solve.地球上的生命是如何起源的，这是 科学家们觉得最难解决的一个谜团。,12puzzle n谜；难题 vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难 典例 Her decision was a puzzle to him. 她的决定对他来说是个谜。,What puzzles me is why they didnt show up. 令我百思不解的是他们为什么没有出现。,拓展,puzzle over/about sth.对某事苦苦思考,puzzle out 苦心思索出(解决办法、答案等)；揣摩出 be/feel puzzled about sth.对某事感到迷惑 运用 完成句子 At last they managed to _ ( 揣摩出) the,meaning of the signals.,puzzle out,He _ (冥思苦想) an arithmetic,problem this night.,puzzled over/about,Most of us _ (对感到迷惑),his sudden missing.,were/felt puzzled about,不同。,运用 用所给单词的适当形式填空,violence,1Some programs on the Internet are full of _ pictures, which lead to the _ at school.(violent) 2Hunger _ in many parts of the world.But some people in developed countries are not aware of its _.(exist) 3_ his quiet and weak brother, Tom _,playing football very much.(like),Unlike,likes,4In many cases, too much care for children from parents might even do _ to their growth.Some scientists think it,_.(harm),harm,harmful,existence,violent,exists,1What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. 它会 变成什么还没有人知道，直到 3845 亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地 形成一个固体的球状物。,点拨,(1)What it was to become 是由 what 引导的主语从句，,what 在从句中作 become 的表语。what 引导主语从句时，可在从 句中作主语、宾语或表语。如： What he wants to tell us is not clear.(作宾语) 不清楚他要跟我们说什么。 What puzzles him is that no one knows that famous actor in the,town.(作主语),使他疑惑的是这个镇上没人认识那个知名演员。,(2)be to do 结构在此句中表示不可避免将要发生的动作。,如： They were never to meet again. 他们注定以后永远不会再见面了。 拓展 be to do 结构还有以下用法： (1)表示计划、安排(要做某事)。如：,We are to meet at the school gate.我们将在校门口碰头。 (2)表示目的。如：,The prize was to honour him for his great discoveries. 这个,奖是为了奖励他的重大发现。,(3)表示应该做(某事)。如： What are we to do next？我们下一步该怎么办？ 运用 完成句子 _ (他想成为的) is a good English,teacher.,What he wants to be,The shop _ ( 注定要关门), because no customers would like to visit it. Here is a message for you from your head teacher: you _ (应该去) to her office after class.,is to close,are to go,2This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可 能开始发展了。,点拨,make it possible for sb.to do sth.意为“使某人做某事,成为可能”，该结构中 make 作使役动词。其中 it 作形式宾语， 真正的宾语是后面的不定式复合结构。与 make 有相似用法的 动词还有 think, find, consider, feel 等；可用于该结构的形容词还 有 likely, important, necessary, useless, impossible 等。如： I think it necessary to make a full plan before we start. 我认为在我们开始之前制定一个完整的计划是必要的。,运用 完成句子 The Internet has _ ( 使我们有可能获得更多的信息) from other countries in much,less time.,made it possible for us to get more information,The book _ ( 使我容易学 习)English. We _ ( 认为他很可能会 离开) before the show starts.,makes it easy for me to learn,consider it likely for him to leave,1 It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.水对于生命的发展会起关 键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。,结构,It is obvious that.( Obviously./It is quite clear that.),显然 仿写 完成句子 _ (很显然) he is suffering from a bad cold. _ (显然 他没有说实话) yesterday.,It is obvious that/It is quite clear that/Obviously,It is obvious that/Obviously he didnt tell the truth,2 What many scientists believe is that the continued,presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases,and acids into the oceans and seas.很多科学家相信，由于地球 上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海 洋里。,结构 主语从句isthat 表语从句,仿写 完成句子,_ ( 他想告诉我们的是) he,would like to join us anytime.,_ ( 他 缺 席 的 原 因 是 ) he,was badly hurt by a car on his way to school.,What he wanted to tell us is that,Why he was absent is that,同学们,来学校和回家的路上要注意安全,同学们,来学校和回家的路上要注意安全,
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