attributiveclause全.ppt

TheAttributiveClause,周子君芷江一中,一、概念定语从句就是在一个复合句中修饰前面的名词和代词的从句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。二、引导词：定语从句是由关系代词：that,which,who,whom，whose,as引导；或关系副词：when,where,why引导。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词被称作先行词。,三、代词tha/whicht的用法that既可指人又可指物，指人时用who/whom代替，在定语从句作主语，宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。which指物，在定语从句中作主语，宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。例如：1.Isshethegirlthatsellsnewspaper？That指人，在句中作主语，可用who代替，不可省略）2.Whereistheice-creamthatIputinthefridgeyesterday？That指物，在句中作宾语，可用which代替，可以省略）,（一）关系代词who,whom和whose的用法：Who指人，主格，在从句中作主语或宾语,可用that代替Whom指人，宾格，在从句中作宾语,在非正式英语可用that/who代替，并可省略.whose一般指人，有时亦可代替物，所有格，在定语从句作定语，不可以省略。1.Anarchitect（建筑师）isapersonwho/thatdesignsbuilding.(Who指人，主格，在从句中作主语,可用that代替),2.Thewomanwhom/that/whoyoumetyesterdayisournewmathsteacher.Whom指人，who的宾格，在从句中作宾语,在非正式英语可用that/whom代替，并可省略。3.Doyouknowthenameofthehotelwhosewindowwecanseehere?whose一般指人，亦可指物，是who的所有格，在定语从句作定语，不可以省略。注意：whose指物时可用：the+n.+ofwhich或者ofwhich+the+n.代替.,1.Lookout!Dontgettooclosetothehouse_roofisunderrepair,itsdangerous.A.whoseB.whichC.ofwhichD.that2.Helivesinahotel,_isonlyfiveminuteswalkfromhere.A.thatB.whichC.inwhichD.where,A,B,that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。,Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.,Ivereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.,Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.,Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.,(1)先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much等不定代词时。,(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时。,(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。,(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。,(5)先行词是who/what/which开头的句子。Whoisthegirlthatdrovethecar?Whothatbrokethewindowwillbepunished.主句以Therebe引导时，先行词是物时。Thereare200dollarsthatweleftinourpocket.(7)当先行词在主句中作表语時，关系代词用that在从句中也作表语.Sheisntthegirlthatshewas10yearsago.,但在下列情况下,一般只用which而不用that。a.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that作连接词。Heloniskindtoheryoungestson,whichofcourse,makestheothersenvy（嫉妒）him.b.从句紧跟在介词之后，即用介词+疑问词共同充当连接词.Myfatherboughtthishouse，inwhichheoncelived.,以下情况中，定语从句只用who,不用that1.先行词是one,ones或anyone时;先行词为those或被those修饰，指人时。如：Onewhodoesnotworkhardwillneversucceed.Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.Thosewholearnnotonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.,2.在therebe的句子中，先行词为人时。如：Thereisacomradeoutsidewhowantstoseeyou.3.在非限制性定语从句中，先行词且指人时，作主语用who，作宾语用whom。如；Imetafriendofmineinthestreetyesterday,whohadjustcomefromAmerica.Imetafriendofmineinthestreetyesterday,whomIgottoknowtwentyyearsago.4.定语从句中有插入语时,且先行词为人时。如：JacksonisamanwhoIbelieveishonest.,1.Marylivesintheroom,thedoor_openseast.A.ofitB.ofwhichC.ofthatD.whose2.Theengineer_myfatheristalkinghasjustcomefromabroad.withwhomB.withwhoC.withwhichD.that3.Football,_isaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.A.thatB.whichC.itD.who,B,A,B,B,6.Thisisthebesthotelinthecity_Iknow.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it,4.Isthereanyoneinyourclass_familyisinthecity?A.whichB.whoseC.whatD.who,B,5.Those_werenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothes.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whose,A,四、关系副词when,where,whyA.关系副词when代替的先行词,表示的是时间when在定语从句作时间状语。注意：when可以用on/in/atwhich代替。如：1.InBeijing，JulyandAugustarethemonthswhen/inwhichitrainsveryoften.2.Doyourememberthedaywhen/onwhichwefirstwenttotheSummerPalace.,1.Ihaventseenhersincetheyear_IleftTokyo.A.onwhichB.whenC.whereD.why2.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthatschool.Itisnolonger_itwas20yearsago,_itwassopoorlyequipped.what;whenB.that;whichC.what;whichD.which;that,B,A,B.关系副词where代替的先行词,表示的是地点.where在定语从句作地点状语。注意：where可以用on/in/atwhich代替。如：DuringtheSpringFestivalIwentbacktothetownwhere/inwhichIwasbroughtup.Thisisthefarmwhere/onwhichIwasbornfromearlyage.,1.Ifashophaschairs_womencanparktheirmen,womenwillspendmoretimeintheshop.A.that.B.inwhichC.whenD.where2.Thisistheplace_LiBaioncevisited.A.that/whichB.whoC.whenD.where,D,A,请填入适当的关系副词：1.Iwontforgetthetime_Igotmarried.2.Thisistheplace_wehadagoodtime.3.Isthisthehouse_MrSmithvisitedlastsummer?4.Doyouknowthereason_hedidntcometosweeptheclassroom?5.Hegothimselfintoadangeroussituation_heslikelytolosecontroloftheplane.,when,where,that/which,why,where,C.关系副词why代替的先行词reason,表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。注意：why可以用forwhich代替。如：1.Thereasonwhy/forwhichIamphoningyouistoaskyouwhetheryouhavegotthee-mail.2.Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichhecamelatetoschool.,1.Winteristhetimeofyear_thedaysareshortandnightsarelong.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.whose,2.Thereason_heexpressedtousisknowntoeverybody.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.why3.Thereason_Idontknowaboutthethisis_Iwasnotthereatthattime.A.why/thatB.why/whichC.when/thatD.why/whose,C,B,A,四、限制性定语从句和非制性定语从句1）限制性定语从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系很密切，若缺少，句意则不完整，故从句前不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系不太密切，若缺少，句意则仍完整，故从句前一般都用逗号隔开。试比较以下两组句子：Thewaterwhichhasbeenpollutedbythefactoryisnotfittodrink.Water,whichisaclearliquid,iswidelyusedinoureverydaylife.,2)当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.,3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，如：1.HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.2.Asisoftenthecase,everybodydreamstoearnmuchmoneyandliveabetterlife.说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。在非限制性的定语从句中，当先行词是指人时，主语只能用who，宾语只能用whom，并且作宾语的whom，不可以省略。,1.Hisbrotherwhoisnineteenyearsoldisservinginthearmynow.（表明他不只一个哥哥）2.Hisbrother,whoisnineteenyearsold,isservinginthearmynow.（表明他只有一个哥哥）,4）限制性定语从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系很密切，若缺少，句意则不完整，故从句前不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系不太密切，若缺少，句意则仍完整，故从句前一般都用逗号隔开。试比较以下两组句子：,五、特殊的关系代词as引导的定语从句:（一）As限制性定语从句时，常用在固定搭配asas,soas,suchas,thesameas中。如：1.Youmaytakeasmanybooksasyouwant.2.LicyboughtthesamehatasIboughtyesterday.3.Ihavegotsuchacomputerasyouhave.,（二）AS引导的非限制性从句时，可用于主句的前面，后面，有时还可以插在主句中间。意思是：“正如”1.Asweknow/Asisknowntous，theearthturnsaroundthesunonceayear.2.Chinaisadeveloppingcountry,aseverybodyknows/asisknowntousall.3.Taiwanis,asyouknow,isaninseparable（不可分割的）partofChina.注意：Asweknow和Asisknowntous均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代前面或后面的主句。,1.Which引导的从句与主句关系较密切，通常放在主句之后；而as引导的从句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。2.Which既可代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容。相当于“andthis”or“andthat”.译为“这一点”。而as则只能代指整个主句的内容。译为“正如.那样”，且常用于一些固定结构中。如：asisknown,asissaid,asisreported,asisoftenthecase,asisexpected.,（三）As和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：,Bambooishollow,whichmakesitverylight.Mysonnowgoestotheschool,whichIusedtogowhenIwasachild.Asisreported,Chinahasbecomeanimportantcountryintheworld.Einstein,asisknown,isafamousscientist.Hedidntcometoattendthemeeting,asisexpected.,（四）as和that的辨析1）that和as都可引导定语从句。As引导的限制性定语从句时，常用于固定搭配中;as引导非限制的定语从句时，则表示“正如那样”，与先行词是“同类但不同物”的关系；2）that不可引导非限制性定语从句,that引导限制性的定语从句时，与先行词是“同类且同物”的关系。3）that还可以用于的结果状语从句中，表达“以致于”，引导结果状语从句时，that不作成分，句子完整。TomwearsthesamepantsasPeterwears.IfoundoutthepenthatIlostafewdaysago.Mylittlebrotherstudiessohardthateveryteacherlovesherverymuch,TheBeatles,_manyofyouareoldenoughtoremember,camefromLiverpool（利物浦）.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as2：_isoftenthecase,wehavetoworkouttheproductionplanourseve.A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.AS3.Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowprice_theyareexpectedto.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.as,B,D,D,1.Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowprice_peopleexpected.2.Hereissobigastone_noonecanlift.Hereissobigastone_noonecanliftit.3.Canmachinesperformthesametasks_?A.thatmandoesB.whatmandoesC.mustbeunderstoodD.asmandoes,as,as,that,D,六、“介词+关系代词”开头的定语从句关系代词只能用which或whom,且关系代词不能省略。(一)“介词+关系代词”的种类1、介词+which/whomIhavefoundthebookfromwhichwelearntalot.Iliveinahotel,infrontofwhichisTiananmenSquare.2、代词/数词+介词+which/whom,表整体和部分的关系Hehastwosons,bothofwhomworkasactors.Hekepttendogs,eightofwhichwereoverfiveyears.,3.the+形容词/名词+介词+which/whomChinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.Thisisthehouse,thewindowofwhichwasbrokenyesterday.4.介词+whose+名词Theboywasstayingintheroomthroughwhosewindowhecouldclimbdown.,（二）介词的选择问题,根据从句中动词或形容词与介词的固定搭配。HaveyoufoundthebookonwhichIspent29yuan?Theytalkedaboutthingsinwhichtheywereinterested.2.根据从句所修饰的先行词来确定介词。Thisisthehouse,inwhichChairmanMaowasborn.WewillneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy.ThereasonforwhichIcalledistoinviteyoutoaparty.,3.根据从句的动词与先行词的混合搭配来选择。ThisisthestudentfromwhomIborrowedacomputer.ThisisthestudentwithwhomIcametothevillage.4.有些固定的含有介词的动词短语一般不能拆开。如：lookafter,lookfor,takecareof,dependon,listento,takeapart,lookforwardto等Thebabies(whom/that/who)thenursesarelookingafterareveryhealthy.,七、关系代词和关系副词的选择问题方法一：看前面的先行词是人还是物1.若前面的先行词是物,则选择that/which。（that/which在从句可以做主语，宾语和表语，作宾语时还可以省略。)2.若前面的先行词是人，则选择who/whom/that.（who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom只作宾语，在当代英语中，who/whom可用that代替。作宾语时可以省略。whose在从句中作定语。修饰人也可修饰物，相当于ofwhom/which.先行词是人，用ofwhom，先行词是物，用ofwhich),方法二：看关系词在从句中做什么成份若关系词在从句中作主语，宾语或表语/定语，选择关系代词that/which/who/whom/whose；若关系词在从句中作状语，则选择关系副词when/where/why.Thisisthemountainvillagethat/whichIvisitedlastyear.Thisisthemountainvillagewhere/inwhichIstayedlastyear.,1.Isthismuseum_youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone2.Isthisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where，when，why)。,D,A,1.Illneverforgetthedays_Iworkedtogetherwithyou.2.Thisisthemountainvillage_Ivisitedlastyear.3.Iwillneverforgetthedays_Ispentinthecountryside.,when,Which/that,Which/that,4.Theyrushedovertohelptheman_carhadbrokendown.5.Pleasepassmethebook_coverisgreenA.whomB.whoseC.whereD.ofwhich,whose,B,1.Ihavemissedthelasttraintomydirection,_meansImustwaitforanothertwodays.A.whoB.thatC.asD.which。2.Ihavemanyfriends,some_arebusinessmen.A.ofthemB.fromwhichC.ofwhoD.ofwhom,D,D,3.Winteristhetimeofyear，_thedaysareshortandnightsarelong.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.whose4.Football,_isaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.A.thatB.whichC.itD.who5.Myfatherboughtmeseveralbooks,_wasinteresting.A.mostofthemB.noneofwhomC.noneofwhichD.neitherofwhich,C,B,C,九、隔离式定语从句定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离式定语从句。如：1.Therewasagirlupstairswhowasshoutingandcrying,obviouslymad.2.Thefactoryproducedhalfamillionofshoeseveryyear,80%_aresoldabroad.A.ofwhichB.whichofC.ofthemD.ofthat,十、.定语从句中的主谓一致现象在定语从句中，当关系代词that/which/who作从句主语时，从句的谓语动词要与它所修饰的先行词一致，但是先行词被theonlyoneof/theveryoneof修饰时，从句要用单数谓语。1.Theboywho_standingatthedoorismyson.2.Thisisoneofthebestbooksthat_everbeenwrittenonthesubject.3.Thisistheonlyoneofthebestbooksthat_everbeenwrittenonthesubject,is,have,has,十一、先行词和关系词二合一现象有些不定代词，像what/whatever/who/whoever,相当于先行词和关系代词的统一。如：what=allthat/thethingthat/whichwho=thepersonwho/thatwhatever=anythingthatwhoever=everybody/everyonewho/that,1）Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.（Whoever=anybodywho）2）Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.（what=all/everythingthat）3）Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.（Whatever=Anythingthat）,判断正误：Whobreaksthelawwillbepunished.Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.Whoeverrobbedthebankisnotclear.Whorobbedthebankisnotclear.,F,T,F,T,十三、同位语从句和定语从句的区别,1.定语从句是对先行词修饰和限定，它不涉及先行词的具体内容。定语从句中that不但起连接作用，而且在定语从句中充当一个句子成分，充当从句的宾语成分时可省略。,2.同位语从句在从句中充当同位语成分，一般跟在一些抽象名词idea；belief；fact；truth；problem；news等后面，对前面的名词作进一步解释和说明。that在从句中不做任何成分,只起连接作用,无具体含义,不可省略，且which不可以引导同位语从句。,Theorder_theprisoner（囚犯）besetfreearrivedtoolate.A.whichB.whetherC.thatD.what2.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that,C,B,that不作成分，同位语从句,Which作主语，非限制性定语从句,十四、并列句,强调句,名词性从句与定语从句练习：填入恰当的关联词1.Those_workhardhavebeenmakingprogressdaybyday.2.Workhard,_youwillmakeprogressdaybyday.3.Itisworkinghard_helpsyoutomakeprogressdaybyday.,who,and,that,4.Ihavethreefriends,butnoneof_canspeakKorean.5.Ihavethreefriends;noneof_canspeakKorean6.Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneof_Ihadevermetbefore.,them,them,whom,1.Hefailedintheexam,_madehisparentsangry.2._weallknow,Chinahad4ancientbeauties美女inourhistory.3._isknowntousallthatpaperwasfirstmadeinChina.4._isknowntousallis_evrybodyneedsfoodtomakethemselvesalive.,which,As,It,What,that,TheEndThankyou!,