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UNIT1,同位语跟在所修饰的名词之后，可表示相同的事物或人，也可对该名词进行说明。同位语与所修饰的名词之间可以用各种标点符号隔开，这时同位语可以对标点符号前的整个句子进行说明。,PCMisdependentonthreeseparateoperations,sampling,quantizing,andcoding.,Substancesfallintothreegroups:conductors,semiconductorsandinsulators.,Thelaserisabletoamplifylightoneuniqueproperty.,(9-4)canonlybeappliedprovidedthattheunsaturatedgaincoefficientexceedsthelosses,anecessaryrequirementforoscillation.,这里列举了同位语位于句尾，修饰最后一个名词或整个句子的情况。还有其它的情况，课文中遇到时在讲。,介词短语fordoingsomething作后置定语，表示目的，意思为用于的。,Schemesforperformingthesethreefunctionshaveevolved,andshalldescribethemainones.,algorithmsfordecodingreceivedsignals,这里的ones是代词,避免重复。,Aworkingequationexpressestheunknownquantityintermsoftheknownones.,Theseequationsarecalleddifferentialequations,andnowtheirstudyformsoneofthemostchallengingbranchesofmathematics.,Weshallseehowaspeechchannelbeconveyedasaseriesofamplitudevalues,eachvaluebeingrepresentedasasequenceof8binarydigits.,分词短语出现在句尾，用逗号隔开，表示伴随情况说明，非常常见。,这时分词短语的逻辑主语经常省略。,被省略的逻辑主语多数情况下指的是主句的主语或逗号前整个句子的含义，点也有少数列外。具体情况以后结合课文讲解。,Itisthat(which,when,who)强调句型，如,Itisthedocumentthatisveryimportant.ItwasFaradaywhofirstdiscoveredelectromagneticinduction.,knownasthesignal-to-noiseratio过去分词短语作后置定语，常见，译为称之为。,ofthemostinterestto,对最感兴趣的ofinterest=interestingofimportance=important,名词逗号同位语+逗号进行说明,AnAmerican,Edison,inventedthefirstsmallelectriclamp.,g,theaccelerationofgravityattheearthssurface,hasthevalue32ft/sec2.,正是数字传输为克服这种噪声环境提供了一种有力的方法。数字传输正是对于克服这种噪声环境提供了一种有力的方法。最高频率为3.4kHz的话音信号是用64kHz的信号来表示的，这是一个我们昨天所学的事实。编码器是将采样幅值转换成一组脉冲的单元，它对数字传输是非常重要的。编码的问题是一个极为重要的问题。PCM这个术语是一个通信术语。每采样值8位（码）的重复速率比4位的重复速率高。话音信号是一个模拟信号，通过采样、量化和编码，我们可以实现话音信号的数字传输。,汉译英练习：（除第8题外每题只用一个谓语动词）,正是数字传输为克服这种噪声环境提供了一种有力的方法。Itisdigitaltransmissionthatprovidesapowerfulmethodforovercomingthenoisyenvironment.数字传输正是为克服这种噪声环境提供了一种有力的方法。Itisforovercomingthenoisyenvironmentthatdigitaltransmissionprovidesapowerfulmethod.最高频率为3.4kHz的话音信号是用64kHz的信号来表示的，这是一个我们昨天所学的事实。Thespeechsignalofmaximumfrequency3.4kHzhasbeenrepresentedbyasignaloffrequency64kHz,afactthatwelearnedyesterday.,编码器是将采样幅值转换成一组脉冲的单元，它对数字传输是非常重要的。Thecoder,aunitthatconvertsamplitudevaluestoasetofpulses,isveryimportanttodigitaltransmission.编码的问题是一个极为重要的问题。Theproblemofcodingisaveryimportantone.PCM这个术语是一个通信术语。ThetermPCMisacommunicationsone.,每采样值8位（码）的重复速率比4位的重复速率高。Therepetitionrateof8-digitspersamplevalueishigherthanthatof4-digits.话音信号是一个模拟信号，通过采样、量化和编码，我们可以实现话音信号的数字传输。Thespeechsignalisaanalogone,andwecanperformitsdigitaltransmissionbysampling,quantizingandcoding.,UNIT2,部分否定与完全否定：对于集合中的个体，否定动词为部分否定，否定名词为完全否定。,Instrumentsherearenotgood.,这里的仪器并非都是好的。,Noinstrumentsherearegood.,这里的所有仪器都不是好的。,Allthedataarenottobechecked.,Noneofthedataaretobechecked.,所有的数据都不核对。,并非所有数据都要核对。,Boththetransistorsonthetablearenotgood.桌子上两个晶体管并不都是好的。Neitherofthetransistorsonthetablearegood.桌子上两个晶体管都不是好的。,并列复合句中的省略：在并列复合句中，后一复合句中与前一复合句相重复的部分可以省略。Mattersconsistofmoleculesandmoleculesofatoms.Theearthattractsthemoonandthemoontheearth.Themeteristhestandardforlength,thegramforweights.ElectronsareinjectedintothePregion,andholesintotheNregion.,samplesthenextNbitsattheircenters,usingaclock,usingaclockgeneratedlocallybythereceiver,严格的语法修饰：,分词作定语,单个分词作定语，位于所修饰名词之前。分词短语作定语，位于所修饰名词之后。movingelectronselectronsmovingwithinthewiretheappliedvoltagethevoltageappliedacrosstheresistance(易加修饰）thevoltageappliedbythecircuitacrosstheresistancetoamplifytheincomingsignalusedmethod（不易加修饰）commonlyusedmethodthemostcommonlyusedmethod,英译汉练习：（要求用本课所学句型翻译）字符中的比特位并非全部用于表示数据。所有起始位都不被设定为信号电平。我们将字符的起始位设置成空号电平，而将字符的终止位设置成信号电平。在计算机与其显示终端之间最为常见的串行接口是异步串行接口，而在程控交换机与其电话终端之间最为常见的串行接口是同步串行接口。由发送器所送出的停止位总是被设置成信号电平。现在我们来考虑一个包含12比特的字符。PCM是用以将模拟信号转换成数字信号的一种重要方法。,字符中的比特位并非全部用于表示数据。Allbitsofacharactersarenotusedtorepresentdata.所有起始位都不被设定为信号电平。No(Noneof)startbitsareplacedinthemarklevel.我们将字符的起始位设置成空号电平，而将字符的终止位设置成信号电平。Thestartbitofacharacterisplacedinthespacelevel,andthestopbitthemarklevel.,在计算机与其显示终端之间最为常见的串行接口是异步串行接口，而在电路交换机与其电话终端之间最为常见的串行接口是同步串行接口。ByfarthemostpopularserialinterfacebetweenacomputeranditsCRTterminalistheasynchronousserialinterface,andbetweenacircuitswitchanditstelephoneterminal,thesynchronousone.由发送器所送出的停止位总是被设置成信号电平。Stopbitsendbytransmittersarealwaysplacedinthemarklevel.,现在我们来考虑一个包含8个信息比特加4个控制比特的字符。Nowconsideracharacterconsistingof8informationbitplus4controlbits.PCM是用以将模拟信号转换成数字信号的一种重要方法。PCMisaimportantmethodusedtoconvertananalogsignalintoadigitalone.,UNIT3,形容词短语作后置定语：aformsuitablefortransmissionoverthesefacilities.,常见的有：suitablefor,similarto,capableof,differentfrom,availableto,ableto(do),necessaryto(do),aLSIchipsavailabletothedesignengineermotionparalleltotheearthssurfaceaquantitygreaterthananynumbersomethingassmallasaworm,插入语,插入语与其他部分没有直接语法关系，一般有逗号隔开，但也可以没有。插入语位置不定，位于句首或主语之后较为常见。Evenworse,aprefacemayresembleanadvertisementforthetext.Well-groundedstudentscanabsorbChapters4and5insaythreeweeks.What,youmaywonder,does54/74standfor?Theauthorconcentratedonwhathethoughthecoulddobest.,编者主要集中在他认为他能写得最好的那些内容上。,Wecouldapplythesetwovectors,whichitwillbenoticedareinpolarform,toanynetworkcharacteristic.,我们可以把这两种矢量应用于任何网络特性，而读者会注意到，这两种矢量均为极坐标形式。,插入语主要起承上启下的作用或表示作者的态度。Conversely,substancesofsmallresistivityaregoodconductors.Thisdeviceconsistsinfactoffiveparts.Whomadethefirstgeneratorintheworld,then?Anincreaseintemperature,though,tendstomakeagasexpand.Roughlyspeaking,microwavesareradiowaveswhosewavelengthislessthan30cm.Velocity,wehavenotedbefore,isavectorquantity.Afewkiloohmswill,Ibelieve,beenough.,常用的插入语有：一般来说，generalspeaking,更为重要的是，moreimportant,最为重要的是，themostimportant,人们断言，ithasbeenclaimed,我们将会看到，itwillbenoticed,wecansee,我认为，Ibelieve,确实，itistrue,我们认为，wethink,倒装句,AmongtheexperimentstobeconductedisasearchforMartianlifeInthedrawingareanotherpairofsimilarrighttriangles.Beforelong,outcamethewater.Thereexistsaveryimportantrelationshipbetweencurrent,voltageandresistance.Therehasbeendevelopedamethodforproducingvastlymorepowerfulrays.Orbitingthenucleusarenegativelychargedparticlescalledelectrons.,英译汉练习Theseforcesactontheelectronsabletomovefreelywithinthewire.Themorethespringisstretched,thegreateristheforcenecessarytostretchit.Neutronhasamassslightlylargerthanthatofaproton.Inthemeasurementoftimeintervalsmuchshorterthanasecond,thedecimalsystemisused.Amethodoftimingaccuratetomillionthsofasecondisnecessary.Aneffectsimilartopost-deflection（后偏转）accelerationcould,itistrue,beachievedbyincreasingthevoltageonthesecondanode（阳极）.,Figure3-5picturesanadditionofvelocitiesthatourcommonsensetellsusmustberight.ElectricalinventorswhofollowedEdisondidnothavetoexperimentwiththesubstanceswhich,hehadfound,wouldnotwork.Forseveralyearsafterradiowasinventeditexistedintheformofradiotelegraphy.Thencameradiotelephony.AlsoplottedonFig.1aresomeallowableoperatingbandsforseveralsystems.Thereisthussetupatransversestrain（应力）inadditiontothelongitudinal（纵向的）strain.Onlywhenxis5isittruethat3x+12=27.,UNIT4,take:需要，Ittakestwomentodothis.做这项工作需要两个人。whatitwouldtaketosurviveanuclearwar避免核战争所需要的for短语为tosurvive的逻辑主语bydoingsth为tosurvive的装语,要求后置定语的名词,something,anything,everything,nothing;somebody,anybody,everybody,nobody;someone,anyone,everyone,noone等Everythingelectronicwillbedonedigitally.Inwhatfollowsweshalllearnthatthereisnothingmysterious.Thereissomethingpeculiarthatshouldbenotedabouttheleftsideofthegraph.Coherentoscillatorsarenothingnew.,单个分词作后置定语的情况,thedepartmentsconcerned,有关各方，Thegreatertheforceapplied,thegreatertheacceleration.Eachofthetermsomittedwasverysmall.Thelineshownistheleast-squaresline.Themeasurementmadeisveryaccurate.Theworkdonecanbeexpressedasfollows.Hydrogenisthelightestelementknown.Theassumptionmadewillaffectthetypeofseriesobtained.,UNIT5,不及物动词的名词化,A动词（不及物）介词B,名词of+A+介词B,Fiberemergeasaindustry.,theemergenceoffiberasaindustry,yvarywithx.,thevariationofywithx,TheresponseofabodytoanetforceFisanaccelerationaproportionaltoF.,Theactionsofcertainchemicalsolutionsonmetalssetsupane.m.f.,(acton),(respondto),Wehavediscussedthepassageofanelectriccurrentthroughliquidsolutionsofacids.,(passthrough),及物动词的名词化,动词A介词B,名词ofA介词B,usefibreforinterconnectingcentraloffices,Theuseoffibreforinterconnectingcentralofficesisincreasingrapidly.,AcomparisonofEq.(4)withEq.(5)leadstothisrelations,compareEq.(4)withEq.(5),Theresolutionofaforceintoxandycomponentsispossible.(resolveAintoB)Extensionsofsomeofthetheoremswhichfollow,tothiskindofseries,arementionedinExercise15.(extendAtoB),在指出主语时用by:名词（动词转化）ofAby逻辑主语ThediscoveryofthePeriodicTablebyMendeleevin1869suggestedanotherwayofestimatingatomicmasses.,形容词作状语,Withthehelpofacomputer,thismachinecanworkunattended.Mostofthe-particleswentthroughthefoilunchangedindirection.Thesignalwaveformistransmittedundistortedsolongastheinstantaneousamplituderemainssmallerthanthebiasvoltages.Intheabsenceofanyfriction,thepulsestartedbythehandinFig.8-1wouldcontinuedowntheropeundiminished.,介词短语作表语,TheMKSsystemisalsoincommonuse.Oneofthemostvaluablewaysofrepresentingfunctionsisbygraphicalrepresentation.Thisdigitalcomputerisforlaboratoryuse.Therootisbetween0.23and0.24.Thesecontrollersarenotwithoutotherdisadvantages.Theusefulnessoflogarithmsinadvancedmathematicsremainsofgreatimportance.,
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