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TCMTranslationTheory,中医英语翻译理论,1中医翻译概论,1.1仿造翻译SL的無等值词汇時，用TL中的直接对应词代換無等值词汇的組成部分(词素/词)借用英语中已有的相关單词來表达中医学特有的概念肝血liverblood血虚blooddeficiency活血化瘀activatingbloodtoresolvestagnation,1中医翻译概论,1.1仿造句子层次的翻译也能运用仿造法從阴阳翻则生，逆之翻则死。Following(thelawof)yinandyangensureslife,whileviolatingitleadstodeath.阴虚翻则热，阳虚翻则寒。Deficiencyofyingeneratesheatanddeficiencyofyangproducescold.,1中医翻译概论,1.2定义化中医术语高度凝煉，难以用同樣長短的英语表达清楚翻译往往以解釋、定义方式進行辨证论治diagnosisandtreatmentbasedontheoverallanalysisofsymptomsandsigns虚脹Flatulenceduetoyang-deficiencyofthespleenandkidney,1中医翻译概论,1.2定义化缺点简洁变冗長，违反科技术语翻译、使用的原翻则和语境难以配合有碍中医术语英译迈向规范简化处理辨证论治treatmentbasedonsyndromedifferentiation(Li)identifyingpatternsanddeterminingtreatment(Wiseman)虚胀deficiency-flatulencevacuitydistension,1中医翻译概论,1.3词义分化同一中医术语在不同语境下，可以有不同涵义(一词多义polysemy)同一概念也可用不同术语表达(同义词synonymy)虚asthenia,deficiency,insufficiency,weakness,debility,hypofunction,1中医翻译概论,1.3词义分化脾虚astheniaofthespleen(Li)spleenvacuity(Wiseman)spleendeficiency(WHOdraft)*脾虚水泛hypofunctionofthespleen*(Li)体虚weakness/debility,1中医翻译概论,1.3词义分化必須考虑语境a)肾藏精，精舍志。精指精气Thekidneystoresessenceandtheessencemaintainsactivities.b)精1伤翻则骨痠痿厥，精2時自下。精1指肾精；精2指精液Thedamageofthekidneyessencecausesachingandflaccidityofthebonesaswellascoldsensationinthelimbs,whichwillfurtherleadstofrequentseminalemission.,1中医翻译概论,1.3词义分化(續)必須考虑语境c)脈理精微，其体难辨。精指精深Thetheoryofpulseisveryprofoundandtheconditionsofpulsearedifficulttodifferentiate.,1中医翻译概论,1.4拼音化當英语無法表达中医特有概念時，用拼音翻译气Vitalenergy*Qi动笔！whichterm(s)shouldbephoneticallytranscribed?四气五味fourpropertiesandfivetastes(Li)fournaturesandfiveflavors(Wiseman)滋阴降火nourishingyintoreducefireenrichingyinanddownbearingfire,2中医翻译的困难,2.1词汇缺口(lexicalgap)翻译人員各有不同考虑、偏好五行fiveelements,fivephases,wuxing命門gateoflife,vitalgate,vitaport,mingmen三焦threewarmers,tripleburners,threeheaters,tripleenergizers,sanjiao五脏fivesolidorgans,fivebowels,fivezang-organs,fivezang-visceras,wuzang,2中医翻译的困难,2.2理解偏差历時、文化因素，使得术语理解困难失笑散PowderforLostSmiles*SuddenSmilePowder黃帝內经YellowEmperorsInternalMedicine*(Huangdis)CanonofMedicineHuangdisClassicsonMedicineHuangdisInternalClassicHuangdiNeijing,2中医翻译的困难,重要经典译名舉隅,2中医翻译的困难,重要经典译名舉隅,2中医翻译的困难,重要经典译名舉隅(續),2中医翻译的困难,重要经典译名舉隅(續),3中医翻译实踐,3.1借用西醫术语动笔！心悸便秘便溏遺尿黃疸納呆,palpitationconstipationloose/sloppystoolenuresis/incontinence*jaundiceanorexia*,poorappetite/torpidintake,3中医翻译实踐,3.2直译动笔！阳化气阴中之阴木生火抑木扶土补母瀉子*心开窍於舌脾主运化*肺主气司呼吸,yangtransformingintoqiyinwithinyinwoodgenerates/generatingfireinhibitingwoodtostrengthenearthsupplementingmother-organanddrainingchildorganheartopensintothetonguethespleengovernstransportation/movementandtransformationthelunggovernsqiandmanagesrespiration,3中医翻译实踐,3.2直译动笔！阴阳失調脾失健运肝不藏血胃失和降肾阳不足,yin-yangdisharmony/imbalancebetweenyinandyangspleenfailingtomoveandtransform/dysfunctionofspleen;failureofspleenintransportationliverfailingtostoreblood/inabilityofthelivertostorebloodimpairedharmoniousdownbearingofthestomach/failureofgastricqitodescendinsufficiencyofkidneyyang/insufficiencyofrenalyang,3中医翻译实踐,3.3意译天行赤眼acutecontagiousconjunctivitisvs.heaven-currentredeye纏腰火丹herpeszosteraroundthewaistvs.girdlingfirecinnabar子盜母气child-organdisorderinvolvingitsmotherorganvs.childstealsthemothersqi,3中医翻译实踐,3.4音意結合元气primordialqi,originalqi,congenitalqi正气healthyqi,rightqi,genuineqi,vitalqi宗气pectoralqi,thoracicqi,ancestralqi中气gastrosplenicqi*,middleqi,centerqi營气nutrientqi,constructionqi肾气kidney-qi,renalqi*,三焦theTripleWarmer(Sanjiao),三焦，是中医学脏腑学說中一個特有的名词。Theterm,triplewarmer,ispeculiartoTCM.三焦是上焦、中焦、下焦的合稱，為六腑之一。Itisacollectivenameoftheupper,middleandlowerwarmerandisoneofthesixbowels.关於三焦的型態与实質，中医界眾說紛紜，至今尚無定论。InthefieldofTCM,nounanimousconclusionhasbeendrawnabouttheformandcruxofthetriplewarmer.,三焦theTripleWarmer(Sanjiao),一般認為，三焦是包羅人体所有內脏的一個大脏，Itisgenerallyrecognizedthat“triplewarmer”isalargebowelcontainingalltheinternalorgans.如明張介賓說：三焦者，確有一腑，蓋脏腑之外，軀殼之內，包羅諸脏，一腔之大腑也。Forinstance,ZhangJiebin,amedicalmanintheMingdynasty,said,“Triplewarmeris,infact,abowel.Itisoutsideallthevisceraandbowelsbutwithinthebody,containsalltheotherorgansandisthelargestbowelwithinthebodycavity.”,三焦theTripleWarmer(Sanjiao),在中医理论中，三焦也是劃分軀体部位的一個概念。InthetheoryofTCMtheterm“triplewarmer”isalsousedtolocatethebodyparts.即膈以上的部位為上焦，包括心、肺；膈以下、臍以上的部位為中焦，包括脾、胃；臍以下為下焦，包括肝、肾、大小肠、膀胱、女子胞等。Theupperwarmeristheportionofthebodycavityabovethediaphragmwhichhousestheheartandthelung.Themiddlewarmeristheportionbetweenthediaphragmandumbilicus(navel)whichhousesthespleenandthestomach.Thelowerwarmeristheportionbelowtheumbilicuswhichhousestheliver,thekidney,theurinarybladder,theintestinesandtheuterus.,三焦theTripleWarmer(Sanjiao),其中肝脏，按其部位來說，应归划中焦。Accordingtotheliverslocation,itcanbeclearlyseenthattheliverisanorganwithinthemiddlewarmer.但中医認為，肝肾同源，关係密切，故將肝肾同劃歸下焦。Butitissaidthattheliverisanorganwithinthelowerwarmer.Why?BecauseTCMbelievesthattheliverandthekidneyhavethesamesource(acommonsource)andacloserelationship,thusputstheliverintothelowerwarmer(togetherwiththekidney).,三焦theTripleWarmer(Sanjiao),三焦的生理功能，总的來說，是总司人体气化。Generallyspeaking,thephysiologicalfunctionsoftriplewarmercontroltheactivitiesoftheqiofthehumanbody.分开來說，上焦主呼吸、主宣发(实指心、肺的功能)，即把積於胸中的气宣布、布达全身，若霧露之溉，故稱上焦如霧；Theupperwarmercontrolsrespiration,andactivatestheflowofvitalenergy,bloodandbodyfluid(referringto,infact,thefunctionsoftheheartandlung),i.e.,itdispersespectoralqiaccumulatedinthechesttoallpartsofthebodyjustasfoganddewmoistentheearth.ThisiswhyTCMsaysthat“Theupperwarmerislikeasprinklerfordistributingnutrientsandqi.”,三焦theTripleWarmer(Sanjiao),动笔！中焦主运(实指脾、胃的功能)，即腐熟水谷，运化精微，以化气血，故喻之為中焦如漚；Themiddlewarmerfunctionsintransportationandtransformation(referringtoinfact,thefunctionsofthespleenandstomach),i.e.itfermentswaterandfoodandtransportsandtransformsfoodessenceinordertoproducevitalenergyandblood.Therefore,itislikenedtoafermentationtun,wherefoodisdigested.,三焦theTripleWarmer(Sanjiao),动笔！下焦主分別清濁、排泄尿液与大便(实指肾、小肠、大肠、膀胱的功能)，以上生理功能均具有向下、向外排泄的特点故稱下焦如瀆。Thelowerwarmerseparatesclearfluidfromturbidfluidanddischargesurineandstool,(referringto,infact,thefunctionsofthekidney,thesmallintestine,thelargeintestineandtheurinarybladder).Thesetwophysiologicalfunctionsmentionedabovearecharacterizedbyexcretingwastesdownwardsandoutwards.Itissaidthatthelowerwarmerworkslikegutters,tofilteranddrainoffwasteandsuperfluouswater.,三焦theTripleWarmer(Sanjiao),三焦的這些生理功能，实際上是体內各脏腑功能的总合。Infact,allthesephysiologicalfunctionsofthetriplewarmerarethesumtotaloftheactivitiesofallthevisceraandbowelsinthebody.在病理上，上、中、下三焦异常所出現的病证，实際上也是各部位脏腑功能的异常表現。Pathologically,diseases(diseasepatterns)duetoanabnormalityofupper,ormiddle,orlowerwarmeraremanifestationsofdysfunctionsofthevisceraorbowelswithinit.,肺与脾Therelationshipbetweenthelungandthespleen,Physiologically,twoaspectsareinvolvedintherelationshipbetweenthelungandthespleen.Thelungandthespleenarephysiologicallyrelatedintwoways.Oneistheproductionofthepectoralqi.Thelungisresponsibleforinhalingfreshairandthespleenforabsorbingfoodnutrientsthroughtransportationandtransformation.Theaccumulationofthefreshairandfoodnutrientsinthechesteventuallytransformsintothepectoralqi.,肺与脾Therelationshipbetweenthelungandthespleen,Thusthenormalfunctionofthelungandthespleenareprerequisitetosufficientproductionofthepectoralqi.Normalfunctioningofthelungandthespleenarethusessentialforsufficientproductionof(the)pectoralqi.Sufficientproductionof(the)pectoralqidependsonthenormalfunctioningofthelungandthespleen.Theotheristhemetabolismoffluid.Theotherinvolvesthemetabolismoffluid.,肺与脾Therelationshipbetweenthelungandthespleen,Thespleenabsorbsandtransportswaterandthelungdistributeswatertoallpartsofthebody,bothofwhichareimportanttothemetabolismofwater.Thespleenandthelungareofvitalimportanceinfluidmetabolismsincewaterisabsorbedandtransportedbythespleenanddistributedtoallpartsofthebodybythelung.,肺与脾Therelationshipbetweenthelungandthespleen,Ifdeficiencyofspleen-qiorinsufficiencyoflung-qiaffectstheproductionofthepectoralqi,itwillleadtoshortnessofbreath,nodesiretospeak,chestoppression,poorappetiteandloosestool.Ifdeficiencyofspleen-qiorlung-qiaffectstheproductionof(the)pectoralqi,itwillleadtoshortnessofbreath,reluctancetospeak,chestdistrest,poorappetiteandloosestool.Ifitaffectsthemetabolismoffluid,itwillbringoncough,asthma*,profusephlegm,edemaandoliguria.Iffluidmetabolismisaffected,coughandpanting,excessivephlegm,edemaandoliguriawouldberesulted.,THANKYOU,
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