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Unit4TheRenaissance,I.Background,II.Shakespeare,Background,TheRenaissanceisanepoch时期，时代ofsocialandculturaldevelopmentnotonlyforallWesternEuropebutalsoforEngland.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinEnglandineveryaspect.,A.Politically:a.Theabsolutemonarchy君主专制政体wasformedinEngland.KingHenryVIIIbrokeoffwiththePope(天主教)教皇;罗马教皇sothatthesecular现世的;世俗的;非宗教的andreligiouspowerwasconsolidated合并,联合,统一underoneking.,b.TheoldEnglisharistocracy贵族wastakentheplacebyanewnobilitytotallydependentonthekingspower.,c.Theclassofbourgeoisiecomposedof由组成，构成therichmerchantsandhandicraftsmen手工业者livinginthecitiescameintobeing出现，形成.,The16thcenturyinEnglandwasaperiodofthebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationofcapitalism.,B.Economically:,a.Manufactoriesweredevelopingandthewooltradewasrapidlygrowing.Thelarge-scaleenclosure圈地;围场ofcommonlandItsatimecalledbyThomasMore“sheepdevoured吞食men”period.,b.ThevictoryoverSpanconsolidated巩固，加强GreatBritainsrightonthehighseas公海andinworldtrade.,Theuprisingsofpeasants农民,佃农wereruthlessly无情地;冷酷地;残忍地suppressed压制，镇压.,C.Socially:,TogetherwiththedevelopmentofbourgeoisrelationshipsandformationoftheEnglishnationalstate,thisperiodismarkedbyaflourishing茂盛，繁荣，兴旺ofnationalcultureknownasRenaissance.,D.Culturally:,*Renaissance,a.“renaissance”aFrenchword,meaning“rebirth”,“revival苏醒；复活；复兴”b.itisfirstusedtoindicatearevivalofclassical(GreekandRome)artsandscienceafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism蒙昧主义.,c.NowitisusedtoindicatetheintellectualandliterarymovementoverEuropefromthe14thtotheearly17thcentury.,Renaissance,Renaissance,d.AgreatnumberoftheworksofclassicalauthorsweretranslatedintoEnglishduringthe16thcentury.e.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.,*Humanism,Thestudyandpropagation增殖，繁殖,广传，传播ofclassicallearningandartwascarriedonbytheprogressive进步的;先进的;革新的thinkersofhumanists.,Theyheldtheirchiefinterestnotinecclesiastical基督教会的；教士的knowledge,butinman,hisenvironmentanddoingsandbravelyfoughtfortheemancipation释放,解放ofmanfromthetyranny暴政，专制ofthechurchandreligiousdogmas教条.,*Manisthemeasureofallthings;*Manhasabilitytoperfectthemselves,todeveloptheindividual;*Manshouldenjoythepresentlife.,*Essays:a.ThomasMore-Utopia(Latin:nowhere)b.FrancisBacon-Essays,E.Literarily:,*poetry:a.ThomasWyatt-thefirsttointroducetheSonnetintoEnglishliteratureb.EdmundSpenser-“TheFairyQueen”,*drama:ChristopherMarlowe-made“BlankVerse”theprinciplevehicleofexpressionindramaforthefirsttimeinhistory.,unrhymediambicpentameter(五步抑扬格withfivefeetunstressedsyllable+stressedsyllable),*Blankverse(白体诗、无韵体诗),2.WilliamShakespeare(15641616),2.WilliamShakespeare(15641616),HisLifeHiswritingcareerShakespearesachievementandsignificance,HisLife,1564,BorninStratford-on-Avon1588-1592,inLondonasactorandplaywright1592-98,devotedhimselfmainlytohistoryplaysandcomedies,1601-1609,wrotethegreatesttragediesandromanticcomedies1610,retiredtoStratford1616,died.,Fourperiods1).1588-1594periodofapprenticeship(10plays)2).1595-1600lyricalpoems抒情诗;historicalplaysandcomedies(2plays),Hiswritingcareer,3).1601-1607greattragedies;darkcomedies悲喜剧(tragicomedies)(11plays)4).1608-1613romanticdrama(4plays),*FourTypesofHisPlays,edyb.tragedyc.tragic-comedyd.historicalplays,TheTwelfthNight,AMidsummerNightsDream,FourgreatesttragediesHamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,tragic-comedyTheMerchantofVenice,TheTempest,Historicalplays,HenryVI,*Shakespearesachievementandsignificance2longnarrativepoems;154sonnets;37plays,a.representstheclimaxoftheRenaissance;,b.oneofthefewwriterswhocanbesaidindispensableintheEuropeanliteraryhistory;(Homer,DanteandShakespeare),c.themostinfluentialmanoflettersincetheRenaissance:d.anencyclopediaoftheElizabethanAgee.therepresentativeoftheRenaissanceliteratureingeneral;,f.“Hesnotofanage,butofalltimeBenJonsong.Hehadthelargestcommandofvocabulary.(16,000differentwords),Homework,Topreview“Tobeornottobe”soliloquyTopreview“Sonnet18”,
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