英语中的部分否定与全部否定

英语中的部分否定与全部否定在英语里有一些用来表示“全体”或“完全”意义的总括词，如all, every(及everybody, everything等)，both, always, quite, wholly, entirely, altogether, completely等，凡含有这些词的否定句并非表示全部否定。如： 1. Not all the ants go out for the food. 并非所有的蚂蚁都出外觅食。2. Money is not everything. 金钱并非万能。从上面例子中可以看出部分否定有下列两种形式：一、 直接把否定词not 放在被否定词之前。如：3. Not all birds can fly. 并不是所有的鸟都会飞。4. Not both children are clever. 两个孩子并不都聪明。5. He doesnt quite understand. 他并非全部理解。6. We are not altogether interested. 我们并不完全感兴趣。二、 用not 来否定谓语。如：7. I cant catch everything in the book. 我没有完全掌握书中的内容。8. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。除了上述两种常见的形式外，部分否定还有其它表现形式。如：9. She cant sing and dance. (not.and. ) 她并非既会唱歌又会跳舞。10. It was not for nothing that she spent two years studying skies. (not for nothing) 她花了两年时间研究天体并非毫无收获。还有含有seldom, hardly, little 等词的句子也有表示部分否定的情况。11. He seldom asks for leave. 他很少请假。12. It hardly ever snows in Guangdong. 广东极少下雪。13. We know few of them. 他们当中我们不认识几个人。14. There is little ink in the bottle. 瓶里没有多少墨水。必须指出的是，若总括词后出现带有否定词缀的词或含有否定概念的词时，总括词所在的句子则表示“全部否定”。试比较：15. All people here are not friendly. 这里所有的人并不都很友好。(部分否定)All people here are unfriendly. 这里所有的人都不友好。(全部否定)16. Not always was she kind to us. 她并不总是对我们客气。(部分否定)She was always unkind to us. 她对我们总是不客气。(全部否定)又如：He failed in everything he did. (= He succeeded in nothing he did.) 他所做的事全都失败了。总之，只有通过多做多练才能识别出部分否定和全部否定的不同含义，以便对句子和文章能有更好的理解。部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：一、 all 的否定式：not all（或：allnot）表示并非都、不是所有的都例如：Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。二、 both 的否定式：notboth (或：both not) 并非两个都 例如：I dont want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。三、 every的否定式：不是每都 例如：Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。四、 always的否定式：并非总是（并非一直） 例如：He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。五、 entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式：不完全，并非完全 例如：The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。I dont agree completely. 我并不完全同意。What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。六、 all the time 的否定式：并非一直、未必老是 例如：A foolish man doesnt make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。七、 notand的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。例如：He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词，如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never) at all 等。例如：All of them can do it.- None of them can do it.Both are good.-Neither is good.Everybody likes it. -Nobody likes it.He is always late. - He is never late.We dont trust them entirely. - We never trust them at all.He was here all the time. - He was never here.1. not通常与be动词、助动词、情态动词连用以构成否定,常略作-nt。如果否定非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词),则置于非谓语动词之前。如:They are not (arent) here.Did she see him? No, she didnt.He warned me not to be late.Not allowed to work, he got veryangry.2. not用在动词think、suppose、believe、expect、hope、seem等,副词probably、perhaps等,及词组be afraid等后面,代替that引导的表示否定意义的从句。如:-Will they come tomorrow?-I suppose not.(=I suppose they will not come tomorrow.)-Will it rain this afternoon?-Probably not.(=Probably it will not rain.)-May I come in?-Im afraid not. (=Im afraid you cant.)注:如果是肯定回答,则一般用so代替that引导的表示肯定意义的从句。3. not与all、both、every、always、entirely等连用时可表示部分否定。如:All is not gold that glitters. 闪光的未必都是金子。Every person cannot do it. 并非每一个人都能做到这一点。He is not always so kind to people.他并非总对人那么友好。注:表示全部否定时,常用none、no、neither、never、 nowhere等,或者not与any、anything等连用也可表示全部否定,另外all、both、every等和带in-,un-,dis-等否定前缀的词连用时,也表示全部否定。如:I know none of them. 他们中我一个人也不认识。I dont know any of them. 我不认识他们中任何一个人。All your answers are incorrect. 你的答案都不对。4. 在主从复合句中,not一般根据需要对主句或从句进行否定。如:He didnt say he would come. 他没说他要来。He said he wouldnt come. 他说他不来了。但表示看法的常用动词think、believe、suppose等后接宾语从句,或表示感觉的词语appear、seem、feel、feel like、look as if、sound like等后接从句时,这些从句如表示否定意义,一般将not放在主句中,这是英语的习惯用法。如:I dont suppose that she will be back soon. 我想她不会很快回来。It doesnt seem that we can win. 看来我们赢不了。It doesnt look like rain. 看来不会下雨。I dont feel I can stand it any longer. 我觉得再也受不了了4