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Unit1Enjoy the colorful campus life!II. Basic Listening PracticeKeys: 1.C 2.D 3. B 4.D 5.AIII. Listening InTask 1:On the first dayKeys:(1)the first day(2)changing(3)really good(4)hard workers(5)went over her head(6)explained(7)notes(8)Wednesday(9)participation(10)educationTask 2:How to select elective courses?Keys:(1)extra training(2)chemistry(3)accounting(4)many fields of study(5)better potential(6)business degree(7)challenging(8)how to learn(9)better understanding(10)narrow-mindedTask3: How to get straight As?Keys:1.B 2.C 3. D 4.A 5.DIV. Speaking OutMODEL1(1) already I feel like Ive learned a lot(2) I already feel like Im up to my ears in homework(3) have to hit the books(4) rub off on you(5) Probably, youll have to repeat the year(6) Ill be burning the midnight oil.MODEL2(1) how Im going to stay awake. (2) He could put the entire basketball team to sleep-during the championship game!(3) Shes tough!MODEL3(1) what are your primary duties as a professor?(2) I do a lot of research and writing.(3) Teaching is an important part of being a professor.(4) applying for grants to fund my research.(5) being a professor sounds pretty competitive.(6) So you get an F in this course.V. Lets TalkTask 1:Maintaining the quality or increasing the intake?Keys:(1)quality(2)young(3)25(4)difficult(5)government(6)quality(7)cut(8)extra-cautious(9)afford(10)experience(11)more(12)blame(13)budget(14)puzzled(15)serviceVI. Further Listening and SpeakingListening Task:Task1: Problems with our educational systemKeys:(1)standardized tests(2)abilities and interest(3)interest(4)pressure(5)well-rounded(6)get into good colleges(7)the rest of the school(8)from bad to worseTask 2: The final examKeys:(1)course(2)quizzes(3)semester(4)confident(5)party(6)make(7)missed(8)they had a flat tire on the way back and didnt have a spare(9)placed them in separate rooms, handed each of them a paper(10)On the second page was a question worthTask3: Harvard UniversityKeys: 1.B 2.A 3. C 4.D 5.DViewing and speaking:Task 1:University budget cutsKeys:(1)increasing(2)12 / twelve(3)more(4)facilities(5)lecturers(6)poorer(7)grant(8)one(9)budget(10)less(11)young(12)classic(13)part-time(14)growing(15)two-yearUint2Our globe is in danger!I.Lead inTask 1:sandstorm ; air pollution ; deforestationwater pollution ; melting polar ice cap ; light pollutiondrought ; desertification ; litteringII. Basic Listening PracticeKeys: 1.B 2.D 3. A 4.A 5.CIII. Listening InTask 1:We should have proper respect for nature!Keys:(1)nature(2)environmental problem(3)pollution(4)promote(5)aware of(6)from occurring(7)law(8)throw away(9)fined(10)trashTask 2:River pollutionScript:If you see dead fish floating on the river or notice that the water is discolored and smelly,you know the river has been polluted, and there are four main possible causes for it.First, fertilizer. If large amounts of fertilizer or farm waste drain into a river, the concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in the water increase considerably.Algae use these substances to grow rapidly, turning the water green.This massive growth of algae leads to pollution. When the algae die, they are broken down by the action of the bacteria, which quickly multiply, using up all the oxygen in the water and therefore causing the death of fish.Second, industrial waste. Factories sometimes discharge chemical waste into rivers. Examples of such pollutants include cyanide, lead, copper, and mercury. These substances may enter the water in such high concentrations that fish and other animals are killed immediately. Sometimes the pollutants enter the food chain and accumulate until they reach toxic levels, eventually killing fish and other animals.Third, oil pollution. If oil enters a slow-moving river, it forms a rainbow-colored film over the entire surface, preventing oxygen from entering the water.Fourth, warm water. Industry often uses water for cooling processes, sometimes discharging large quantities of warm water back into rivers. A higher temperature of the water lowers the level of dissolved oxygen and upsets the balance of life in the water.Keys:1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.DTask3: Curbing carbon emissionsScript:Although it is not an easy task, China is striving to fulfill the promise to cut its carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 40 to 45 percent in the next 10 years.Zhang Guobao, Director of the National Energy Administration, said, The government puts great emphasis on seeking harmonious development between cities and the environment, and is readjusting the energy structure by giving priority to the development of clean and low-carbon energies, including hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, and solar power.Government authorities have closed small, coal-fired plants with a total capacity of 60.06 million kilowatts in the past four years. This years target of closing 10 million kilowatts of capacity will be achieved by August.We have promised to the international community that 15 percent of our power will be generated from nonfossil sources by 2020, Director Zhang said. At present, non-fossil energy accounts for only 7.8 percent.China is making efforts to increase the proportion of clean energy in its total energy consumption. Statistics show that China invested US$34.6 billion in clean energy last year, exceeding the United States which invested US$18.6 billion. Thus, China has become the world leader in generating clean energy. Five years earlier, Chinas investment in clean energy was only US$2.5 billion.However, Chinas carbon emission reduction target cannot be achieved easily. The shift to a low-carbon economy might be met at a cost to society. For instance, more than 400,000 people were laid off as a result of the shutdown of small coal-fired power plants in the past four years. Many studies indicate that the effort to curb greenhouse gas emissions may delay Chinas development, affect peoples income, and lead to unemployment.Keys:1.D 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.CIV. Speaking OutMODEL1(1) getting along during this unusually hot weather.(2) the hot, humid weather is killing her.(3) does bring global warming and rain.(4) Everybody should know what causes global warming. Otherwise we wont stop it.(5) not to burn any more wood or coal(6) the polar ice caps melt and oceans rise. MODEL2(1) asking for donations to save the rainforests.(2) They need hot, tropical climates.(3) heavy rainfall leads to dense vegetation.(4) plant and animal species exist only in rainforests.(5) are in danger of destruction by(6) find a way to save themMODEL3(1) a big sandstorm hit our city.(2) The air was full of dirt and sand and dust.(3) comes after a long period of drought.(4) the soil can be lifted up.(5) plant more trees and grass(6) launching a new afforestation program in a bid to address the environmental problem. V. Lets TalkTask 1:Disappointment over climate negotiationsKeys:1) b. doesnt really actually commit anyone to doing anything,2) a. the atmosphere simple cant take the kind of emissions weve been seeing in the business-as-usual scenario and theres no real commitment to change that.3) h. Theres no real commitment to put serious money on the table4) d. Its not backed by action,5) g. It does not constitute a. a deal.6) e. Its a hollow shell7) c. it lacks anything on emissions cuts8) f. Theres no guarantee that there will be new money, that the money will be real, that theres actually a commitment to get there, or that it will be channeled in new ways,Task 2:Whats your answer? Two speakers hold a negative attitude toward the world climate conference.Task 3:Lets group work!Developed countries should bear more responsibilities.First, they caused most of the world pollution in their industrialization process.Second, they are already economically advanced, with more funds to deal with pollution problems.On the other hand, developing countries caused less pollution in the past, and now they need rapid development.Therefore, an international agreement the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 stipulated common but differentiated responsibilities for developed and developing nations, which means that both should be responsible for environmental protection and cut carbon dioxide emissions, but the former must take more responsibility.Recently, however, some wealthy countries have insisted that developing countries like China should shoulder more responsibilities.VI. Further Listening and SpeakingListening Task:Task1: The environment and the developmentScript:Li:Hi, Professor Wang.Im Li Lin, a correspondent for the university newspaper.The staff and students here are getting more and more interested in the relationship between the environment and economic development.What do you think is the most serious environmental problem at present? What measures should we adopt to improve the environment and develop the economy at the same time?Wang: There are many environmental problems: air pollution, water pollution, desertification, overfishing, destruction of natural habitats, acid rain, overconsumption of wild animals and plants, etc. But lying at the center of all those problems, as I see it, is the contradiction between economic growth and the environment.Since the United Nations Earth Summit in 1992, growing number of people and governments have adopted the new idea of sustainable development. This means todays economic growth should not wipe out the resources and options for future generations. Planning and development should ensure not only economic growth, but also social advancement and environmental health. In other words, some economic behavior must be restricted or controlled. Instilling principles of sustainable development into government planning, resource management and economic policy is the most important step China can take to solve its environmental problems.China has already taken some remarkable steps to reduce damage to the environment. For instance, following the huge floods of 1998, the government banned logging in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in order to protect forests and reduce the risk of floods.Still, the basic contradiction between the environment and development persists. Much work is to be done before we can achieve the aim of a balance between economic growth and the environment.Keys:(1)water pollution(2)overconsumption(3)economic growth(4)resources(5)social advancement(6)restricted(7)government planning(8)economic policy(9)remarkable steps(10)balanceTask 2: Thick cloud of pollution covering southern AsiaScriptA United Nations study says a thick cloud of pollution covering southern Asia threatens the lives of millions of people. Scientists say the pollution could increase lung disease and cause early death. The cloud is also damaging agriculture and affecting rainfall levels. It has affected many countries in southern Asia. The pollution cloud is three kilometers high. Scientists say it can move halfway around the world in a week.The cloud is the result of forest fires, the burning of agricultural waste, and huge increases in the burning of fuels by vehicles, industries, and power stations.Pollution from millions of bad cooking stoves has made the problem worse.Many poor people burn fuels like wood and animal waste in such stoves.Scientists say the cloud of pollution appears to cool the land and oceans by blocking sunlight.They say it reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the Earths surface by as much as 15 percent.At the same time, heat inside the cloud warms the lower parts of the atmosphere.Harmful chemicals from the cloud are mixing with rainfall.This acid rain damages crops and trees and threatens public health.Scientists are concerned that the pollution will intensify during the next 30 years as the population of Asia increases to an estimated 5,000 million people.Keys:1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.CTask3: Mountain regions face a number of dangersScriptMountain people around the world are in great danger of the negative effects of the worsening environment, according to a UN report.As global warming and deforestation accelerate and technology makes wilder places more accessible, environmental and social pressures on the worlds remotest regions increase.The UN has found that many mountainous regionsinhabited by one out of five of the worlds peopleare barely recognizable when they are compared to what they were like 60 years ago.This is mostly because forests were cut to make way for cattle grazing and agriculture.The authors of the UN study expect 98 percent of the mountain areas to experience severe climate change by 2055.Biological losses are expected to be heavy.The mountains of Europe, parts of California and the northwest Andes in South America are among the most threatened mountain areas in the world and should be given priority in conservation.The UN is anxious to raise awareness of the problems facing mountain areas because they are inhabited by some of the most vulnerable people.These people could lose their culture and their livelihood with even the smallest shifts in climate.At the same time, many mountain regions are losing people. Thousands of villages in Europe are deserted most of the year.In other areas like Nepal, people are drifting to the cities in search of work.Keys:(1)negative(2)report(3)warming(4)pressures(5)mountainous(6)barely(7)make way for(8)expect 98 percent of the mountain areas to experience severe climate change by 2055(9)The UN is anxious to raise awareness of the problems facing mountain areas(10)Thousands of villages in Europe are deserted most of the yearViewing and speaking:Task 1:Santas home town in dangerScriptWeather experts may have found a new problem caused by global warming, one which many people will pay attention to: There are signs that Santas home in the North may be in trouble because of warmer temperatures.The Finnish town of Rovaniemi on the Arctic Circle, which many Europeans say is the home of Santa Claus, has had its warmest winter in 40 years.As a result, there has been much less snow than usualmeaning no snowmen, no snowballs, and possibly not enough snow for Santa to ride his sleigh on.More important for local residents, it may mean fewer tourists, as well. Santas wintry home town normally attracts thousands of visitors each year, and millions of dollars.Anne Pelttari-Bergman, the towns tourist director, worries that the town could be in trouble if snow levels do not return to normal.She explains: Snow is really important for us, of course, for Santa Claus, for Christmas tourism, and also for our winter tourism because winter is our best season. It is really important for us.Weather experts and town residents are hoping this warm winter is an one-time thing. Few people can imagine a holiday when even Santa does not have a white Christmas.Keys:(1)signs(2)warmer temperatures(3)warmest(4)snow(5)attracts(6)trouble(7)normal(8)season(9)one-time(10)whiteUnit 3Culture makes me what I amTask 1:On the first dayCollectivism Individualism Individualism CollectivismII. Basic Listening PracticeKeys: 1.B 2.A 3. D 4.B 5.AIII. Listening InTask 1:Competition in AmericaKeys:1.C 2.A 3. C 4.B 5.DTask 2:How to select elective courses?Keys:(1)roots(2)what(3)moral(4)diligence(5)sin(6)teachings(7)centuries(8)Even as children they were taught, “If its worth doing at all, its worth doing well.”(9)In English a new word has been created to describe people who work compulsively.(10)Others hold that workaholics are valuable members of society because they are extremely productive.Task3: Cross-cultural tips on doing businessKeys:1.D 2.A 3. D 4.A 5.CIV. Speaking OutMODEL1(1) individual interests rank above everything else.(2) Its a sharp contrast to the oriental collectivism.(3) Is not necessarily an equivalent for selfishness.(4) all values, rights, and duties originate in individuals(5) in oriental countries the interest of the group are more important than anything else.(6) Why do Americans cherish individualism.MODEL2(1) always seem to be in a hurry(2) What do you think are the reasons for that difference(3) Does this strong sense of time affect their lifestyle(4) led them to create fast food (5) globalization shrinks the differences between cultures(6) the gap will eventually be bridged MODEL3(1) theyre on trip (2) they definitely get the best marks(3) They never skip class(4) did homework each night until the early hours(5) Thats the secret of their success(6) I just want to learn it in an interesting wayV. Lets TalkTask 1:International Slavery MuseumKeys:1.(1)transatlantic slave trade(2)unknown lands(3)dignity or payment2.(1)rich(2)cotton and sugar3.(1)all over the world(2)family history(3)changed4.200th anniversary5.(1)banned(2)taking part in(3)slavery(4)freedTask 2:Whats your answer?VI. Further Listening and SpeakingListening Task:Task1: Problems with our educational systemScript:To Americans, punctuality is a way of showing respect for other peoples time.Being more than 10 minutes late to an appointment usually calls for an apology and maybe an explanation.People who are running late often call ahead to let others know of the delay.Of course, the less formal the situation, the less important it is to be exactly on time.At informal get-togethers, for example, people often arrive as much as 30 minutes past the appointed time.But they usually dont try that at work.American lifestyles show how much people respect the time of others.When people plan an event, they often set the time days or weeks in advance.Once the time is fixed, it takes almost an emergency to change it.If people want to come to your house for a friendly visit, they will usually call first to make sure it is convenient.Only very close friends will just drop in unannounced.Also, people hesitate to call others late at night for fear they might already be in bed.The time may vary, but most people think twice about calling after 10:00 p.m.To outsiders, Americans seem tied to the clock. People in some Eastern cultures value relationships more than schedules.In these societies, people dont try to control time, but to experience it.Many Eastern cultures, for example, view time as a cycle.The rhythm of naturefrom the passing of seasons to the monthly cycle of the moonshapes their view of events.If they have wasted some time or let an opportunity pass by, they are not very worried, knowing that more time and opportunities will come in the next cycle.But Americans often want to jump at the first opportunity.They are unwilling to stand by idly and give up the opportunity.The early American hero Benjamin Franklin expressed that view of time like this: Do you love life? Then do not waste time, for that is the stuff life is made of.Keys:1.C 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.DTask 2: Our personal spaceScriptOur personal space, that piece of the universe we occupy and call our own, is contained within an invisible boundary surrounding our body. As the owners of this area, we usually decide who may enter and who may not. When our space is invaded, we react in a variety of ways. We back up and retreat, stand our ground as our hands become moist from nervousness, or sometimes even react viole
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