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单元延伸阅读1（建议：同学们，根据江苏高考阅读文章长、信息量大的特点，我们将对课本话题进行延伸阅读。保持每天阅读1-3篇文章。如果文章500词以上，就读一篇，500词以下就读2篇。保持到高考前，定能超过课标要求，在高考时得到高分。加油！）1 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: JAPANESE AND AMERICAN CLASSROOMSIt has been about 10 days since I came to the USA. This is my first time to come to the USA, so at the beginning I had no idea about everything surrounding me, especially, about how my studies would be going. But actually, as time goes by I have gotten to know how an American University is. So, today, I would like to write about the differences between American and Japanese Universities. First, I have noticed a difference between an American University and a Japanese University in terms of the style of a lesson. In Japan, students attending a class never talk to the professor during the lecture, even if they have a question about the thing that the professor is talking about. They just listen to the lecture, and the professor keeps speaking. Even when the professor asks something to the students, nobody answers unless the professor calls his or her name. And even if the professor points at someone and calls a name, sometimes the person just says, I dont know, because they do not have much confidence about whether the answer is true or reasonable and they are afraid of making mistakes. In contrast, in the USA, students attending a class often talk to the professor during the lecture whenever they have a question or they have an opinion. So, a professor in the USA sometimes has to stop the lecture to talk about or explain the thing asked by a student even during the lecture. When the professor asks something to the students, someone answers the question voluntarily, and someone else would answer the question if his or her answer is different from the first person. At that time I think the students dont worry about whether their answers are right or not, but they answer because something occurs to them. Secondly, I have noticed a difference between American and Japanese classrooms in terms of the relationship between teachers and students. In Japan, a professor is considered to be a person who teaches a particular subject. So, a teacher just teaches his or her professional thing to the students and never talks about private things to the students, even outside of class. We have to put a huge distance between ourselves and the teachers, and have to call them Professor Sato, for example. The professors call us also by our last names, with Mr. or Miss. (Some professors call the students last names without Mr. or Miss.) So, we never talk about private matters with them. In this case, the private matters include daily stuff, such as our failure in a course or our part-time job, or whatever is being used in daily conversation. In contrast, in an American university a professor does teach, of course, their professional subjects, but they tend to talk about their personal matters to some extent, even in lessons. I have heard from some professors about how their husband or wife is and also about their daily affairs. Outside the class, the students talk to their professors about their lives, for example, when they meet in the cafeteria or snack bar. I mean they have a daily conversation with each other. Some students call their professors by their first names if the professor does not mind, and the professors always call the students by their first names, even in the classes.Thirdly, I have noticed a difference in regard to the classroom manners of both the students and teachers. In a classroom of a university in Japan, students have to be formal to show respect to a teacher. Drinking a soft drink or chewing gum during a lesson is considered to be bad manners. I would say a student who has his or her feet on a chair nearby would be told to leave the class. In contrast, American students do the things mentioned above, but unless they interrupt a lecture, they are not considered to be bad. As for the behavior of teachers in Japan, they always stand up during their lectures and never sit down. In contrast, in the USA, they sit down on a chair or even on a desk in the front of a classroom during lessons, although they sometimes stand up.Lastly, I have noticed a difference between American Universities and Japanese Universities in terms of the volume of homework or preparation for the next lesson. In Japan, few teachers request that students prepare for the next lesson or do homework. Even if they do, we do not, since we do not provoke conversation and the teacher can not find out if we have done it or not. In contrast, in an American University, the students are required to study hard to prepare for the next lessons in order to discuss particular things when the time comes. And also, teachers often ask the students to read certain books or to write reports due on a certain day. I would say these are homework. If the students ignore them, it is easily found out that they are lazy or unmotivated, and as a result of that they would get bad scores.I am thinking about these kinds of differences not because I am trying to judge which is better, but because I have felt the differences by facing the two of them. I would say the differences come from the cultural differences, not just from the differences in their educational systems. （911词）2. Custom in ThailandPeople live in Thailand have different culture and food from American people or another country. First of all, we have a great respect older people and parents. We listen to our parents and older people. When we go to school in the morning, we bow goodby to our parents and we comeback we do that again. We bow when we meet older people. We never shake hands or kiss other people. Close friends do touch one another when speaking. Superiors may also touch subordinates to show kindness or concerns. In Thailand, it is common to see friends of same sex hold hands. It indicates close friendship and nothing sexual in nature. Second, when we are speaking to someone, it is importance to make eye contact, physical contact, gestures, facial expressions. It is quite acceptable to gesticulate with hands while speaking. However, it is considered bad form to point an index finger at the person you speak to. Feet must not be used to gesticulate or point, since they are considered low. Third, food is different. Thai cooking reflected the characteristics of a waterborne lifestyle. Aquatic animals, plants and herbs were major ingredients. Thai cooking methods were stewing and baking, or grilling. Thai meal is served all at once, permitting diners to enjoy complementary combinations of different tastes. A proper Thai meal should consist of a soup, a curry dish with condiments, a dip with accompanying fish and vegetables. A spiced salad may replace the curry dish. The soup can also be spicy, but the curry should be replaced by non spiced items. Thai meal is a harmonious blend of the spicy, the subtle, the sweet and sour, and is meant to be equally satisfying to eye, nose, and palate. In Thailand, we eat rice with food and our family eats every meal together. We do not eat fast food or go out to eat very often. In addition, Thai people are fun loving in nature. They are love having fun. We have different culture, but we are friendly to everybody.（343词）单元延伸阅读2（建议：同学们，根据江苏高考阅读文章长、信息量大的特点，我们将对课本话题进行延伸阅读。保持每天阅读1-3篇文章。如果文章500词以上，就读一篇，500词以下就读2篇。保持到高考前，定能超过课标要求，在高考时得到高分。加油！）3 Cultural Differences and Impacts1. Chewing with Your Mouth OpenThis is the opposite of western culture. The Chinese appreciate that you make noise while eating. Westerners feel this is disgusting and shows a complete lack of manners. Chew with your mouth shut!2. Speaking with Your Mouth FullThis is considered quite rude when at the dinner table. Western children are taught from a very early age never to do this.3. Picking/Sucking Teeth It is considered rude to pick between your teeth where others can see you. Western restaurants usually do not supply toothpicks, so it is sometimes hard to decide when to remove food stuck between the teeth. It is usually best to excuse yourself and go to the bathroom.4. Elbows on the TableWhile eating you should be sitting up straight. Do not put your elbows on the table. Putting your elbows on the table will make you look like a farmer.5. Spitting Food (Bones, Skin, etc.) Out of Your MouthThis is not done in Western restaurants. If you do need to take something out of your mouth, bring your napkin up to your mouth and place the item in it.6. Picking Up Your Plate or BowlThey think that only children do this. Dont lean over and slurp from the plate on the table either. Food must be transported from the dish to your mouth with a fork or a spoon. If youre nervous about using a knife and fork, buy a set and practice at home until you feel comfortable.7. Speaking LoudlyAll Westerners try to keep the conversation to their own table. If the whole restaurant can hear you, you are speaking too loudly and it will be considered rude. In fact, some westerners find it difficult to do business in Chinese restaurants because the noise level is just too high.8. Passing Gas/Belching/BurpingThis is considered rude in any situation. If you do need to pass gas, excuse yourself and go to the bathroom. Of course sometimes this is out of your control. If you accidentally pass gas loudly in front of others, you need to say, excuse me and quickly start talking about something to distract the people around you. DO NOT discuss any details about your gas, or any bodily function at the table.9. Cleaning Ears with FingernailsThis is not done in public. It shouldnt be done in private either! Its dangerous. Use a cotton swab!10. SmokingWhile others are still eating or even when everyone has finished eating, it is polite to ask their permission to smoke at the table. In many western restaurants, you will be asked if you prefer to be seated in the smoking or non-smoking section. If your host chooses the non-smoking section, you will have to excuse yourself from the table to smoke.（477词）4 Italian WeddingItalian Wedding Customs and TraditionsItaly is a country replete with tradition, and weddings are no different! Wedding customs designed to ensure a long and happy marriage are an integral part of Italian culture. In fact, many matrimonial traditions celebrated all over the world have their roots in Italy! Diamond engagement rings date back to medieval Italy. It was believed that diamonds were created by the flames of love! An old folklore tradition holds that a bridegroom that carries a small bit of iron ore in his pocket wards the evil eye away from his wedding ceremony. The wearing of a bridal veil is another wedding tradition that began in Italy. The veil is a symbol of virginity, and the covering of the brides face means she has never known a man before. Older church traditions held that the luckiest day to get married on was Sunday. However, marriages during Lent or Advent were often forbidden and the entire months of May and August weddings were also frowned upon as being harbingers of bad luck to the bride and groom. The traditional wedding mass or ceremony (sposalizio) often takes place in the morning, allowing the bride and groom some quiet time together afterwards while family and friends prepare for the reception festivities. In some regions, the bride and groom shattered a vase or large glass together and the number of pieces were said to represent the number of happy years they would spend together. A more modern tradition is the release of a pair of white doves after the ceremony by the bride and groom to symbolize the couples love and happiness. The tradition of candied almonds being given at wedding receptions comes from Italy. The treats are meant to represent both the sweet and bitters aspects of life tangible reminder of for better or worse. The candies are often wrapped in tulle, and given to each guest inside a small pottery or glass dish as a wedding favor. The reception usually begins in the afternoon and carries on until the wee hours of the next morning. Drinks (sweet liquors for the women and stronger drinks for the men) are served as an aperitif before the banquet feast. A commonly heard wedding toast is Per centanni, meaning for a hundred years. The wedding feast often begins with antipasto and continues with a sumptuous multi-course dinner. Symbolic wedding foods include wanda (small bits of twisted dough covered in powdered sugar) and Italian wedding candy. After the meal, wedding cake is served with espresso and other coffees. The Tarantella, a traditional wedding circle dance, is an integral part of the reception celebration everyone takes part! The La Borsa is a small satin bag carried by the bride that attending guests could slip gifts of money in to. The money traditionally went back to the brides family to help pay for the expenses of the occasion. Sometimes the grooms tie is cut into pieces and the pieces are sold off to reception guests. The cash is then given to the bride and groom to use on their honeymoon. Instead of paint and streamers, the bride and grooms car is often decorated with fresh flowers to symbolize a new and happy life together.（541词） 单元延伸阅读3（建议：同学们，根据江苏高考阅读文章长、信息量大的特点，我们将对课本话题进行延伸阅读。保持每天阅读1-3篇文章。如果文章500词以上，就读一篇，500词以下就读2篇。保持到高考前，定能超过课标要求，在高考时得到高分。加油！）5 Table Manners: a Cultural DifferenceFor many Westerners, the Chinese dinner table is terra incognita(拉未发现的地域). There are no forks or knives for the Westerners to use. The Chinese host makes great, sweeping（大范围的）arm movements that go over large sections of the table passing over both food and friends alike. The scene is fantastic, but it leaves many foreigners at a loss for what to do. In most Western restaurants and homes there are rules about how to talk, eat and sit that are highly restrictive, and they create an atmosphere that is completely different from what we find here in China. In my childhood home, dinner was enjoyed with hushe voices, and the topics open for discussion were very much restricted. We were not allowed to bring up anything that was potentially unappetizing; body functions（上洗手间）, bugs, murder and mayhem（使人肢体伤残的行为）in general were all strictly forbidden topics. If I had to leave the table to use the toilet, I had to verbally excuse myself without mentioning what it was that I was going to do. May I be excused, please? I need to wash my hands. I would say. My mother would say, Sure. My father would often play a joke on us by saying, Your hands dont look dirty to me!As for eating, we did it quietly. No eating noises were allowed.Everything must be done as quietly as possible. Therefore, we had to eat with our mouths closed. To make a smacking noise was, perhaps, the worst offence possible. While drinking soup or coffee or wine slurping（咕嘟咕嘟地喝）was also forbidden. If any sound whatever was created by our intake of food or beverage（饮料）, it constituted bad manners! With that in mind, it was, of course, unthinkable to speak with ones mouth full of food, so speaking only occurred before or after one had taken in food and swallowed it.How one sits at the table is also prescribed. One is to sit up straight with the recessive hand (usually the left) in ones lap holding a napkin while the dominant hand (usually the right) holds the fork or spoon. The only time one is allowed to have both hands on the table is when one is using a knife to cut something, but as soon as the cut-ting is done, the recessive hand goes back to the lap. Also, elbows are not al-lowed on the table. Therefore, one props the arm against the edge of the table just below the elbow. One should never reach for any food on the table; one should ask someone sitting near it to give it to you. Would you please pass the potatoes? May I trouble you for the salt? These are phrases that you are likely to hear on any given night of the week at a family dinner. When a guest comes from the West to enjoy a meal with you, it would be a good idea for you to explain to your guest what will happen at dinner and to find out if a fork would be easier to use than chopsticks. In my time in China, I have come to enjoy Chinese table manners far more than those prescribed by my own culture, but for many it is impossible to adjust. The best policy is to ask your guest questions to find out what he or she is comfort-able with.（608词）6 Traditional culture of JapanKimonoThis is the traditional clothes of Japan.kimono is the meaning of the clothing.Until Japan exchanged about 100 years before with the culture of the Western countries, all clothes of the Japanese were to do the kimono being.Now, the young woman puts on in case of the special event of the New Year, the wedding, the coming-of-age ceremony.Still, there is a person who spends the daily life in the kimono, too.The kimono of the picture on the left is FURI-SODE and is the one which the unmarried woman puts on. FURI is to swing. SODE is the sleeve.The brilliant color is liked.Japanese sandalsThis is the footwear when putting on the kimono. In Japanese, it is called ZOU-RI.ZOU is the grass. RI is the footwear.The zouri is made with the way of covering the cloth to the body of the tree.The people put in the string with the finger of the leg, and make it not fall and walk.The string is called HANAO. It is the clog thong.It is by the common sense that it wears the zouri when putting on the kimono.The zouri is the footwear of the woman mainly.Invitation catThis is the ornament which is put for a lot of visitors to come to the shop.In Japanese, it is called MANEKI-NEKO. MANEKI is to call in and NEKO is the cat.It is the money in the past that the cat has with the right hand. It is called KOBAN and the real thing is made with the gold.The Japanese make the palm of the hand the bottom when they call the person. The American makes the palm of the hand the top when they call the person. It is the cultural difference.This ornament is used at present, too.Wind-bellThe wind bell makes the people the cool feelings in the clear sound of the glass. The sultry heat in the summer is eased.In Japanese, it is called FUU-RIN. FUU is the wind and RIN is the bell.The circular part is made with the glass and the glass stick is hung on the center with the thread.The paper is put under the glass stick. When it blows, the paper shakes and the glass stick hits the glass in the neighborhood. Then, it makes a clear sound.The people hear the sound and feel cool.There is one of the iron, too, instead of the glass. A cool sound comes out in the kind of the iron.At present, the air conditioner is often used and the wind bell isnt too much used.Wooden clogsThis is the footwear which was used until the shoes in the Western countries were introduced.In Japanese, it is called GETA. GE is the bottom and TA is the footwear.The back (the part which hits the ground) of the geta becomes two pieces of the square lumber. It is convenient to walk at the mud after the rain.Now, there is not a too much wearing person. Round fanThis is the implement which generates the wind.In Japanese, it is called UCHI-WA. UCHI is the circle and WA is fan.The uchiwa is the one to have pasted the paper to the body which spared the bamboo.Recently, the plastic is used instead of the bamboo.It is possible to use easily because it is light.The uchiwa is used still, too.（586词）
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