(外研版)初中英语笔记初二(下).doc

（外研版）初中英语笔记初二 （下）Module 1 Hobbies1. 基本句型： 主语+系动词+表语（+状语） Tom is very happy today. 主语+谓语（不及物动词）（+状语） The first book came out in 2003. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语（+状语） He wrote a book in senior high school. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语（+状语） His hobby has brought him enjoyment. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语（+状语） I didnt want you to work too hard. there be+主语+状语 There is a very nice cup on the table. There are many story books in his schoolbag. 一般来说，置于句首的多是时间、条件和原因状语，置于谓语部分之后的是地点、方式、原因、目的、时间和伴随成分。2. tidy up “整理；收拾”。当宾语是代词时，要放在tidy和up中间；当宾语是名词时，既可放在中间，也可放在其后。如： Your room is untidy. Can you tidy it up? The students tidied up the classroom. （类似的还有turn on, turn off, put on, write down等动词+副词形式）3. listen to sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事。 I often listen to him play the violin. (类似于see, hear等后面可以接不带to的动词不定式)4. 当play后面接表示乐器的名词时，需要在该名词前加上定冠词the; 如：play the piano, play the flute（笛子） 当play后面接表示球类的名词时，该名词前不接任何冠词。 如：play basketball, play football5. as well as “也；还；并且” A as well as B （强调A而不是B），如： She is clever as well as pretty. We all want to visit Beijing as well as Shanghai.6. come out “出版；出现；（秘密等）传出；结果是”7. as a result “结果”，相当于so,前者用逗号隔开，后者反之。 He had some bad meat. As a result, he felt ill. as a result of “因为”8. collect v.收集； collector n.收集者 have a collection of “收集” 如：I have a collect of dolls.9. take up 占用（时间、空间） The job takes up all my time. The big desk takes up too much space.10. at the end of 在末尾11. sth. +happen+时间/地点 “某时（某地）发生了某事 The story happened in Beijing in 2008. sth. happen to sb. “某人出了某事（常指不好的）” A car accident happened to her this morning. sb. happen to do sth. 或It happens/happens that某人碰巧做某事。 I happened to meet a friend of mine in the street yesterday.Module 2 Friendship1. 宾语从句（即放在动词后面作宾语的句子）： 宾语从句的三要素：引导词：that，if/whether，疑问词 语序：陈述语序（较特殊的如：He asked me what was the matter.） 时态：主句的时态是现在时，从句可用任意所需时态。如： Please tell us where he is. 主句的时态是过去式，从句要用相应的过去式。如： He told me that he was tired. 从句叙说普遍真理或客观规律时，则用一般现在时。如：The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.原句式宾语从句一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时(am,is,are+v.-ing)过去进行时（was,were+v.-ing）现在完成时(have/has+过去分词)过去完成时（had+过去分词）一般将来时（will+动词原形/am,is,are going to +v.)过去将来时(would+动词原形/was,were going to +v.)that引导的宾语从句：（多数可省略） 谓语动词表肯定概念，接that引导的从句的谓语动词不可有疑问的含义，多是表示观点、看法、意念、要求等方面概念的词，如：believe, feel, hear, hope, expect, explain, prefer, promise, report, say, see, tell, think, understand, wish, warn等。Betty thinks (that) trees improve the air. I hope that it will be snow this winter. whether/if引导的宾语从句： 原句式为一般疑问句时就用whether/if“是否”，常表达不确定概念。如： He asks whether/if we will go fishing on Sunday. whether与if一般可通用，但以下情况只用whether： 和or not连用： I dont know whether he will come or not. 动词不定式前： He didnt know whether to stay or not. 介词后: Im not interested in whether she will go shopping. 宾语从句位于句首； 带有discuss（讨论）、decided（决定）、doubt（怀疑）等词。 疑问词引导的宾语从句：（who, when, where, what, why, how） 注：在疑问词引导的宾语从句中，一定要用陈述句语序。 He asks how we can help protect the environment. They havent decided where they should go for the holiday.2. a couple of“一些，几个”； They will be back in a couple of weeks. a couple of作主语时，谓语动词用单数： There is a couple of boys waiting for you.3. day by day “一天比一天地；每天；日益”，指不断发生变化的。 He grew stronger day by day. day after day “一天天地”，指不断重复的。4. remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事。 I remember meeting her at a party once. remember to do sth. 记住要去做某事。 Remember to close the windows before you go out.5. find+复合宾语 find+宾语+名词 The teacher finds the girl a good singer. find+宾语+形容词 I find English grammar very difficult. find+ it+宾语补足语+动词不定式 He found it very hard to answer the question. find +宾语+介词短语（或过去分词，现在分词） I found the cat under the bed.6. good luck with sth. good luck to sb. 7. by the way 顺便说 in the way 挡路；妨碍 on ones way/ on the way 在路上8. worry about=be worried about “担心” Dont worry about me. I am not a child any moer.9. far away “遥远的”，在句中做表语、状语和后置定语。 (be) far away from 远离 The school far away from my home. faraway “遥远的”，可做名词的前置定语。 He lives in a faraway village.10. lonely “孤独的”，指心理感受；alone独单；独自（无旁人） Im not lonely though I am alone.11. make friends with 与交朋友12. be close to 离近Module 3 on the radio1. to +v.与v.-ing作宾语： 一般来说，不定式表示将来的动作或行为，而v.-ing形式表示经常性的、一般性的动作或行为及正在进行的动作或行为。只接to+v.的只接v.-ing的接to或v.-ing的want, hope, wish, decide, expect, plan,agree, promiseenjoy, finish, mind,practice, keep onlike, love, begin, start, continue, hate.(以上意义差别不大) try, mean, remember,forget, stop(以上意义差别大)2. 答谢时常用的表达方式： Dont mention it. Not at all. Youre welcome. Thats all right. Its my pleasure.3. look out=watch out=be careful “小心；当心” look out for sb. / sth.“留心某人或某物”。. Look out for snake! look out of 向外看； look down 向下看；look up 向上看。4. need to do sth. 需要做某事。 We need to speak English well. need doing sth. =stn. need to be done. 某物需要 Her room needs to be cleaned.5. keep doing sth. 一直做某事；继续做某事。 They kept talking about it.6. prepare sth. 准备某物。 Mother was preparing dinner in the kitchen. prepare for sth.=get ready for 为做准备 prepare to do sth. 准备做某事7. explain sth. to sb. 向某人解释某物 The teacher explained the problem to class. explain+从句 He explained why he was late for school.8. seem 做连系动词，“似乎；好像；看起来” seem+名词。 Lucy seems a very clever girl. seem+形容词。 He seems quite happy. seem+动词不定式。 The man seemed to be ill. seem+介词短语。 They seem in high spirits. it seems +that从句=sb. seems to do sth. It seems that shes right. it seems(ed)+as if/ as though从句 It seems as if its going to rain.9. noise 噪音；吵闹声 Dont make any noise in class. voice “声音，噪声”，多指人的声音。 The singers voice is so sweet. sound “声音；声响”，大自然的声音（人声，鸟声，机器轰鸣） The story sounds interesting.Module 4 New technology1. if 从句 if引导的条件状语从句表示“如果”。 if从句+祈使句： if从句用一般现在时，祈使句的谓语动词用动词原形;if从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。如： If you want to go, please tell me. Look at our website if the camera does not work. if从句+陈述句： if从句中用一般现在时，表示将来的一种条件，从句中可以加时间状语；当if表将来条件时，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。 If it doesnt rain tomorrow, well go to the Great Wall. If I play games on it, it will go wrong.2. connect“连接” connect sth. to/ with 如： Could you connect the printer to the computer?3.“ bite (hit) sb. on/ in the+ 身体部位名词”，表示咬（打）某人某部位。一般柔软多肉的部位用in，如：face, leg, stomach, eye; 一般坚硬结实的部位用on，如：foot, hand, head, nose, shoulder。 They hit him on the head.4. lend sb. sth.=lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人； Betty lent her MP3 player to Mars. borrowfrom 借入； Allen borrowed ￥2000 from her parents yesterday. keepkeptkept ,借多久，是延续性动词，可与时间段连用。 He has kept the book for two weeks.5. save ones life “挽救某人的生命” The doctors saved that boys life. The doctors saved peoples lives.6. be / get ready for sth. 为某事做好准备。 be/ get ready to do sth. 乐于/愿意去做某事。 He is always ready to help others.Module 5 Problems1. rather than “是而不是”“与其不如” Rather I than you am the winner. 而我比你是胜利者。 You rather than I are going to camping. 是你而不是我要去要野营。rather A than B “B肯定不会做A将要做的事”如： Rather you than me! 你行，我可不行！ would rather (do) than (do) 或 would (do) rather than (do) “宁愿而不愿”。 如：I would rather watch TV at home than go to the park. The children would walk there rather than take a bus. prefer doing sth. to doing sth. “宁愿而不愿”。2. warn sb. about 提醒/警告某人注意某人某事。 He warned me about pickpockets. warn sb. (not) to do sth. 提醒/警告某人（不要）做某事。 We warned Tony not to drive so fast.3. 口语中表示“真遗憾！/多可惜啊！”，如： Its a sham. / Thats a sham. / what a sham (pity).4. (be) proud of “以为荣；为感到自豪” Jack is very proud his model plane.5. go wrong 出毛病；出故障；出错6. be angry with sb. 生某人的气7. at least 至少8. beat和win “赢” beatbeatbeaten “击败”，后接人sb.，团队team，国家a nation。 I believe Joke will beat all the runners. win后接事物，比赛、奖项、战争 We won the game.9. refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事。 The singer refused to sing to the rich woman.10. such 形容词“如此；这样”，后接名词。 如： such (beautiful) flowers so 副词“如此地；这么”，后接形容词或其他副词 如： so lovely a place, so happy such和so后接单数可数名词时，词序不同： so+ adj. +a (an) +n. / such+ a (an) +adj. +n. 如：so nice a coat = such a nice coat 后接名词复数或不可数名词时，只用such。但后有much, little, few等修饰时，只用so.11. “特殊疑问词+动词不定式”构成不定式短语，可做主语、宾语、表语等。 When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.Do you know how to play bridge? The question is how to learn English well.12. 辨析：another “（不定数目中的）另一个，再一个” My cell phone is old. My father buys another cell phone for me.other adj.“别的”，泛指其余的人或物，后接可数名词的单复数。如：other people.the other （两个中的）一个另一个.，常见形式：onethe other 如： Mr. Lu has two sons. One is teacher, the other is a nurse.others n.泛指其余的人或物，其后不接可数名词单复数。与some对比使用时，意为“有些”。如： Some work hard, others dont. the others “其余所有的”，表示在某一范围内的其他全部。 There are 30 students in our class, 20 passed the exam, and the others all failed.13. 辨析： sometimes= from time to time “有时”，频度副词 some times “几倍；几次” some time “一段时间”，常与for连用。 It takes sb. some time to do sth. sometime “不确定的时间”，可用于将来时或过去时。 one day “总有一天”，用于将来时 Module 6 Entertainment1. 直接引语和间接引语的转变：一般现在时的陈述句转述，间接引语多数用that的宾语从句表示；如： He said (that) it was time for lunch. 人称要随主语做适当变化。口诀如下：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。（解释：直接引语中的主语为第一人称，变为间接引语是人称要随句子主语的人称而变化；直接引语的主语（或宾语）是第二人称时，间接引语的人称要和主句的宾语一致；直接引语的主语（或宾语）是第三人称时，间接引语的人称不变化）。如： Tom said, “I like apples.” Tom said he liked apples. Bob said to Kate, “You are my good friend.” Bob said to Kate she was his good friend. 谓语动词时态的变化： 如果引述动词为一般过去时，间接引语中动词的时态一般推移到过去时间。直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时如：Tony said, “It is an exciting film.” Tony said (that) it was an exciting film. 其他变化：指示代词时间状语地点状语动词thisthatnowthenheretherecomegothesethosetodaythat dayover hereover therebringtaketonightthat nightagobeforetomorrowthe next dayyesterdaythe day beforelast yearthe year before He said, “Im here.” He said that he was there. （注：转述有即时转述和过后转述之分。如果是即时转述，从句中的时间、地点不用变化；如果是过后转述，且转述时，时间、地点都发生了变化，那么间接引语中的时间和地点都要随之变化。）2. be worried about =worry “担心”3. look after “照顾”，动词+介词的短语，宾语放在介词后。 look after well = take good care of 照顾好4. face to face (with) “（与）面对面”，副词短语，修饰动词。 I would like to talk to you face to face. They come to face to face with some terrible men.5. fight against 与作斗争 fight for 为而战 fight for freedom/ peace/ honor fight with 与并肩作战；和打架。 The two boys are naughty, they often fight with each other when they meet.6. (be) true to life “真实的反映生活”7. in ones opinion “在某人看来” In my opinion, you are right.8. although= though “虽然；尽管” 英语中although，though不与but连用，但可以与yet，still连用。 Although they are pool, they are happy.9. except for “除之外”，指从整体中除去一个细节、一个方面。如：Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. except “除之外”,后跟句子主语的同类，指除去同类中众多的一个。如： The office is open every day except Sundays. besides= as well as “除之外，还有.” I have five magazines besides this. but “除外，再也没有”，后常接名词、代词或动词不定式。 Nobody was late but you.10. advise sth./ sb. 建议某人某物 I have tried to advise her but she wont listen.advise doing sth. 建议做某事。He advised leaving early. advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事suggest +n. /that 从句 “建议”suggest +doing 建议做某事 The doctors suggested taking a weeks .11. plenty of= a lot of= lots of “许多；大量”，12. 反身代词的搭配： enjoy oneself 玩得高兴；hurt oneself 伤着自己； teacher oneself= learn by oneself 自学； help oneself to 随便吃；lose oneself in 沉醉于； look after oneself 照顾自己；say to oneself 自言自语，心里想； leave one by oneself 把单独留下Module 7 Time off1. 直接引语和间接引语 祈使句的转述： 变为间接引语时一般转化为tell sb. (not) to do sth.或ask sb. (not) to do sth.的结构。 若直接引语中含有please，间接引语中谓语动词一般用ask等表要求的单词。如： He said to Doming, “Please bring some food.” He asked Doming to bring some food. 一般情况用tell，语气再强用order（命令）。如： “Go and wash your hands.” Mother said to Tom. Mother told Tom to go and wash his hand. 时态：略 一般疑问句的转换：用连词whether或if引导，用陈述语序；主句谓语动词是said时，改为ask。主句没有间接宾语时，可根据内容加一个间接宾语me, his等。 She said, “Are you interested in chemistry?” She asked if I was interested in chemistry. 特殊疑问句的转换，亦用陈述语序。如： He asked me, “What are these?” He asked me what those were. 直接引语表述客观真理，原时态不变。如： The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.” The teacher said the sun rise in the east.2. whole 与all “整个的；全部的” 当与定冠词或形容词性物主代词连用时，all应放在这些词前，whole放在这些词后。 如：all (the) day= the whole day; all my life= my whole life3. rest v. / n.休息， the rest 剩余部分。 The rest of the questions are so easy. The rest of the paper is yours.4. time off 指的是“（正式规定的）休假；放假”，如： If youre feeling tired, you should take some time off.take / have+ 时间名词+off “放几天假” We have three days off for my May Day holiday this year.5. as if= as though 好像； She spoke to me as if she knew me.6. hope for 希望；盼望。 We were hoping for good weather.Module 8 Public holiday1. 状语从句： when连接的时间状语从句：when “当的时候”，如：When the weather is fine, many families go out for a walk. It was raining heavily when we arrived. while连接的时间状语从句： while “在时候”； 由于while从句表示一个持续的行为，所以从句中要用持续性动词或状态动词，并且持续性动词常用进行时态。如：Do not make any noise while I am recording.当两个表示延续的动作同时发生且有对比意义时用while。如： I was listening to music while my mother was cooking. before/ after 连接的时间状语从句： before表示“在之前”，before主句时态可用一般过去时或过去完成时；如： He had worked on a farm for five years before he went to college.after表示“在之后”，如： I will go out play basketball with you after I finish my homework. as soon as连接的时间状语从句：as soon as 表示“一就”，通常主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。如： We began to work as soon as we got there, Ill phone you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. until连接的时间状语从句：until表示一个动作一直持续到某一时刻，即“直到”。如： He waited until all the people left.如果主句的动词是非延续性动词，主句常用否定形式notuntil“直到才”.如： I didnt go to bed until my mother came back.2. depend on 依靠生活，依赖；相信，信赖。 His families depend on him. Please depend on me.3. count down 倒数4. make resolutions / (a resolution) to do sth. 决定做某事。 He made resolutions to stop smoking. make a list 列清单。 Wed better make a shopping list before we go out. a list of 一列；一栏.5. help sb. out 帮助某人渡过难关 We should help the people in Sichuan out.6. promise (not) to do sth. 决定（不）去做某事。7. not all “并非所有的”，表部分否定。 However, not all countries celebrate in the same way. none of (sb./ sth.) “没有一个”；all of “全部”. None of the students will go to the concert.8. in the same way 用相同的方法。 a way to do / (of doing) sth. 做某事的方法。 Could you tell me the way to study English?9. see (sb.) off 告别。Module 9 Heroes1. 状语从句： 原因状语从句一般表示原因的连词是because，同一句中不与so连用；why提问用because来回答；as, since, for 也可引导原因状语从句。 He failed in the exam because he was too careless. Since everyone is here, lets begin our class. 目的状语从句： so that “目的是；为了”I got up early so that I could get to school on time.（由于目的都是表示将来的行为，所以从句中一般用表示未来可能性的时态。如：could, will, can, would等。）in order to +v. “为了”。如： They got to early in order to see the sunrise on Mount Tai. 结果状语从句so“所以”，表已经发生的事情。 He worked too hard so he fell ill again. sothat 表示程度结果状语从句：sothat“如此以致”,so后接形容词或副词，表程度；that后接从句表示这一程度造成的影响。 He was so excited that he couldnt go to sleep that night. 让步状语从句 “尽管，（但是）”常见的引导词有though, although, even though, even if, wh-ever。,（不与but共用）。 Although Tony works very hard, he makes very slow progress. Whatever you do, you should do it well.2. imagine sb. doing sth. 想象某人做某事； imagine sth. / doing sth. 想象做某事。3. avoid n. / doing “避免”4. give ones life to+ n./ v-ing 为而献身 He gave his life to saving others.5. on ones own 独立地；单独地；独自地。 Shes been living on her own for ten years.6. in spite of 尽管，不顾 In spite of s bad storm, the plane landed safely.7. die in 死于 He died in last battle(战斗). die of “因而死”，由于内在原因而死，如hungry（饥饿）、cancer（癌症）、poison（毒害）、cold等。 Her mother died of cancer last year. die from “因而死”，由于外部原因而死，如accident（事故）、overwork（过度疲劳）、smoking（吸烟）、drinking（喝酒）。 The old man died from a traffic accident.8. perform operations on sb. 或operate on sb. “为某人动手术”。如： Im afraid that theyll operate on my head.9. keep+adj. 保持 keep open keep on doing sth. “反复不断的做某事”。 Dont keep on asking foolish questions. keep (sb.) doing sth. “让某人一直做某事” Im sorry to have kept you waiting. “阻止某人某物做某事”： keep sb./sth. from doing prevent sb./ sth. from doing sth. stop sb. from doing sth. We must keep the farmers from cutting down the trees.10. neither nor “既不也不”;“和.都不.” Neither you nor I am a teacher. either or “要么要么”；“不是就是” Either Jack or Tom is a teacher. both and “和都”Module 10 my perfect holiday1. would+ v. 表示猜测想象“想；会” I would meet my pen pal this holiday.2. “我也是”，表示前面所说的情况也适合后者。 肯定：so+ be动词 /情态动词 /助动词+主语 I like swimming, so does he. 否定：neither /nor + be动词/情态动词/助动词+主语 Jane cant speak Chinese, nor can Alice.“的确如此” ： so +主语+ be动词/情态动词/助动词3. Stay /keep in touch. “保持联系”。 lose touch 失去联系；get in touch 取得联系4. so +adj./adv.+that从句 such +名词复数+that从句 “如此以致”, 如： The baby is so lovely that we all love him. They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.5. as +adj. /adv. +as “和一样”。 not as/ so as 不如 He is not as/ so tall as I .6. fill with “用填”，主语为人。 He filled my glass with orange. be filled with =be full of “充满；填满”,主语为物。 The basket is full of fruit.7. dress sb. 给某人穿衣服 dress oneself 自己穿衣服8. not at all 一点也不 I dont know her at all.9. 比较级的用法： 比较级+and+比较级 “越来越” Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. the+比较级, the+比较级 “越(就)越.” The more difficult the problem is, the more careful we should be. more than 多于；not more than 不多于；less than 少于； not less than 不少于；less+形容词+than “不如，不像” It is less cold today than it was yesterday. Thats all.