初三英语上册(北师大版)Unit6TheSpiritofSports知识点总结.docx

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初三英语上册(北师大版)Unit 6 The Spirit of Sports知识点总结一、重点词汇 spirit 原文再现 The spirit of Sports 体育精神基本用法 spirit n.精神;心灵 We should learn Lei Fengs spirit. 我们是该学习雷锋的精神。 He is old in age yet young inspirit. 他虽年老,但朝气蓬勃。 level 基本用法 leveln. 水平;标准 adj. 水平的;平坦的;同高的 We can reach the level now. 我们可以达到这个水平。 The village is 1,000 meters above sealevel. 这村子海拔一千公尺。 If the table top isntlevel, things will roll off. 如果桌面不平,东西就会滚下来。 do ones best 基本用法 do ones best 意为“尽力”,相当于try ones best。如: We shall do our best to realize it. 我们将尽力做到这一点。 I cant promise, but Ill do my best. 我不能保证做到,但我一定尽力而为。 I will do my best to improve my listening. 我会尽力去提高我的听力。 round 原文再现 Before the final round, a Russian athlete had been behind that athlete. 在最后一轮比赛前,俄罗斯的一名运动员已经落在那名运动员的后面。基本用法 round n.一轮,一场,一盘;圆;循环 adj. 圆的,环形的 ;adv. 在周围 I went through the next round of the game. 我进入了下一轮的比赛。 The earth is round. 地球是圆的。 He stood there looking all round. 他站在那儿环顾四周。 achieve 基本用法 achievevt.完成,达到(过去式: achieved 过去分词: achieved 现在分词: achieving 第三人称单数: achieves) We have achieved our goal. 我们已经达到了我们的目标。 It takes hard work toachievesuccess. 成功需要努力工作。知识拓展 相关短语 achieve success 获得成功 achieve nothing 一事无成 achieve ones goal/aim 实现目标 He achieved his goal by peaceful means. 他通过和平手段达到了他的目的。 相关单词 achievement n. 成就;完成;达到 John is delighted with hisachievement. 约翰对自己的成就沾沾自喜。 I dont think his fame can equal hisachievements. 我认为他的名声比不上他的成就。 doubt 原文再现 Many people had doubted the decision. 许多人怀疑这个决定基本用法 1.doubt vt.vi.怀疑,对有疑问 (过去式: doubted 过去分词: doubted 现在分词: doubting 第三人称单数: doubts) I didnt doubt what he said. 我不怀疑他说的。 2.doubt n. 怀疑,疑问。have no doubt意为“无疑”;doubt还常与about/of/as to/on等介词连用。如: I have no doubt that it is true. 我敢肯定这是真的。 There is no doubt about it. 此事毋庸置疑。 I have no doubt of his ability. 对于他的能力我毫不怀疑。 She has her doubts as to this being true. 她怀疑这事是否真实。 No one has any doubt on this point. 这一点没有人会怀疑。知识拓展-相关句型/结构1.doubt+名词或代词 I doubt his words. 我怀疑他的话。 They doubted him before. 他们以前曾经怀疑过他。 2. doubt+宾语从句,相当于I dont believe that I doubt that she will change her mind. 我不相信她会改变想法。 I doubt if/whether he will win. 我拿不准他是否会赢。 plenty 原文再现 Because he seldom did any exercise and he ate plenty of junk food. 因为他很少做运动,吃了许多垃圾食品。基本用法plentyn.丰富,大量,plenty of 意为“许多”,既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词。如:We need plenty of resources. 我们需要大量的资源。 This bread has plenty of flavor. 这面包味道真好。 row 原文再现 Stand in a row or line with others.和其他的人站成一排。基本用法rown.排,行。如: She was sitting in the frontrow. 她坐在前排。知识拓展-词义辨析row/queue/line/rank/file 这些名词均含“列、队、排”之意。 row:指单独的一列,也可指平行的数行中的一行,而不论是横或纵。queue:指人们为做某事而有顺序排成的队,在等的过程中不断向前移动。line:指人或物排成的行列。rank:为军事用语,指肩并肩排列整齐的士兵横排。 file:为军事用语,指纵队。 advanced 原文再现 At the moment, their technology is more advanced than ours 此刻,他们的技术比我们的先进基本用法advancedadj.先进的;高级的;年长的。如:England is an advanced industrial country. 英国是一个发达的工业国家。知识拓展-相关单词 1. advance n.增长;借款;(价格、价值的)上涨,in advance意为:提前,预先 It is a good idea to place your order well in advance. 早早就提前下单是个好主意。 2. advance vt.(使)前进;将提前;预付 Too much protein in the diet may advance the aging process. 饮食中摄入过量蛋白质可能会加速衰老。 inspire 原文再现 its to inspire everybody to be a better person. .鼓励每个人成为更好的人。基本用法 inspirevt.鼓励,激励(过去式:inspired 过去分词:inspired 现在分词:inspiring 第三人称单数:inspires) inspire sb to do sth 意为:鼓励某人做某事,如: Our teacher inspired us to learn hard. 老师鼓励我们要努力学习。知识拓展-词义辨析 encourage/inspire 这些动作均表“鼓励,激励”之意。 encourage 指提高某人情绪,增强战胜困难,实现目标的信心和勇气。 inspire 通常指鼓起勇气,充满信心和希望。 winner 原文再现 gold medal winner,1994 Winter Olympics 1994年冬季奥林匹克运动会金牌得主基本用法 winnern.获胜者。如: Who is the winner of the tennis match? 这次网球赛的获胜者是谁? define 原文再现 When you start defining the Olympic spirit, its actually to reach everybody in this world, its to inspire everybody tobe a better person. 当你诠释奥运精神的时候,实际上它涉及这个世界上的每个人,它激励每个人变得更优秀。基本用法 definevt.下定义;解释。如: (过去式: defined 过去分词: defined 现在分词: defining 第三人称单数: defines) How do you define laziness? 你是怎么定义懒惰的? Its hard to define exactly what has changed. 很难解释清楚到底发生了什么变化。 host 原文再现 .find out more about the cities that have hosted the Olympic Games. .找出更多的关于这个城市举办奥林匹克运动会的信息。基本用法 1. hostvt.招待;主办,其后可以直接跟宾语。如: Miss Li will host the party tonight. 李小姐将主持今晚的晚会。 2. hostn.主人。如: She is the host of the big house. 她是这套大房子的主人。 require 原文再现 What qualities does gymnastics require? 体操需要什么品质?基本用法 requirevt.需要,要求,命令(过去式: required 过去分词: required 现在分词: requiring 第三人称单数: requires) They require our help. 他们需要我们的帮助。 require sb. to do sth.需要某人做某事。如: The headmaster required her to keep silent. 校长命令她不要做声。知识拓展-词义辨析 ask/require/request 这些动词均有“要求,请求”之意。 ask:最普通用词,指向对方提出要求或请求,长、晚辈,上下级之间都可使用。require:强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等而提出的要求。request:正式用词,指非常正式,有礼貌的请求或恳求,多含担心因种种原因对方不能答应的意味。 divide 原文再现 First of all, Olympic are divided into two types, artistic and rhythmic. 首先,奥运会被分成两种类型,艺术和韵律。基本用法 dividevi.& vt.划分,分开,divide into意为“分成;划分”(过去式: divided 过去分词: divided 现在分词: dividing 第三人称单数: divides)。如: The terrible case made them divide. 糟糕的情况使他们分开。 All things should be divided into two. 事物都是一分为二的。知识拓展-词义辨析 divide/separate divide: 指把一个整体按要求分成几个部分,暗示分配之意;也可指分开两个对立的事物。 separate:一般意义上的分开或隔开,指把两个人或物分开,着重从原属一个整体中移居一部分或把两者隔开。 individual 原文再现 Do gymnasts compete in teams or in individuals in the artistic event? 体操运动员在艺术活动中参加的是团体赛还是个人比赛?基本用法 1. individualn.个人;个体。如: Exceptions can not be made for individuals. 对个人不能有例外。 2. individualadj.单独的;一个人的;独有的。如: She has her own individual style of doing things. 她有自己独特的行事风格。 combine 原文再现 This event is only for women and it combines gymnastics and dance. 这项运动仅适合女性,它柔和了体操和舞蹈。基本用法 combinevi./vt.结合(过去式:combined 过去分词:combined 现在分词:combining 第三人称单数:combines) combinewith意为“把结合起来”,用来连接两个对等的成分。如: We cant always combine work with pleasure. 我们并不总是能在工作中享受到乐趣。 judge 原文再现 The judges score the individuals and teams for the difficulty of the routine and how artistic it is. 裁判通过常规的难度以及美感来给个人或是团队打分。基本用法 1. judgen.裁判;法官。如: He is a good judge. 他是一个好法官。 2. judgev.鉴定;判断。如: I judge him to be about 40. 我断定他有四十来岁。二、重点句型 This makes China the second oldest basketball-playing country, after the United States. 这使得中国成为继美国之后第二古老的篮球运动的国家。 基本用法 1. “make+宾语+形容词” 意为“使”。如: They have made their hometown rich. 他们已经使家乡富裕了。 2. the second oldest 意为“第二古老的”,即:the+序数词+形容词最高级 意为“第几最的”。如: This is the second oldest bridge in this town. 这是这个小镇里第二古老的桥梁。 about 210 million Chinese play basketball, teach it, or are involved with activities relatedto the sport. 大约210,000,000中国人打篮球,教别人打篮球,或是涉及与此运动相关的活动。基本用法 1. be/getinvolved with意为“涉及到”,be involved in意为“涉及到;与有关联”。如: Its not smart to be involved with her in any way. 跟她有牵扯是很不明智的。 When did youget involved withthis? 这是什么时候开始的? I do not want toget involved inthe matter. 我不想卷入此事。 2. related to the sport作activities的后置定语。be related to意为“与有关”。如:All things were related to all other things. 所有事物都是和所有其他事物相联系的。 and there are many matches at different levels. 有很多不同水准的比赛。 基本用法 at different levels意为“不同水平的”,此时level常与介词at连用。如: We are all employees and we just work at different levels. 我们都是雇员,只不过处于不同的层次而已。 Du Lissuccesswas similar to Wang Yifus. 杜丽的成功与王义夫的很像。 基本用法 be similar to意为“与相似;相像的”。如: Her ideas are quite similar to mine. 她的与我的极其相似。 My new dress is similar to the one you have. 我的新衣服和你的那件相似。 Du Li was able to come from behind to beat her and win the gold medal. 杜丽有能力做到后来居上,打败她赢得金牌。 基本用法 1. be able to do sth.意为“有能力做某事”。是指通过努力终于做到了某件事。而can表示的是一般 的能力,如: They were able to escape from the building on fire. 他们得以从着火的大楼里逃了出来。 2. come from behind 意为“追上;后来居上”。如: In the relay race, the last student of Class Two came from behind to win the match. 在接力赛中,二班的最后一个学生后来居上赢得了比赛。 Suddenly, a strong windcame from behind. 突然,一阵大风从身后刮来。 A dark horse candidatecame from behindto win the election. 那位候选员在此次选举中,脱颖而出,意外当选。知识拓展-词义辨析 be able to/can 1. can“能”表过去或现在“能力所及”时,与be able to通用。如: Hecan is able tospeak German. 他会说德语。 Hecould/was able torun very fast when I was a boy. 我小时候就跑得很快。 2. be able to的过去时还可表一种“经过努力做到了”的意思。而can的过去时则没有这种意义。如: He started late, but hewas able tocatch the eight oclock train. 他出发晚了,但他还是赶上了八点钟的火车。 3.can通常只用于上述两种时态,而be able to则可用于各种时态。如: Hehas not been able tocome since he got hurt. 自从受伤以后,他就一直未能前来。 4.在表猜测时,只能用can,而不能用be able to,如: Thatcantbe your bag. 那不可能是你的书包。 Most people would be happy to win one Olympic medal. 多数人都很高兴能赢得奥林匹克的奖牌。 基本用法 be happy to do sth.意为“乐于做某事”,其中happy可以用其他形容词来替换。如: Ill be happy to meet him when I have time. 我有空的时候,很乐意和他见面。 The room is comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。 he was 44 years old and he was not in good health. 他44岁了,他身体不好。 基本用法 in good health 意为“身体好”。如: Im glad to find you in good health. 看到你身体很健康,我很高兴。知识拓展-相关单词healthy adj. 健康的 She gave birth to a finehealthybaby. 她生了一个健康漂亮的婴儿。 By the end of 2003,he had come in the first place_ times. 到2003年末的时候,他已经得了第一名次。 基本用法 by the end of意为“到末”,其后可以跟月份,年份等。by+时间点”,常跟完成时态连用。如: By now, he has finished reading 10 novels. 到目前为止,他已经读完了十部小说。 By the end of last year, he had finished reading 10 novels. 到去年年底的时候,他已经读完了十部小说。 By the end of this year, he will have finished reading 10 novels. 到今年年底的时候,他将读完十部小说。 Students signed up for the run and asked their relatives, friends, and neighbors to support them. 学生们报名参加了赛跑,并让他们的亲戚,朋友和邻居来支持他们。基本用法 本句中包括如下表达方式:1. signed up for 意为“报名参加”,其后直接接名词;如: My brother signed up for the music club. 我弟弟报名参加了音乐俱乐部。 2. ask sb. to do sth.意为“让某人做某事”。如: My mother asks me to take some milk. 我妈妈让我去拿一些牛奶。 These people agreed to give some money 这些人同意给一些钱 基本用法 agree to do sth.意为“同意做某事”,agree的用法如下: 1. agree wtih sb表示同意某人或某人的意见、想法、分析、解释等。 I dont agree with you. 我不同意你的意见。 2. agree to do sth 表示同意做某事 He agreed to go with us. 他同意同我们去。 I agree to go to the cinema with you. 我同意和你一起去电影院。3. agree on sth 指双方通过协商而取得一致意见或达成协议。 We agreed on the price. 我们就价格达成了一致意见。 Both sides agreed on these terms. 双方都同意这些条件。 “Good for you, Joe!”I said. “做得好,乔!”我说。 基本用法 Good for you!意为“做得好!”,当你对某人的行为表示肯定时,可以用此句型表示赞扬。如: Good for you! Youre passed all your exams. 真棒!你已经通过全部考试。知识拓展-相关句型/结构以下句子也可以表示对某人行为的肯定: Well done! Good/Great job! Go for it! You did well! Keep going! On the day of run, Joe lined up with the other students. 在赛跑的那一天,乔和其他的学生联合起来了。 基本用法 line up with sb.意为“与某人联合起来”。如: The new company lined up with several big ones. 这家新公司和几家大公司联合起来了。 The other students ran off and soon left Joe behind. 其他的学生都跑了,一会儿就把乔落在了后面。 基本用法 ran off意为“离开;跑开”;left sb. behind意为“把某人留在了后面”。如: Mike ran off when he heard that the police were hunting for him.迈克听说警方正在搜捕他,就逃跑了。 Every man ran off and left me behind. 每个人都跑了,把我一个人留在了后面。 it took him hours to finish and he didnt expect to catch up with the other students 它(跑完全程)花费了他几个小时,他并不期望能赶上其他学生 基本用法 本句中用到的表达方式有: 1. It takes sb. some time to do sth.意为“花费某人多少时间去做某事”。如: It takes me three hours to finish the task. 完成这项任务花费了我三个小时。 2. expect to do sth.意为“期望做某事”。如: I expect to meet my old friends tomorrow. 我期望明天见到我的老朋友。 3. catch up with sb.意为“追上某人”。如: I study hard and I want to catch up with other students in my class. 我努力学习,我想赶上班里其他的同学。 Whats more, Joe collected more money than any other student! 此外,乔比其他学生募集的钱多。 基本用法 whats more意为“此外;另外”,表示递进,后面通常加逗号。 You are wrong, and whats more you know it! 你错了!而且你明明知道你错了! I dont like pubs.Theyre noisy, smelly, and whats more, expensive. 我不喜欢酒吧。那里又吵,气味又难闻,更重要的是,花费太多。 In my school, we decided to organize a 5-kilometer run to collect money for the people who were injured in the earthquake. 在学校里,我们决定组织一个5公里的赛跑,以此为在地震中受伤的人们募捐。 基本用法 本句中包含的表达方式有:1. decide to do sth.意为“决定做某事” She decided to live in London. 她决定住在伦敦。 2. 5-kilometer作定语,修饰run,即:数词+名词(单数)构成复合形容词作定语,并且只作前置定语。如: Jenny took a ten-dollarbill from her purse. 詹妮从钱包里拿出一张10元的钞票。 How did you spend your four-dayholiday? 你如何渡过四天的假期的? 3. to collect money for the people.是动词不定式,在句中做目的状语。如: I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view of the countryside. 我坐在公交车前面,为的是能够更好欣赏乡间景色。 She studies harder to catch up with her classmates. 她努力学习,为的是赶上其他同学。 4.who were injured in the earthquake是一个定语从句,修饰the people,who用作引导词,指人。 The next day, as I was cycling to school, I saw, Joe walking in the street. 第二天,当我骑自行车去学校的时候,我看见乔正在街上走。 基本用法 as作从属连词,表示“当的时候”,引导时间状语从句,多强调主句和从句中的动作或状态同时发生。 As I waited at the stop, I heard a big noise. 当我在车站等车的时候,我听到一个很大的声响。知识拓展-词义辨析 as/when/while 这三个词都可以用作连词,表时间关系,但有区别: as 着重指主句和从句的动作或事情相并发生; when 主句和从句的动作或事情可以同时发生,也可以先后发生; while表主句的动作或事情发生在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程之中。从句通常为进行时态。它有时 可与when通用,但它只能指一段时间(a period of time),而不能指一点时间(a point of time)。如: I saw himashe was getting off the bus. 当下公共汽车的时候,我看见了他。 As he walked on, he felt himself getting more and more tired. 他继续往前走的时候,感到越来越疲乏。 It was rainingwhenwe arrived. 当我们到达的时候,正下着雨。 When we were at school, we went to the library every day. 我们在求学的时候,每天都到图书馆去。 The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the success but the struggle. 奥林匹克运动会中最重要的事情是重在参与而不是赢得比赛,就像生活中最重要的 是奋斗而不是成功。 基本用法 本句中包括的表达方式有:1. notbut意为“不是而是”,连接两个动词不定式to win, to take part,动词不定式在句中用 作表语。not.but.是很有用连接并列结构的短语。 They want not your pity but your help. 他们想要的不是你的怜悯而是你的帮助。 He helped not me but you. 他帮助的不是我,而是你。 The meal is not for one, but for many to enjoy. 这顿饭不是为了一个人的,而是供大家享用的。 2. as在句中表示“像一样”,引导方式状语从句。 When in Rome, do as Romans do. 入乡随俗。 You must do the exercise as I show you. 你必须按照我给你说的做。 When you start defining the Olympic spirit, its actually to reach everybody in this world, its to inspire everybody to be a better person. 当你诠释奥运精神的时候,实际上它涉及这个世界上的每个人,它激励每个人变得更优秀。基本用法 本句中的表达方式有:1. start doing sth.意为“开始做某事”,相当于start to do sth。 Shestarted cleaning the kitchen. 她开始打扫厨房。 2. inspire sb. to do sth.意为“激励某人做某事”。如: The failure inspired him to work harder. 失败激发他更加努力的工作。 3. to reach和 to inspire 是动词不定式作表语。 My job is to help people to learn English easily. 我的工作是帮助人们更轻松地学习英语。 Somepeoplesgreatestpleasureis to go fishing. 有些人最大的乐趣就是去钓鱼。 As I said earlier, both men and women compete in artistic gymnastics and they use different types of equipment. 正如我早些时候所说的,男女都参加艺术体操比赛,但是他们使用不同的设备。基本用法 本句中as I said earlier是非限制性定语从句,修饰后面一整句话。1. as引导非限制性定语从句,它并不指代某个具体的名词或代词,而是代表整个主句或主句的一部分, 既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,有时也可以放在主句的中间。如: Grammar is not a set of dead rules, as has been said above. 如上所说,语法不是一套死条纹。 As is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. 正如在报纸上所报道的,两国间的谈判有所进展。 Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. 蜘蛛不是昆虫,尽管许多人都这样认为,它甚至与昆虫几乎没有联系。 2. compete in.意为“参加.比赛,在.方面竞争“,其后直接跟名词。如: Companies must be able to compete in the marketplace. 公司一定要在市场中有竞争力。 but they find the scoring difficult to understand. 但是他们发现得分难以理解。 基本用法 本句中the scoring是find的宾语,difficult to understand做宾语补足语。find表示“发现”时,其后可接各 种形式的复合结构: 1.宾语+名词作宾语补足语。如: Youll find it a difficult book. 你会发现它是一本难懂的书。 有时可在宾语补足语前加上to be。如: Youll find it to be a difficult book. 你会发现它是一本难懂的书。 2. 宾语+形容词作宾语补足语。如: He found the room empty.他发现房间是空的。 3. 宾语+副词作宾语补足语。如: Did you find her in? 你发现她在家吗? 用作宾语补足语的副词通常只能是in, out, up, down, upstairs, downstairs等表示处所的副词小品词,而 不能是其他普通副词。 4. 宾语+不定式作宾语补足语。如: He found the patient to be a small boy. 他发现病人是一个小男孩。 5. 宾语+现在分词作宾语补足语。如: I found him lying on the floor. 我发现他躺在地板上。 6. 宾语+过去分词作宾语补足语。如: He found the door locked. 他发现门锁上了。 He found the city much changed. 他发现这个城市发生了巨大的变化。 7. 宾语+介词短语作宾语补足语。如: We found her in tears. 我们发现她在哭泣。 Scores are given based on the difficulty of the routine and the performance of thegymnast. 基于常规的难度以及体操运动员的表演给分。 基本用法 base on意为“基于;以为依据”,based on 为过去分词作状语。 过去分词作状语表示被动或完成的动作,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致,并与句子主语之间通常 存在逻辑上的动宾关系。 Looked at from a distance, the painting seems much more beautiful. 从远处看,这幅画更漂亮。 The professor, followed by his assistants, walked out of the hall. 教授从大厅走出来,跟着他的助手。 Built thirty years ago, the house still looks very beautiful. 房子虽然30年前建的,但看起来仍然很漂亮。 Then their scores are added up to give a final score. 然后他们的各项得分累计得出最后得分。 基本用法 本句中包含的表达方式有:1. add up 意为“加起来;总计”。如: Add up 3, 4 and 5 and youll get 12. 把三,四,五相加,总数是十二。 Adding these figures up we can find the answer. 把这些数字加起来,我们就可以找到答数。 2.to give a final score在句中作目的状语。如: He studies hard to get good grades. 他为了取得好成绩努力学习。三、重点语法 宾语从句 定义 在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句,它由that, what, which, who, whose等代词和how, why, how many, how much,how long, how often, when, where等副词引导。如: Can you tell me whom you are waiting for? I want to know where he is. Do you know how many students are there in the classroom?用法1. 宾语从句的时态 宾语从句中主句为现在时态,从句可以是实际所需任何时态;主句为过去时态,从句是与过去相关的时 态;主句用过去时,从句是真理时,只用一般现在时。如: She believes that Tom went out last night. She believed that Tom had been to Beijing three times. She believed that light travels faster than sound. 2. 宾语从句中的语序 (1) 陈述句变为宾语从句时,用that引导,语序不变。如: He has given up smoking. She said She said that he had given up smoking. (2) 一般疑问句变为宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,语序变为陈述句语序。如: Is he doing his homework? I asked him I asked him if he was doing his homework. 3. 宾语从句中的否定转移 当主句的主语为I, we,谓语为think, believe, guess, suppose等词时,其后的宾语从句的否定应该转 移到主句上。如: I dont think he can come this morning. 过去完成时 定义 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去 的过去”;表示发生在过去的动作对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或结果,用来指定在另一个过去行 动之前就已经完成了的一个事件。 过去完成时常用的时间状语有: 1. by the end of last+时间段。如: By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words. 2. by the time sb. +动词过去式。如: The bus had already left by the time I got there.结构 主语+had+过去分词(done) 1. 肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他. 2. 否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他. 3. 一般疑问句:had+主语+过去分词+其他+? 肯定回答:Yes,主语+had 否定回答:No,主语+hadnt. 4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(had+主语+过去分词+其他)5. 动语态:主语+had(not) +been+过去分词+其他用法 1.表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来 表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。如: By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨天晚上9点钟,我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。 2. 表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语 连用。如: I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 我在车站已经等了20分钟,一辆公共汽车终于来了。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说他自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 3. 叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补充以前发生的动作时,常使用 过去
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