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初中英语知识点复习系列 By Mr. Zhang Chuangfu初中英语知识点复习系列一系动词和助动词1系动词 连接主语和表语。它不表示动作，与表语一起描述主语的性质、特征、状态、身份等。它也不能单独作谓语，但它有自己的汉语意思，和其后面的形容词等一起构成句子的谓语。英语系动词分为两类。例如：1）表示情况的。如：be, look, keep,等。 He is a student.（表示身份） The coat is nice and cheap.（表示性质） The cat looks like a hat.（表示特征）2) 表示变化的。如get, grow, become, turn等。 Winter is coming, the weather gets colder and colder. The rice grows fine. Our country becomes stronger and stronger.Spring comes, the tree turn green again.常见的连系动词有： be + adj. / n. 是，在 become + n. /adj. 变成 turn + adj. 变得 get + adj. 变得 grow + adj. 长得 keep + adj. 保持着 feel + adj. 感到 look + adj. 看上去 seem + adj./n. 看起来好象 smell + adj. 闻起来 fall asleep 入睡 2助动词 本身无词义，不能单独作句子的谓语动词。在句中，它主要帮助句子中的谓语动词构成各种时态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。如果句子是否定结构，not必须放在助动词后面。英语助动词有shall, will, should, would, be, have, do等。例如：The students are playing football now. (构成现在进行时) He does not like playing football. (构成否定句) Do you like playing football? (构成一般疑问句) Do come here tomorrow! （构成强调句 ）典型错句解析1. You must look after yourself and keep health.解析 healthhealthy. keep作系动词用时，后接形容词。2. He will become a pianist.解析will becomebecame become作系动词用时，一般不用于“将来成为”的意思。此句又可改为 He has become a pianist.3. You will twenty-five years old next month.解析 willwill be。助动词will本身没有词义，可用在各种人称的将来时态中。 Will在将来时态中后接动词原形。 will + be才能构成完整的谓语。4.He works even harder than you work.解析 workdo。助动词do代替主要动词，以避免重复。二代词 代词是用来代替名词或名词词组的词，因此代词在句子中的功能和名词一样，可作主语、宾语和表语，有些代词还可修饰名词。 英语代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词、相互代词等九种。现把学过的六种代词介绍如下：代 词单 数复 数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhe, she, itweyouthey宾格meyouhim, her, itusyouthem物主代词形容词性myyourhis, her, itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis, hers, itsoursyourstheirs反 身 代 词myselfyourselfhimself, herself, itselfourselvesyourselves themselves指 示 代 词this, thatthese, those不定代词可数 each, one, many, (a)few, both, another, either, neither不可数 much, (a) little可数、不可数 all, some, none, such, any, other复合不定代词 anybody(one, thing), somebody(one, thing), nobody(thing), everybody(one, thing)疑 问 代 词 who, whom, whose, which, what 1人称代词 表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”“它”“我们”、“你们”、“他们”等的词，叫做人称代词。人称代词的排列有以下几种； 我、你、他 第二人称第三人称第一人称 即：you，he and I 她和老师 名词人称代词 即：the teacher and she 我、他和一些别的人 人称代词其他代词 即： he，I and some others 第三人称两性（性别）并用时，如：他和她；即：he and she 人称代词的主格作主语，宾格作及物动词宾语或介词宾语。作表语时，书面语用主格，口语中则用宾格。例如：You must speak English as often as possible He told me the bad news He didnt listen to me Whos going to go? （以上代词在句中分别作什么成份？）2物主代词 物主代词表示所有关系，分为形容词性和名词性两种，形容词性物主代词作定语，名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语。形容词性物主代词后要跟名词。名词性物主代词可以单独使用，其作用相当于一个形容词加上一个名词。物主代词有人称和数的区别。例：This is my dictionaryYours (=Your dictionary)is on the desk 一Is this your classroom? NoIts theirs(=their classroom)3反身代词 表示动词所表达的动作反回到施动者本身，一般是由第一、二人称的形容词性物主代词或第三人称代词的宾格加上self (复数selves) 构成，起强调作用，反身代词可作动词宾语、介词宾语、同位语等。例如：Please help yourself to some fish(作动词宾语) He thinks more of himself than“others(作介词宾语) I myself did it（作同位语） I spoke to the manager himself（作同位语）注：反身代词常接在动词enjoy, hurt, help等词后。4指示代词 指示代词是将所指事物与同类中的其他事物区分开来的一种代词。表示：“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念。指示代词在句中相当于名词、形容词的作用，可作主语、宾语、定语、表语等。例如：This(That) is what I want to say(作主语) We should always keep this(these) in mind（作宾语） For these(those) reasons，I was late（作定语） The reason is this（作表语）5不定代词 不定代词用来代替或修饰任何不定数量和不定范围的人和事物。不定代词可代替名词或形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。下面举例说明： some和any some(一些)、any(一些、任何)修饰可数名词和不可数名词。some用在肯定句中，any多用于疑问句和否定句中。例如：There are some books in the desk There are not any books in the desk Have you any money?注意：some可用于表示邀请、请求的疑问句或用于说话者希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，any有时也用于肯定句，表示“任何的”“任何一个”“任何一些”等。例如：Would you like some tea? （希望对方肯定回答） Yes, thank you. Could I ask you some questions? （希望对方肯定回答） Of course, you can. You can ask me any questions.（任何问题） little、a little、few、a few little、a little修饰不可数名词，few、a few修旆可数名词；a little、a few表示肯定的概念，即：尽管少但“有”；few、little表示否定的概念，表示“没有”。例如：There is a little water in the river. You can walk across it. There is little water in the river. You have to swim across it. He has few friends, so he often feels lonely. I have a few friends in AmericaI often write to them. each、every、everybody、everyone、everything。 each相当于名词和形容词，用作定语或单独使用作主语、宾语、定语、同位语等。every不可单独使用，它必须放在名词等前，只能作定语。each与every的区别： 1)each侧重于单个，every侧重于全体 、整体。 2)each用于二者或二者以上，every用于三者或三者以上。everybody与everyone相同，意思是“每人、人人”。everything意思是“一切”“每件事”。例如：Two boys came into the classroomEach wore a red coat. Every student has a new book Everybody knows this thing(dont they?) Everything goes well(doesnt it?) (把上面两个句子改为反意疑问句，注意用什么代词代替everybody, everything) both、either、neither both、either、neither都与“两个”有关。 both “(两者)都-”全”，指两个人或事物，可作主语、宾语、定语。 例如：Both books are good There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road. either (两个中间的)任何一个，这个或那个”，可作主、宾、定语。 例如：There are two books. You may take either of them Would you like a cup of tea or coffee? Either is OK. neither “(两者之间) 一个也不-”，neither是either的否定形式，可作主语、宾语、定语。 例如：Neither of them knows Japanese Either Li or Wang knows English none、no、nobody、no one、nothing none、no、nobody、no one、nothing都与“无”有关。 none用于指人或物，可与of短语连用，用作单数或复数，而且常用于习语中。 nothing“没有东西；没有什么 (=not anything)”，若作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Is there nothing in the box? No. Its empty 一How many elephants did you see there? None What did you see in the zoo yesterday? Nothing.注意：以上两句中的答句None, Nothing不可相互替代。 no表示“没有(任何的)-”，等于not any- 或 not a(an)-。例如： He has no money（= He has not any money.） We have no lessons on Sundays. (= We have not any lessons on Sundays.) She has no brother. (= She has not a brother.) nobody或no one后不可接of短语来表示“某些人当中”；a11 a11作形容词且与名词连用时，名词前需加the或ones，即：all the(ones) + 名词。例如：I will teach English all my life All the people are here 当all代替可数名词作句子主语时，谓语动词用复数；当all代替不可数名词作句子主语时，谓语动词用单数。例：All are hereLets begin our meeting. (all代替所有参加会议的人) All is well that ends well.（all代替所有事情） other、the other、others 、the others、another the other指两者中的另外一个。 例：He has two pens，one is blue，the other is yellow other + 复数名词 = others相同，泛指其他的人或物。 例：Some students are carrying water，others(other students) are watering the trees the other + 复数名词 = the others ，特指一定范围内的其他人或物。 例：There are fifty students in Miss Gaos class, twenty students are boys, the others are girls the other + 数词，指剩余的数目。 例：He bought three pencils，one is for me，the other two are for him another + 单数名词或another + 数词+复数名词。表示在原来基础上再来一个或一些。例：I dont like the color of this bag. May I have a look at another one May I have another three books?6疑问代词 疑问代词有who，whom，whose，which，what等。who和what who问姓名，what问职业。例：Who is he? He is Smith Whats your father? He is a workerwhat和which which表示在一定数目(或范围)之内的选择，某某范围内的“哪一个”“哪一些”；what则没有这种限制。例：What do you usually have for lunch? 你通常午餐吃什么？ Which do you prefer，apple or pear? 苹果和梨，你喜欢哪一个？ Which of you comes from Beijing? 你们当中哪一个来自北京？whom和whose whom作宾语，whose作定语。例：With whom is she talking now? Whose book is on the desk?典型错句分析1. Is there any one in the classroom? None.解析 None No one 。none是对 all, 即三个以上的否暄，后面常接带 of的短语。而 no one代表单数名词，意为“没有一个人”，不能与 of连用。2. The bird builds its nest in the tree.解析its its。 its是 it is或 it has的省略形式，而its则是物主代词“它的”，意义不同，不能混淆。 3. I like none of the two novels.none neither。对两者both否定应为neither。4. Do you think the TV sets made in Shanghai are better than ones made in Beijing are?解析ones those 。one, ones和 that, those 皆可代替前面的名词，避免重复但one, ones要求有代词或形容词之类的前置定语；that , those则要求有介词短语、分词短语或从句一类的后置定语。例：What kind of ice-cream would you like? A big pink one. The days in summer are longer than those in winter.典型错句解析1. Is there any one in the classroom? None.解析None No one。None是对all，即三个以上的否定，后面通常接带of的短语。而no one代表单数名词，意为“没有一个人”，不能与of连用。2. The bird builds its nest in the tree.解析 its its是it is或it has的省略形式，而its则是物主代词“它的”，意义不同，不能混淆。3. I like none of the two novels.解析 none neither.对两者both否定应为neither。代词练习A)人称代词( )1. Is this picture _ ? A. my B. her C. yours D. our( )2. Some of _ are Young Pioneers. A. they B. their C. them D. themselves( )3. A friend of _ came here yesterday. A. my B. his C. her D. your( )4. I saw _ in the street yesterday afternoon. A. he B. his C. him D. himself( )5. Ill go to see _ tomorrow morning. A. she B. hers C. her D. herself( )6. Mary decided to do the work _. A. she B. hers C. herself D. himself( )7. Nobody taught him drawing. He learned it - . A. him self B. herself C. his D. himself( )8. This is his ruler. Thats _. A. I B. me C. my D. mine( )9. Whose pencil-box is this ? Its _. A. he B. his C. him D. hes( )10. My dictionary is here. Where is _? A. you B. your C. yours D. yours( )11. She told _ a friend of _ would go to America. A. him; her B. his; hers C. him; hers D. he; shes( )12. _ pencil-box is beautiful. But _ is more beautiful than _. A. Toms; my; he B. Toms; mine; his C. Toms; mine; him D. Toms; my; his( )13. Most of _ want to do the work _. A. us; ourselves B. us; ours C. we; ourselvesD. ours; ourselves( )14. Whose exercise-books are these? They are _. A. their B. theirs C. them D. theirs( )15. Did the children enjoy _ last Sunday? A. them B. themselves C. himself D. themselves( )16. Dont tell me the answer. Ill work out the problem _ . A. by me B. myself C. my self D. me( )17. Help _to some meat, please. A. you B. your C. yourself D. yours( )18. Lei Feng was always ready to help others. He never thought of _ . A. him B. his C. himself D. he( )19. Their room is on the first floor and _ is on the second. A. our B. ours C. us D. ourselves( )20. A friend of _ will give _ a talk next Monday. A. him; our B. his; we C. his; us D. he; ours( )21. That is _ violin. A. Tom B. Toms C. Toms D. Toms( )22. The hospital is a bit far from here. Its about _. A. forty minutess walk B. forty minutes walk C. forty minutes walk D. forty minutes walk( )23. This dictionary is not. Its _. A. I B. me C. mine D. myB）不定代词( )1. I have two pens. One is red, _ is blue. A. the other B. others C. other D. another( )2. There _ wrong with my bike. A. are something B. are anything C. is anything D. is something( )3. Mike and Joan are good at maths. A. neither B. both C. each D. no one( )4. There are two maps on the wall. One is a map of America, _ is a map of the world. A. others B. other C. the other D. another( )5. Im not busy. Havent _ to do. A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything( )6. His parents are _ doctors. A. each B. all C. both D. no one( )7. Of the three foreign friends, one is from London, _ two are from New York. A. other B. the other C. others D. the others( )8. Are these two books interesting? Yes, _ of them are interesting. A. both B. all C. either D. neither( )9. Mary wanted to have a work with Tom. She had _ to tell him. A. important something B. nothing important C. anything important D. something important( )10. There _ wrong with the machine. A. arent something B. arent anything C. isnt something D. isnt anything( )11. My parents are I are _ interested in music. A. both B. all C. neither D. no( )12. Look at those students. Some are cleaning the window, _ are sweeping the floor. A. the other B. other C. others D. the others( )13. She has an apple in one hand and a knife in _ . A. other B. the other C. another D. others( )14. You may keep the book for two weeks, but you mustnt lend it to _. A. other B. others C. the other D. the others( )15. I study Chinese, English and some _ subjects. A. other B. the other C. others D. the others( )16. Do they often talk to each _ in English? A. others B. the other C. other D. the others( )17. World you like _ milk? A. some B. any C. little D. a few( )18. _ beasts nor birds would have the bat as their friend. A. Either B. Neither C. Not D. Both( )19. Im hungry. Please give me _ to eat. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing( )20. Mary sings better than _ of the other girls in her class. She sings best. A. some B. any C. most D. one( )21. This story is more interesting than _ two. A. other B. others C. the other D. the others( )22. All the students had gone out. There was _ in the classroom. A. somebody B. anybody C. nobody D. everybody( )23. Since _ is here, lets begin our meeting. A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody( )24. _ has taken my pencil by mistake. I cant find it. A. Somebody B. Everybody C. Nobody D. Anyone( )25. Did they find _ in the park? No, they found _ there. A. anybody; nobody B. somebody; everybody C. anybody; somebodyD. everybody; anybody( )26. Tom and Mary are _ good at French. A. each B. both C. no one D. all( )27. She made _ mistakes in her exercises A. any B. another C. no D. one( )28. There are fifty students in their class. _ of them are league members. A. Both B. Either C. All D. No one( )29. We must learn from _ other. A. every B. on C. each D. all( )30. The students have _ on Sundays. A. no any classes B. no class C. no classes D. no any class( )31. There isnt _ on the playground. A. anyone B. everyone C. nobody D. any people( )32. If you need a ruler. Ill lend you _. A. some B. one C. another D. the one( )33. I have two friends. One is from Australia, _ is from Japan. A. other B. the other C. another D. othersC）不定代词little, a little, few, a few( )1. The film is not interesting. _ people like it. A. Little B. A little C. Few D. A few( )2. That teacher was too busy to work in his office. He had _ time to do the work. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )3. The artist has learned Russian for four months and he can write _ Russian now. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )4. Dont hurry! You still have _ time. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few( )5. There is _ ink in the bottle. I have to buy some. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few( )6. Tom made quite _ mistakes in the test. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )7. Can you speak English? Yes, but only _. Ive studied it for only _ months. A. a little; few B. little; a few C. a little; a few D. few; a little( )8. Would you like some meat? Yes, just _. A. a few B. few C. a little D. little( )9. Be quick! There is _ time left. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few( )10. The question is so difficult that _ students can answer it. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )11. You did quite well in the test. You made _ mistakes. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )12. Is there any ink in the bottle? Yes, there is _ . A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )13. Have you any friends in Pairs? Yes, I have _ there. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )14. Tom was ill yesterday, but he is _ better today. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )15. The children want to play _ longer. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few( )16. Sorry, I cant answer your questions. I know _ about the subject. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little( )17. Dont hurry. We still have _ time left. A. little B. few C. a little D. a fewD）疑问代词( )1. _ went to the Great Wall with you? A. What B. When C. Who D. Whose( )2. _ is Jims bag, the blue one or the red one? A. Which B. What C. Whose D. Where( )3. _ newspaper is this? Its mine. A. Whos B. Whom C. Which D. Whose( )4. _ did Jack do last Sunday? A. When B. What C. Where D. Who( )5. _ is your father? He is very well, thank you. A. What B. Who C. HowD. Where( )6. _ will you have the meeting? Tomorrow morning. A. Where B. When C. HowD. Who( )7. _ are you doing now? Im making a model plane. A. What B. When C. HowD. Where( )8. Do you know _ theyre talking about? A. where B. why C. whatD. how( )9. Do you know _ daughter she is? A. where B whose C. what D. which( )10. Could you tell me _ train is leaving for Shanghai? A. what B. which C. where D. when( )11. _ subjects do you have this year? A. Which B. When C. What D. Whom( )12. _ do you find easier to learn, English or Chinese? A. What
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