2022-2023年考博英语-湖北省联考模拟考试题（含答案解析）第32期

2022-2023年考博英语-湖北省联考模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题If no one takes the（ ）and plans for the trip, we will never leave home.问题1选项A.initialB.initiativeC.originalD.beginning【答案】B【解析】take the initiative为固定搭配, 意为“带头, 采取主动”。句意:如果没有人带头和计划这次旅行, 我们是不会离开家的。选项B正确。2. 单选题His difficulty in expressing himself clearly will be a （ ）to his plans to become a lawyer.问题1选项A.hesitationB.hingeC.highlightD.handicap【答案】D【解析】句意:他难以清楚地表达自己的想法, 这将成为他想当一名律师的不利条件。handicap指障碍, 不利条件。只有选项D符合句意。3. 单选题In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music and by psychologists and “human-relation” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not whole heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets (木偶) who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The workers and employees are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again by psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitors creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to the 19th-century “free-enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities those of love and of reason一are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as a means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1.By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is （ ）.2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that（ ） .3.Those who are on the higher social ladder would feel more peaceful and secure if they could（ ） .4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should （ ）.5.The authors attitude towards industrialism might be best summarized as one of the（ ）.问题1选项A.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothlyB.a necessary part of the society though each individuals function is negligibleC.a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothlyD.working in complete harmony with the rest of the society问题2选项A.they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existenceB.they are deprived of their independence and productivityC.they are likely to lose their satisfactory jobsD.they are farther away from genuine life问题3选项A.get higher salary and more self-respectB.have more chance to be further promotedC.prove better than their fellow-competitorsD.keep far away from this competitive world问题4选项A.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesB.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realities for granted问题5选项A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.tolerance.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:1.根据第一段“.yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless.”, 由此推断，作者将人比喻成机械中运转良好的齿轮，实则是想表明人们相对于社会中其他部分来说已经变得不那么重要了。选项A符合原文。2.根据第二段的内容可知，工人和雇员们焦虑不仅是因为他们可能面临着失业，他们焦虑也是因为他们不能获得任何真正的满足和对生活的兴趣，但是真正的原因还是第二段的最后一句，作为情感和智力独立和有生产力的人，他们终生无法面对人类生存的基本现实。选项B符合原文。3.根据第三段的内容可知，社会地位较高的人同样也会感到焦虑，他们在某些方面甚至更不安全, 他们一直处于激烈的竞争中。不断证明自己和竞争对手一样优秀或比他们更优秀，造成了不断的焦虑和压力，而这些正是不快乐和疾病的根源。由此可以推测，如果能远离这个这个竞争激烈的世界，他们才会觉得安宁。选项D符合原文。4.根据最后一段的内容可知，作者建议将官僚主义的工业转变为以人为本的工业主义，使人能充分发挥它的潜力。选项C符合原文。5.根据文章内容可知，作者认为现在的工业主义使人丧失了其在社会中应发挥的重要作用，最后一段提到了作者建议将工业主义转变为一种以人为本的工业主义, 所以作者对待工业主义的态度是不满的。选项B正确。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:4. 单选题The swimming pool is the childrens favorite（ ） in the summer.问题1选项A.cradleB.hauntC.headingD.hedge【答案】B【解析】cradle 摇篮, 发源地；haunt常去的地方；heading标题；hedge树篱, 障碍。句意:游泳池是孩子们夏天最爱去的地方。选项B符合句意。5. 单选题In Platos Republic we find a discussion about morality and selfishness. Platos brother Glaucon is trying to make Socrates give some good reasons for why it is better to be just than to be unjust. Glaucon insists that all people by nature look after themselves, and whenever we can get away with something, we will do it,regardless of how unjust it may be to others. Unfortunately, we may receive the same treatment from others, which is highly unpleasant,so for the sake of peace and security we agree to treat each other decentlynot because we want to, but because we are playing it safe. Morality is just a result of our looking out for ourselves. If we can get away with something, it is our nature to make the most of it.What Glaucon is suggesting here about the origin of society is a first in Western thought. His theory is an example of what has become known as social contract theory, and this type of theory became particularly influential much later, in the eighteenth century. A social contract theory assumes that humans used to live in a pre-social setting (without rules, regulations, or cooperation) and then, for various reasons, got together and agreed on setting up a society. Generally, social contract theories assume that humans decide to build a society with rules for the sake of the common good or for the sake of self-protection. The theory is today known as psychological egoism.To Glaucon,decent persons will do “unjust” things just as quickly as scoundrels if they know they can get away with it since their human natures are identical. Here Glaucon is acting as the devils advocate in order to make Socrates defend justice as something that is good in itself. Surely we all can remember events in our lives that show that we dont always act out of self-interest. We may remember that Mother Teresa and other unselfish souls have spent their lives helping others. The psychological egoist would contend that they may not have been aware of their true motives, but selfish it was, somehow. These people, probably, wanted to get to Heaven, to atone for past wrongdoing, or maybe they just wanted to feel warm inside.This theory, cynical as it may sound, has established itself firmly in the minds of many modern people. Somehow, this theory removes the halo from above the head of every hero and every unselfish person in the history of humankind. One reason, then, for this theorys popularity is its presumed honesty. Closely related to the notion of honesty is our modern fascination with cynicism. Oftentimes, people are truly selfish and devious, and things are not what they seem. However, there is a difference between this kind of prudent skepticism and a universal cynicism that borders on paranoia. Such radical cynicism doesnt allow for the possibility of the existence of goodness and kindness, and this is one of the errors psychological egoists are prone to. Psychological egoists never say that we cant help being selfish to the bonethey just say that there is some hidden selfish motive for whatever we do that we may not be even aware of.1.What is the main reason for men treating each other decently according to Glaucon?2.Which of the following is true of the social contract theory?3.How would psychological egoists interpret the example of Mother Teresa?4.What errors are psychological egoists likely to make?问题1选项A.It is not right for one to be unjust to other people.B.It is beneficial for people to retain peace and security.C.Morality and selflessness are what we should pursue.D.We are prone to make the most of something.问题2选项A.It is contrary to psychological egoists beliefs.B.It records human life in a world without operation and rules.C.It presumes that a society with rules is to guarantee the benefits of all.D.It assumes that people are by nature unselfish.问题3选项A.She helps others for the sake of herselfB.Justice is good in itself to the devils advocate.C.Descent persons will do unjust things as well.D.She is a typical person with feelings of paranoia.问题4选项A.They do not justify their theory fully.B.They have changed peoples view.C.They never warn people of their unaware selfishness.D.They go to the extreme of disbelieving people【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:1.根据第一段倒数第三句“for the sake of peace and security . we are playing it safe.”为了和平与安全, 我们同意善待彼此不是因为我们想这样做,而是因为我们谨慎行事。也就是说人与人之间保持和平与安全是有益的。选项B符合原文。2.根据关键词“social contract theory”定位到原文第二段,根据倒数第二句“Generally, social contract theories . for the sake of self-protection.”一般来说,社会契约理论认为,人类决定建立一个有规则的社会是为了公共利益或自我保护。选项C符合原文。3.根据关键词“Mother Teresa”定位到第三段最后三句,心理利己主义者认为他们可能没有意识到自己的真实动机,但从某种程度上来说,他们是自私的。这些人可能是想上天堂,为过去的错误行为赎罪,或者他们只是想感受内心的温暖。选项A符合原文。4.根据最后一段倒数第二句“Such radical cynicism . psychological egoists are prone to.”这种极端的犬儒主义不允许善良和善良存在的可能性,这是心理利己主义者容易犯的错误之一。也就是说他们很极端,容易怀疑他人,所以选项D正确。第2题:第3题:第4题:6. 单选题She has but a faint （ ）of dialectical materialism.问题1选项A.sacrificeB.reactionC.notionD.clue【答案】C【解析】sacrifice牺牲；reaction反应；notion概念；clue线索。句意:她对辩证唯物主义只有一个模糊的概念。选项C符合语境。7. 单选题What things in life are you most desirous（ ） attaining?问题1选项A.toB.forC.withD.of【答案】D【解析】desirous of为固定搭配，意为“想要.渴望.”。选项D符合句意。8. 单选题More than one-third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, （ ）in San Francisco.问题1选项A.previouslyB.predominantlyC.practicallyD.permanently【答案】B【解析】previously以前，预先；predominantly主要地，显著地；practically实际地，事实上；permanently永久地。句意：在美国，超过三分之一的华人居住在加州，主要居住在旧金山。选项B符合句意。9. 翻译题中国人的年讲究的就是一个团聚，正如中国知名作家冯骥才所讲：春节是中国人的“情感时刻”。这一天无论你身在何处，回家团圆是唯一的主题，思乡情感也要在这一刻得到宣泄。对于英国留学生们来说，春节回家的愿望，非要天时地利人和，多重因素都给力，才能够得以实现。每年的春节大多在一、二月间，这个时候并不是学校的假期，留学生们无法脱身。【答案】What Chinese New Year stresses is a family reunion. Just as Feng Jicai, a famous Chinese writer, has pointed out, the Spring Festival is an “emotional moment” for the Chinese people. Wherever you may be that day, returning home for a family reunion is the only topic of conversation and your homesickness is sure to be got off your chest. For overseas Chinese students in the United Kingdom, their wish of returning home during the Spring Festival cannot be realized unless everything is OK and many factors are geliable. The Spring Festival falls chiefly between January and February, during which schools have no vacations, overseas students cannot leave school.10. 单选题The ship was（ ） in a storm off Jamaica.问题1选项A.drownedB.immergedC.wreckedD.submitted【答案】C【解析】drown淹死，溺死；immerge浸入，浸没；wreck失事；submit使服从。句意：这艘船在离开牙买加的时候，在暴风雨中失事了。选项C符合句意。11. 单选题Government is an institution resulting from mans group way of life which maintains a set of social controls in order to prevent chaos. In a small,homogeneous,simple society, these social controls can be imposed and enforced by the family or clan. But in a large, heterogeneous complex society,the institution of government takes over this function.For purposes of analysis,social control may be divided into moral control and political control. Moral control derives from the internalized beliefs and values of a society and regulations, each individuals behavior without the use of outside enforcement. Political control does involve enforcement from the outside since the individual is not always certain that the rule he is following is just and right. He follows it to conform,to avoid punishment, or to receive social rewards.Political control is an outgrowth of moral control,and its effectiveness depends on the willingness of the members of society to accept the governments authority as just and right. A government that is forced to coerce or threaten most of its members into accepting political control not backed with moral control will not survive long. In addition,a wide discrepancy between moral and political control will result in a condition of general lawlessness. Such a condition has occurred in the United States on several occasions and is now evident among some groups of society according to “The Roots of Lawlessness” by historian Henry Steele Commander.Government, a major social institution, may be viewed as a set of procedures by which a society realizes a good portion of its goals. Government is further unique as an institution because it serves to reinforce the function of other institutions. Thus,individuals violating the rules and regulation of the economic,educational,or family institutions must ultimately face the punitive power of government.1.A condition characterized by the absence of social organization and social control, and by the belief that political authority is unnecessary is（ ）.2.The internalized form of social control is（ ）.3.Legitimate power rightfully exercised is called（ ）.4.Which statement is NOT correct?问题1选项A.moral controlB.political powerC.anarchyD.authority问题2选项A.commitmentB.powerC.authorityD.government问题3选项A.authorityB.charismaC.legitimacyD.morality问题4选项A.Political control must occasionally be controlled by an outside force.B.Political control can exist without moral control in a society.C.Political control reinforce moral control.D.Political control emanates from within.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.根据第一段第一句“Government is an institution resulting from mans group way of life which maintains a set of social controls in order to prevent chaos.”政府是人类群体生活方式所产生的机构, 它维持着一系列的社会控制以防止混乱。反过来说, 缺乏社会组织和社会控制, 认为政治权威是不必要的, 是无政府的状态。所以选项C正确。2.根据第一段的第一句可知, 社会控制的内在化形式是政府。选项D正确。3.根据第三段第一句“Political control is an outgrowth of moral control,and its effectiveness depends on the willingness of the members of society to accept the governments authority as just and right.”政治控制是道德控制的产物, 它的有效性取决于社会成员是否愿意把政府的权威看作是正当的和正义的东西。所以正当行使合法权力被称为权威。选项A正确。4.根据第三段第二句“A government that is forced to coerce or threaten most of its members into accepting political control not backed with moral control will not survive long.”被迫威逼大多数成员接受没有道德控制支持的政治控制的政府不会长久。也就是说, 政治控制不能在没有道德控制的社会中存在。选项B与之刚好相反, 所以不正确。12. 单选题We need one hundred more signatures before we take the （ ）to the governor.问题1选项A.panelB.kernelC.petitionD.paragraph【答案】C【解析】panel仪表板, 陪审员；kernel核心, 要点；petition请愿书, 诉状。句意:在把请愿书递交给州长之前, 我们还需要100多人的签名。选项C符合句意。13. 写作题In this part, you are required to write an essay of no less than 200 words on Will a Thrifty Lifestyle Do Harm to National Economy?. The essay should be based on the outline below:1.Some people hold the view that diligence and frugality are two virtues long cherished by our nation;2.Other people believe that more saving and less spending will do harm to our economy;3.Your opinions.【答案】Will a Thrifty Lifestyle Do Harm to National Economy?Recently, there has been a heated discussion in a mainstream magazine as to whether a thrifty lifestyle will do harm to national economy. As this is a thought-provoking as well as a debatable issue, it is very hard for people to reach a consensus on it.According to a recent questionnaire conducted by an economic organization in China, 48 percent of respondents are of the opinion that a thrifty lifestyle does harm to national economy. In their eyes, a thrifty lifestyle can not stimulate the development of national economy. For example, during the long vacations in May and in October, if all of us stayed at home watching TV,playing cards or surfing the Internet instead of traveling all over the country, our countrys aim of expanding domestic demand would be unable to be attained. If so, our spiritual life would be boring. If so,our national economy could not develop at a fast pace.On the contrary, 52 percent of respondents argue that a thrifty lifestyle will not do harm to national economy. For example, if we recycle waste things such as waste paper, waste rubber, waste plastic,waste water etc., we can not only save a lot of energy but also protect our milieu,which is undoubtedly conducive to the sustainable development of our national economy.In my opinion, thrift should always be regarded as a traditional virtue of our nation. In the short run, a thrifty lifestyle seems to be a barrier to the development of our national economy. In the long run,being thrifty is to the advantage of national economy.14. 单选题However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents informed of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing, and developmental mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The many interviews carried on during the years as well as new ways of reporting pupils progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip, and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics and, at the same time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of childrens misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for penalties and rewards at home.What is needed is more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser, plants ideas in parents minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom.In this way, the sc