2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解3

2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题If I see the twin brothers apart I dont know _.问题1选项A.who is whoB.who is whomC.which is whichD.who is which【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. who is who 谁是谁 B. who is whom 谁是谁C. which is which 哪个是哪个 D. who is which 谁是哪个【考查点】习语用法。【解题思路】由if条件句的意思“如果我把这对孪生兄弟分开看”，可知I dont know _应该表示“我分不清谁是谁”，而which is which通常用于区分两个十分相似的人或事物。故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A选项表示人们的情况，如姓名、工作、身份等，如When I go to those family reunions, I can never remember whos who.（我去参加那些家庭团圆聚会时，从来记不住谁是谁。）；B、D选项没有这个用法。【句意】如果我把这对孪生兄弟分开看，我分不清谁是谁。2. 单选题A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetations, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelleda far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentrations of these pollutants were altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycle. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil on a global basis, natures output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities. However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city.In this localized regions, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycle. The result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however, has a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_.3. Natural pollutants can play an important role in controlling air pollution for which of the following reasons?4. According to the passage, the numerical value of the concentration level of a substance is only useful if_.5. Which of the following is best supported by the passage?问题1选项A.The economic impact of air pollution.B.What constitutes an air pollutant.C.How much harm air pollutants can cause.D.The effects of compounds added to the atmosphere.问题2选项A.water vapor is an air pollutant in localized areasB.most air pollutants today can be seen or smelledC.the definition of air pollution will continue to changeD.a substance becomes an air pollutant only in cities问题3选项A.They function as part of a purification process.B.They occur in greater quantities than other pollutants.C.They are less harmful to living beings than are other pollutants.D.They have existed since the Earth developed.问题4选项A.the other substances in the area are knownB.it is in a localized areaC.the naturally occurring level is also knownD.it can be calculated quickly问题5选项A.To effectively control pollution local governments should regularly review their air pollution laws.B.One of the most important steps in preserving natural lands is to better enforce air pollution laws.C.Scientists should be consulted in order to establish uniform limits for all air pollutants.D.Human activities have been effective in reducing air pollution.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.【选项释义】1. What does the passage mainly discuss? 1.文章内容主要是什么？A. The economic impact of air pollution. A. 空气污染对经济的影响。B. What constitutes an air pollutant. B. 什么构成了空气污染物。C. How much harm air pollutants can cause. C. 空气污染物能造成多大的影响。D. The effects of compounds added to the atmosphere. D. 添加到大气中的化合物的影响。【考查点】主旨大意题【解题思路】第一步，定位首尾两段核心句，首段的中心句是第一段第二句话“空气污染需要一个非常灵活的定义（definition），允许不断变化。”最后一段的中心句是第三段第四句“一种物质作为污染物的实际浓度不需要很大；事实上，如果我们不知道这个数值相对于该地区自然发生的浓度增加了多少，它就告诉不了我们什么。”由此可知文章是在讨论空气污染物的定义是什么，作者认为空气污染物没有具体的定义，应该随着实际情况来定义，所以答案应该选B选项“什么构成了空气污染物”。【干扰项排除】A选项“空气污染对经济的影响”，文中没有提及经济问题，属于无中生有；C选项“空气污染物能造成多大的影响”，文中没有提空气污染物的具体影响，只是讲到空气污染物这个词怎么定义，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“添加到大气中的化合物的影响”，这个只是在第二段有提及，属于以偏概全。2. 【选项释义】2. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_. 2. 从第一段可以推断出_。A. water vapor is an air pollutant in localized areas A. 水汽在局部地区是一种空气污染物B. most air pollutants today can be seen or smelled B. 现在大多数的空气污染物都可以看见或闻到C. the definition of air pollution will continue to change C. 空气污染的定义将继续改变D. a substance becomes an air pollutant only in cities D. 一种物质只有在城市里才会成为空气污染物【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第一段第二句，“空气污染需要一个非常灵活的定义，允许不断变化”。第二步寻找上下文线索，定位到文章第一段倒数第二句话“随着技术的发展和对各种化学品健康方面的知识的增加，空气污染物的清单也加长了”，综上可以推测出，污染的定义会随着各方面的知识增加而有所改变，所以C选项“空气污染的定义将继续改变”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“水汽在局部地区是一种空气污染物”，定位到第一段第五句“将来，在某些条件下，甚至水蒸气也可能（might be）被认为是空气污染物。”，这里只是作者的一种假设，是否成真还有待考察，这里属于偷换概念；B选项“现在大多数的空气污染物都可以看见或闻到”，定位到文章第一段第三句，“14世纪（in the fourteenth century），当第一部空气污染法在英格兰建立时，空气污染物仅限于可以看到或闻到的化合物这与今天已知的广泛的有害物质清单相去太远了”这是14世纪英国一项法律，现在法律已经改了，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“一种物质只有在城市里才会成为空气污染物”，定位到第二段最后一句“然而，人类生产通常发生在局部地区，如城市”，这里说的是污染物通常是人类生产活动产生，而人类生产活动通常出现在城市，不是说出现在城市的才是污染物，这里属于偷换概念。3. 【选项释义】3. Natural pollutants can play an important role in controlling air pollution for which of the following reasons? 3. 自然污染物可以在控制空气污染中发挥重要作用，是以下哪个原因?A. They function as part of a purification process. A. 它们是净化过程的一部分。B. They occur in greater quantities than other pollutants. B. 它们比其他污染物的数量更多。C. They are less harmful to living beings than are other pollutants. C. 与其他污染物相比，它们对生物的危害更小。D. They have existed since the Earth developed. D. 自从地球发展以来它们就存在了。【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第二三句“随着地球的发展，各种化学反应改变了这些污染物的浓度；它们成为生物地球化学循环的组成部分。这些化合物可以作为一种空气净化方案（an air purification scheme），通过让化合物在全球范围内从空气中移动到水或土壤中，使自然界产生的这些化合物抵消人类活动产生的化合物”，第二步，综合理解，从这里可知是因为自然界产生的污染物是净化污染的一部分，而这些污染物产生化学反应后抵消人类产生的污染，所以才会对控制污染起作用，所以答案选A选项“它们是净化过程的一部分”。【干扰项排除】B选项“它们比其他污染物的数量更多”，文章没有提出这种污染物与其他污染物的比较，所以这里属于无中生有；C选项“与其他污染物相比，它们对生物的危害更小”，文章没有提出这种污染物与其他污染物的比较，所以这里属于无中生有；D选项“自从地球发展以来它们就存在了”，见正确选项解析，这里只是陈述一个事实，不是污染物能够控制污染的原因，这里属于偷换概念。4. 【选项释义】4. According to the passage, the numerical value of the concentration level of a substance is only useful if_. 4. 根据文章，物质浓度水平的数值只有在_时才有用。A. the other substances in the area are known A. 该地区的其他物质是已知的B. it is in a localized area B. 它是在一个局部区域C. the naturally occurring level is also known C. 知道自然状态下的水平D. it can be calculated quickly D. 可以很快计算出来【考查点】判断推理题【解题思路】第一步，寻找句内信息，第三段第四句“一种物质作为污染物的实际浓度不需要很大；事实上，如果我们不知道这个数值相对于该地区自然发生的浓度增加了多少，它就告诉不了我们什么。”由此可知，只有我们知道和自然状态下相比，某种物质增加了多少才能够去定义它是否为污染物，这里一个重要的数据就是自然状态下的数值，所以答案选C“知道自然状态下的水平”。【干扰项排除】A选项“该地区的其他物质是已知的”，见正确选项解析，是知道与自然状态相比增加的数值才会有用，不是去和其他物质作对比才有用，这里属于张冠李戴；B选项“它是在一个局部区域”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“可以很快计算出来”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。5. 【选项释义】5. Which of the following is best supported by the passage? 5. 文章最支持下面哪一项?A. To effectively control pollution local governments should regularly review their air pollution laws. A. 为了有效控制污染，地方政府应该定期审查他们的空气污染法律。B. One of the most important steps in preserving natural lands is to better enforce air pollution laws. B. 保护自然土地最重要的步骤之一是更好地执行空气污染法律。C. Scientists should be consulted in order to establish uniform limits for all air pollutants.C. 为了建立所有空气污染物的统一限值，应该征求科学家的意见。D. Human activities have been effective in reducing air pollution. D. 人类活动已经有效地减少了空气污染。【考查点】判断推理题【解题思路】第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第二段第二三句“随着地球的发展，各种化学反应改变了这些污染物的浓度；它们成为生物地球化学循环的组成部分。这些化合物可以作为一种空气净化方案（an air purification scheme），通过让化合物在全球范围内从空气中移动到水或土壤中，使自然界产生的这些化合物抵消人类活动产生的化合物”，由此可以推断因为人类的某些活动，抵消了自然界产生的化合物（也就是污染），所以答案选D选项“人类活动已经有效地减少了空气污染”。【干扰项排除】A选项“为了有效控制污染，地方政府应该定期审查他们的空气污染法律”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“保护自然土地最重要的步骤之一是更好地执行空气污染法律”，文章主要是讲的空气污染物的定义，没有保护自然土地的问题，这里属于无中生有；C选项“为了建立所有空气污染物的统一限值，应该征求科学家的意见”，定位到第一段第二句，“空气污染需要一个非常灵活的定义，允许不断变化”，由此可知作者是不建议制定一个统一标准的，这里属于反向干扰。3. 单选题Mary has just bought herself _ dress.问题1选项A.an expensive blue cottonB.a cotton blue expensiveC.a blue expensive cottonD.a cotton expensive blue【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. an expensive blue cotton 一条昂贵的蓝色的棉质的 B. a cotton blue expensive 一条棉质的蓝色的昂贵的C. a blue expensive cotton 一条蓝色的昂贵的棉质的 D. a cotton expensive blue 一条棉质的昂贵的蓝色的【考查点】形容词排序。【解题思路】英语中当名词前有多个形容词做定语时，这些形容词通常遵循一定的排序规则：限定词（冠词、指示代词、物主代词、数词等）+表示观点的描述性形容词+形状、大小、长短、高低+年龄、新旧+颜色+国籍、地区+物质材料+中心词；所以这里的空格应该填an expensive blue cotton，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项都不符合形容词排序规则。【句意】玛丽刚给自己买了一件昂贵的蓝色棉质裙子。4. 单选题The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existence of other organisms. This interdependence is sometimes subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straightforward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients directly from them. The parasitic way of life is widespread. A multitude of microorganisms (including viruses and bacteria) and an army of invertebratesor creatures lacking a spinal column (including crustaceans, insects, and many different types of worms) make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms.Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their environment. These substances are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area, thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example, when attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off the invaders.Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary considerably, all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of “foreign” cells. In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal column) , there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.The ability to distinguish between “self” and “non-self”, while present in all animals, is roost efficient among vertebrates, which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells.31. What does the passage mainly discuss?32. The word “intricate” in line 1 is closest in meaning to _.33. According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to _.34. According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue _.35. According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between “self” and “non-self” enables vertebrates to _.问题1选项A.How parasites reproduce.B.How organisms react to invaders.C.How antibiotics work to cure disease.D.How the immune system of vertebrates developed.问题2选项A.difficultB.widespreadC.criticalD.complex问题3选项A.prevent disease in humansB.aid digestionC.fight off other organismsD.create new types of nutrients问题4选项A.becoming a parasiteB.being treated as an invaderC.altering its genetic makeupD.developing a new immune system问题5选项A.accept transplanted cellsB.detect and react to invasionC.weaken their immune systemD.get rid of antibiotics【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】31.【选项释义】31. What does the passage mainly discuss? 31. 这篇文章主要讨论什么？A. How parasites reproduce. A. 寄生虫如何繁殖。B. How organisms react to invaders. B. 生物体如何对入侵者做出反应。C. How antibiotics work to cure disease. C. 抗生素是如何治疗疾病的。D. How the immune system of vertebrates developed. D. 脊椎动物的免疫系统是如何发展的。【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先，根据首段最后一句“生物进化出了各种各样的防御机制来保护自己的身体免受其他生物的入侵”，和末段第一句“区分自我和非自我的能力，虽然存在于所有动物中，但在脊椎动物中是非常有效的，它们已经发展出一种免疫系统作为它们的防御机制”；从中可知文章首段和尾段讨论的都是生物体的防御机制；然后看到文章行为结构是总分结构，开头介绍引发生物进化出防御机制的原因，后面三段分别讨论这种防御机制的作用。综上所述，可以得知这篇文章主要讨论的是生物体如何对入侵者做出反应。所以B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“寄生虫如何繁殖”和D选项“脊椎动物的免疫系统是如何发展的”属于以偏概全；C选项“抗生素是如何治疗疾病的”没提及，无中生有。32.【选项释义】32. The word “intricate” in line 1 is closest in meaning to _. 32. 第一行中的“intricate”一词的意思最接近_。A. difficult A. 困难的B. widespread B. 广泛的C. critical C. 批判的D. complex D. 复杂的【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段第一句“在这个庞大而intricate的生物群落中（in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things），每个物种的生存都依赖于其他生物的存在”，由所修饰的assemblage（群落），以及并列的定语vast（庞大的）可推测，intricate应该表示“复杂”的意思，所以D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“困难的”、B选项“广泛的”和C选项“批判的”不符合原文意思，曲解原文。33.【选项释义】33. According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to _. 33. 根据这篇文章，一些生物产生抗生素是为了_。A. prevent disease in humans A. 预防人类疾病B. aid digestion B. 有助消化C. fight off other organisms C. 抵抗其他生物D. create new types of nutrients D. 创造新的营养类型【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】定位原文第二段前两句“某些真菌，甚至是某些种类的细菌会向环境中分泌抗生素。这些物质能够杀死或抑制同样占据该区域的各种细菌的生长，从而消除或减少对营养物质的竞争（eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients）。”，从中可知，一些生物产生抗生素是为了消除或减少其他生物对自身营养物质的竞争，故C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“预防人类疾病”、B选项“有助消化”和D选项“创造新的营养类型”没有提到，无中生有。34.【选项释义】34. According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue _. 34. 根据这篇文章，在基因不相容的生物体之间移植组织将导致移植的组织_。A. becoming a parasite A. 成为寄生虫B. being treated as an invader B. 被视为入侵者C. altering its genetic makeup C. 改变其基因组成D. developing a new immune system D. 发展出新的免疫系统【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】首先定位第三段最后一句，文章对此有描述：“事实上，在整个动物界，从海绵动物到某些种类的蠕虫、贝类和所有的脊椎动物，只有来自基因相容或亲缘关系密切的个体的细胞或组织碎片移植到动物体内，才会被接受”，从中可知在基因不相容的生物体之间移植组织将导致移植的组织不被接受；而该段前面提到“动物王国的成员已经发展出了对付寄生虫的各种防御机制。尽管这些机制差别很大，但所有主要的动物群体都能够检测到外来细胞的存在并做出反应。”，综合理解可推断，不相容的组织会被认为是外来入侵细胞，使得生物体对该组织做出防御机制。因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“成为寄生虫”表述错误，不是成为寄生虫，而是会被生物体视为寄生虫一样的外来组织，该项曲解原文；C选项“改变其基因组成”和D选项“发展出新的免疫系统”没提到，无中生有。35.【选项释义】35. According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between “self” and “non-self” enables vertebrates to _. 35. 根据这篇文章，区分“自我”和“非自我”的能力使脊椎动物能够_。A. accept transplanted cells A. 接受移植的细胞B. detect and react to invasion B. 检测并应对入侵C. weaken their immune system C. 削弱它们的免疫系统D. get rid of antibiotics D. 摆脱抗生素【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位到最后一段的内容：区分“自我”和“非自我”的能力，虽然存在于所有动物中，但在脊椎动物中是非常有效的，它们已经发展出一种免疫系统作为它们的防御机制（developed an immune system as their defense mechanism）。免疫系统会识别被视为外来细胞的移植组织和外来入侵者并采取行动（recognizes and takes action）。从中可知，区分“自我”和“非自我”的能力能够使脊椎动物产生一种免疫系统，而这种免疫系统能够识别并对入侵者采取防御措施。这与B项“检测并应对入侵”意思相一致，故B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“接受移植的细胞”与原文相反，免疫系统先会对移植组织进行识别，该项反向干扰；C选项“削弱他们的免疫系统”和D选项“摆脱抗生素”没提到，无中生有。5. 单选题Much new knowledge is admittedly remote from the immediate interests of the ordinary man in the street. He is not intrigued or impressed by the fact that a noble gas (惰性气体) like xenon (氙) can form compounds something that until recently most chemists swore was impossible. While even this knowledge may have an impact on him when it is embodied in new technology, until then, he can afford to ignore it. A good bit of new knowledge, on the other hand, is directly related to his immediate concerns, his job, his politics, his family life, even his sexual behavior.A poignant example is the dilemma that parents find themselves in today as a consequence of successive radical changes in the image of the child in society and in our theories of childrearing.At the turn of the century in the United States, for example, the dominant theory reflected the prevailing scientific belief in the importance of heredity in determining behavior. Mothers who had never heard of Darwin or Spencer raised their babies in ways consistent with the world views of these thinkers. Vulgarized and simplified, passed from person to person, these world views were reflected in the convictions of millions of ordinary people that “bad children are a result of bad stock,” that “crime is hereditary,” etc.In the early decades of the century, these attitudes fell back before the advance of environmentalism. The belief that environment shapes personality, and that the early years are the most important, created a new image of the child. The work of Watson and Pavlov began to creep into the public ken (知识). Mothers reflected the new behaviorism, refusing to feed infants on demand, refusing to pick them up when they cried, weaning (断奶) early to avoid prolonged dependency.A study by Martha Wolfenstein has compared the advice offered parents in seven successive editions of INFANT CARE, a handbook issued by the United States Childrens Bureau between 1914 and 1951. She found distinct shifts in the preferred methods for dealing with weaning and thumb-sucking. It is clear from this study that by the late thirties still another image of the child had gained ascendancy. Freudian concepts swept in like a wave and revolutionized childrearing practices. Suddenly, mothers began to hear about “the rights of infants” and the need for “oral gratification.” Permissiveness became the order of the day.11. The passage tells us that any new knowledge will have a powerful influence on ordinary people if_.12. The prevailing scientific belief at the turn of the century was that_.13. It can be inferred from the passage that mothers who were influenced by Freudian ideas tended to be_.14. The authors attitude towards the world views is basically_.15. The best title for the passage is_.问题1选项A.it is simple and understandableB.it is advocated by eminent personsC.it has been put into practice and proven trueD.it has something to do with their immediate concerns问题2选项A.personality was shaped by environmentB.character was transmitted from parentsC.behavior was determined by social backgroundD.outlook was colored by prevailing beliefs问题3选项A.critical of prolonged maternal care of the infantsB.tolerant of their babies thumb-sucking habitsC.aware of the importance of weaning infants earlyD.tired of picking their babies up the minute they cried问题4选项A.humorousB.negativeC.positiveD.tolerant问题5选项A.Shift in Childrearing PatternsB.Revolution in Childrearing PracticesC.Freudian Theories and ChildrearingD.Penetration of New knowledge【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】11.【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段倒数一二句While even this knowledge may have an impact on him when it is embodied in new technology, until then, he can afford to ignore it. A good bit of new knowledge, on the other hand, is directly related to his immediate concerns, his job, his politics, his family life, even hi