2022-2023年考博英语-东华大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第7期

2022-2023年考博英语-东华大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题After reading these books, he was _ to the Darwinian theory of evolution.问题1选项A.changedB.convertedC.transferredD.adjusted【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项change“改变、变化”；B项convert“使转变”；C项transfer“转移、调动”；D项adjust“调整、使适应”；be converted to 转变为、皈依；句意：读了这些书之后，他皈依了达尔文的进化论。因此该题B项正确。2. 单选题By moving the radar beam around slowly in circles, we can _ the surroundings.问题1选项A.exploreB.exposeC.exploitD.expand【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项explore“探索、探险”；B项expose“暴露”；C项exploit“利用”；D项expand“扩展”；句意：通过缓慢地绕圈移动雷达波束，我们可以探索周围的环境。因此该题A项正确。3. 单选题After working with Ellen for many years, we knew each other very well and established a good_.问题1选项A.rapportB.rapineC.prospectD.rapture【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“rapport”，意为“亲善；融洽；和睦关系”；B选项“rapine”，意为“掠夺；劫掠”；C选项“prospect”，意为“前途；预期；景色”；D选项“rapture”，意为“狂喜；欢天喜地；兴高采烈”。句意：和艾伦一起工作多年后，我们彼此非常了解，并建立了_良好的关系_。本句表示“因为和艾伦一起工作多年，彼此也十分了解，两人之间建立了亲密、和谐的良好关系”。因此A选项符合题意。4. 单选题The rise of multinational corporations, global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR.Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, the U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries. Ten years ago, for example, the worlds top five public relations agencies were American-owned. In 1991, only one was. The British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate planning activities, compared to about one third of U.S. companies. It may not be long before London replaces New York as the capital of PR.Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts in knowing a second language. Less than 5 percent of Burson-Marshalls U.S. employees know two languages. Ogilvy and Mather has about the same percentage. Conversely, some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language. Finally, people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs. In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read the Wall Street Journal. Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and the Economist, publications not often read in this country.Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN (Cable News Network). Turner recently announced that the word “foreign” would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts. According to Turner, global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such thing as foreign.41. According to the passage, U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened because of_.42. London could soon replace New York as the center of PR because_.43. The word “provincial” (Line 2, Para.3) most probably means “_”.44. We learn from the third paragraph that employees in the American PR industry_.45. What lesson might the PR industry take from Ted Turner of CNN?问题1选项A.an unparalleled increase in the number of public relations companiesB.shrinking cultural differences and new communications technologiesC.the decreasing number of multinational corporations in the U.S.D.increased efforts of other countries in public relations问题2选项A.British companies are more ambitious than U.S. companiesB.British companies place more importance on PR than U.S. companiesC.British companies are heavily involved in Planning activitiesD.Four of the worlds top public relations agencies are British-owned问题3选项A.limited in outlookB.like people from the provincesC.rigid in thinkingD.interested in world financial affairs问题4选项A.speak at least one foreign language fluentlyB.are ignorant about world geographyC.are not as sophisticated as their European counterpartsD.enjoy reading a great variety of English business publications问题5选项A.American PR companies should be more internationally-minded.B.The American PR industry should develop global communications technologies.C.People working in PR should be more fluent in foreign languages.D.People involved in PR should avoid using the word “foreign”.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】事实细节题。题干问的是美国在公共关系业中的领袖地位受到威胁的原因是什么，根据关键词leadership定位到文章首句“The rise of multinational corporations, global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR.”可得知，选项A、C以及D所提及的三点都是公共关系业迅速发展的原因，与题干原意相反。选项B,，根据第二段首句可得知选项B符合原意。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。题干问的是不久伦敦就会代替纽约成为公共关系业的中心的原因是什么，根据关键词London,， replace可定位到文章第二段的最后一第四句，“The British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate planning activities, compared to about one-third of U. S. companies.” 这句话的意思是英国的公司比美国的公司更强调公共关系的重要性， 由此可见选项A为正确答案。3.【试题解析】：语义推测题。根据题干所选单词定位到原文第三段，“Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. ”这个国家的世界地理知识从来就不强可得知他们对于世界地理的了解限制了，比较狭隘。由此，答案A为正确选项。4.【试题解析】：事实细节题。根据原文定位到第三段的 “Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country.”可得知，为选项B的同义替换。选项A与原文的第二点相反。选项C和选项D原文中没有涉及。因此，选项B为正确答案。5.【试题解析】：判断推理题。根据原文定位到最后一段的前两句“Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN (Cable News Network). Turner recently announced that the word “foreign would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts.”可得知要避免使用“foreign”这个单词。因此，答案为D。5. 单选题In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 per cent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four rail roads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It is a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace” asks Mar- tin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who is going to pay for the rest of the bill. Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.1. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because_.2. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?.3. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that_.4 The word “arbiters” most probably refers to those_.5. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by_.问题1选项A.cost reduction is based on competitionB.services call for cross-trade coordinationC.outside competitors will continue to existD.shippers will have the railway by the throat问题2选项A.IndifferentB.SupportiveC.IndignantD.Apprehensive问题3选项A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate reliefD.a government board ensures fair play in railway business问题4选项A.who work as coordinatorsB.who function as judgesC.who supervise transactionsD.who determine the price问题5选项A.the continuing acquisitionB.the growing trafficC.the cheering Wall StreetD.the shrinking market【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目问的是支持并购的人为什么认为铁路行业内不会形成垄断。根据题干关键词“支持者，合并，不可能”可以定位到第二段。支持者认为“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. ”意思是因为要和卡车竞争，所以不存在垄断的可能。”因此C最符合文章原意。A不对，文章说支持者认为合并能降低成本，而不是竞争降低成本。B不对是因为文中只是说可以更好协调服务，而不是跨行业。D把主语和宾语弄反了，而且也不是支持者的观点，所以也是错误的。因此，答案为C。2.【试题解析】：观点态度题。题目问的是许多受控制的托运商对铁路合并的态度是什么。注意问的不是作者的态度 ,，是货主的态度,，根据文中第三段由于铁路运输业之间的合并使得发货商只能求助于一家公司，他们所付的运费要高出20%30%，如果他们觉得收费过高，他们有权提出申诉要求降低费率，但这一过程既昂贵又耗时而且只有在真正极端的情况下才有效果；根据第五段首句“Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases”根据关键词worry一词，可得发货商对于继续增加费用的担忧。所以发货商对于铁路运输业的合并是“充满担忧的”，而选项A“漠不关心的”，以及选项B“支持的”和选项C“义愤的”原文中并没有提及。因此，答案为D。3.【试题解析】：判断推理题。A的意思是说没有竞争的铁路运输公司，运输公司的费用会少一些。根据原文第三段第二句“Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.”可知，费用是高了百分之二十到三十，而不是少了些。根据文中第三段首句，大多数托运商将由一家公司服务，但B答案是说只剩下一家公司，意义完全不同。C答案根据原文第三段可知，货主们如果认为铁路公司收费过高，可以向联邦政府的机构申请降低费率。但是申诉的过程耗时费钱，可以推断出他们提出申诉的可能性比较小。D答案是说政府可以保证铁路行业内的公平竞争，文中并没有提及，属于无关选项。因此，答案为C。4.【试题解析】:语义推测题。arbiter的意思是“仲裁者”，词义题一般可以根据其上下文推断出来其含义，根据这个单词定位到原文的第四段的“Do you really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace? ” “It is a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”由此，可以得出“arbiter”的意思是能够决定成败，决定输赢的一个职位，即选项B最符合题意。5.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目问的是铁路成本提高的主要原因，根据关键词“cost increase”，定位到原文中的最后一段的第一句话，可得知许多“受制” 托运商担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的费率大涨价。目前的铁路公司所赚的钱不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资，然而铁路公司仍然继续贷款数十亿美元来进行收购。因此，铁路的经营成本提高。选项B，文中虽然提到铁路公司还没有足够的钱去满足不断增长的运输需要，但是这并不是经营成本提高的原因。C、D选项文中并没有依据。因此，答案为A。6. 单选题_ conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.问题1选项A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.Contrary【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项continuous“连续不断的”，指整个事发的过程都没有中断；B项continual“持续不断的”，指一再的、频繁的、反复发生的；C项constant“不变的、恒定的”；D项contrary“相反的、对立的”；句意：城邦国家之间频繁的冲突导致希腊文明最终衰落。因此该题B项正确。7. 单选题The biographer has to dance between two shaky positions with respect to the subject. Too close a relation, and the write may lose objectivity. Not close enough, and the writer may lack the sympathy necessary to any effort to portray a mind, a soul-the quality of life. Who should write the biography of a family, for example? Because of their closeness to the subject, family members may have special information, but by the same token, they may not have the distance that would allow them to be fair. Similarly, a kings servant might not be the best one to write a biography of that king. But a foreigner might not have the knowledge and sympathy necessary to write the kings biography - not for a readership from within the kingdom, at any rate.There is no ideal position for such a task. The biographer has to work with the position be he or she has in the world, adjusting that position as necessary to deal with the subject. Every position has strengths and weaknesses to thrive, a writer must try to become aware of these, evaluate them in terms of the subject, and select a position accordingly.When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographies often reveal a democratic motive: they attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else. Other biographies are meant to change us, to invite us to become better than we are. The biographies of Jesus found in the Bible are in this class.Biographers may claim that their account is the “authentic” one. In advancing this claim, they are helped if the biography is “authorized” by the subject; this presumably allows the biographer special access to private information. “Unauthorized” biographies also have their appeal, however, since they can suggest an independence of mind in the biographer. In book promotions, the “unauthorized” characterization usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress. A subject might have several biographies, even several “authentic” ones. We sense intuitively that no one is in a position to tell “the” story of a life, perhaps not even the subject, and this has been proved by the history of biography.1. According to the author, an ideal biographer would be one who_.2. The author cites the biographies of Jesus in the Bible in order to show that_.3. Which of the following statements in is true, according to the passage?4. An unauthorized biography is likely to attract more readers because_.5. In this passage, the author focuses on_.问题1选项A.knows the subject very well and yet maintains a proper distance from himB.is close to the subject and knows the techniques of biography writingC.is independent and treats the subject with fairness and objectivityD.possesses special private information and is sympathetic toward the subject问题2选项A.the best biographies are meant to transform their readersB.biographies are authentic accounts of their subjects livesC.the best biographies are those of heroes and famous figuresD.biographies can serve different purposes问题3选项A.An authentic biography seldom appeals to its readers.B.An authentic biography is one authorized by the subject.C.No one can write a perfect biography.D.Authorized biographies have a wider readership.问题4选项A.it portrays the subject both faithfully and vividlyB.it contains interesting information about the subjects private lifeC.it reveals a lot of accurate details unknown to outsidersD.it usually gives a sympathetic description of the subjects character问题5选项A.the difficulty of a biographer in finding the proper perspective to do his jobB.the secret of a biographer to win more readersC.the techniques required of a biographer to write a good biographyD.the characteristics of different kinds of biographies【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】判断推理题。题目说的是在作者看来，一个理想的传记作者会是什么样的人。定位到原文的第一段的第二句和第三句，可得知与研究对象过于亲密，作家就会失去客观性，与研究对象不够亲密，作家就会缺乏同理心。太近或者不太近都会有其弊端，因此要把握好这个度。选项A的意思是说很了解这个研究对象，并且能够把握好这个距离。选项B、C和D都比较片面，因此答案为A。2.【试题解析】作者意图题。题干中问的是作者选择圣经中的耶稣传记目的何在？根据原文定位到第三二段中的“they attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no betterthan anyone else.”选项A的意思是最好的传记旨在改变读者，原文并没有提到评判传记的标准。选项B的意思是传记是被研究对象的真实生活写照，这句话的意思是正确的，但是并不是作者举例的目的。选项C的 意思是最好的传记作品是关于英雄和名人的传记，同样也是涉及到评判传记的标准。，选项D，可以定位到原文“When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographies often reveal a democratic motive: they attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else. Other biographies are meant to change us, to invite us to become better than we are.”举了两个不同的例子，说明传记是为各种目的服务的。因此，答案为D。A. An authentic biography seldom appeals to its readers.B. An authentic biography is one authorized by the subject.C. No one can write a perfect biography.D. Authorized biographies have a wider readership.3.【试题解析】事实细节题。题干中问的是哪个说法正确，。选项C“没有人能写出完美的传记”可以定位到原文第二段的首句“There is no ideal position for such a task.”可得知，与选项C属于同义替换。选项A,“， 真正的自传很少能够吸引读者，”可根据原文中的“Unauthorized” biographies also have their appeal,，由这个句子中的also根据also可可得知，真正的（授权的）自传是可以吸引读者的。选项B“一本真实的传记是被传记主体授权的”来自最后一段,，但文中说的是“In book promotions, the “unauthorized” characterization usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress. A subject might have several biographies, even several authentic ones”，在图书宣传中，“未经授权”的人物描述通常意味着读者可能会听到读者希望隐瞒的绘声绘色的小道消息。一个人可能有好几本传记，甚至是好几本“真实的”传记。说明就算是“真实的”传记，也不见得是被授权的， 。 选项C可以定位到原文第二段的首句“There is no ideal position for such a task.”可得知，跟选项C属于同义替换。D选项“授权传记拥有更广泛的读者群”来自最后一段中“Unauthorized” biographies also have their appeal, however, since they can suggest an independence of mind in the biographer”，然而，未经授权的传记也有其吸引力，因为它们可以显示传记作者有独立的思想。可知经授权与未经授权的自传都可以吸引读者，因此可排除D选项。因此，答案为C。4.【试题解析】事实细节题。题干问的是一部未经授权的传记会吸引更多读者的原因。定位到原文中最后一段的第四句“In book promotions, the “unauthorized characterization usually 41.”suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress.”可得知，未经授权的传记作品通常会暗示人们其中有他们所期望的有趣的八卦。正好符合选项B它包含着令人感兴趣的有关研究对象的私生活的内容。选项A、C以及D原文并没有提及。因此，答案为B。5.【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干中问的是文章大意。通读全文，文章的主要内容就是在讲述自传作家找到这个合适的角度去做他的工作的难处。可以定位到文章的首句“The biographer has to dance between two shaky positions with respect to the subject.”可得知这个职业的困难点。因此，答案为A。8. 翻译题吸引大量观众的体育运动，为人们观赏青春的活力、速度和力量提供了一个窗口。它所展示的技能水平强烈地吸引着人们。男性之所以比女性更直接地认同这种运动，是因为他们的童年经历和比赛所展示的阳刚之气。到20世纪70年代初，体育爱好者们对比赛不断增长的兴趣在电视联播中得到了进一步加强，并把职业运动转变成了利润丰厚的商业活动。结果，一些全新的俱乐部联合会雨后春笋般地涌现出来，与现有的体育组织展开竞争，并以诱人的工资来吸引运动员加盟。随着体育变得更像传统的商业活动，越来越多的运动员寻找他们的经纪人，代表他们参加工资谈判。现在，职业体育运动已经进入一个新时代。Directions: In this part you are required to turn the following paragraph into English. Please write it on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】【参考译文】Sports that attract large audiences provide a window on the vigor, speed and power of youth. People are strongly attracted to the skill levels it shows. Men identify with the sport more directly than women because of their childhood experiences and the masculinity of the game.By the early 1970s, fans growing interest in the game was reinforced by television networks and turned professional sports into a lucrative business. As a result, entirely new club federations sprung up to compete with established sports organizations and lure away players with attractive salaries. As sports become more like a traditional business, more and more athletes seek out their agents to represent them in salary negotiations. Now, professional sports have entered a new era.9. 单选题Robert had taken it for granted that his verbose and_ explanation of the facts would convince the jury of his innocence.问题1选项A.flabbyB.flimsyC.greasyD.glib【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“flabby”，意为“（肌肉）松弛的；肥胖的；软弱的；无力的”；B选项“flimsy”，意为“脆弱的；浅薄的；易损坏的”；C选项“greasy”，意为“油腻的；含