2022-2023年考博英语-西南交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第47期

2022-2023年考博英语-西南交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Our multimillion nerve-cell central nervous system has its roots in the scattered nerve cells of tiny, lowly organisms that lived in water half a billion years ago. Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates “hollow-gutted” organisms like the hydra and the sea anemone. A coelenterates nerve network lacks any kind of centralized control. This probably began with flatworms - the first creature to possess a head.Specialized sense cells help flatworms respond more flexibly than sea anemones to outside stimuli. But like most animals without a backbone, flatworms act almost by instinct and reflex.Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big, complex types of brain the types we find among the backboned animas or vertebrates. The tiniest fish has a larger brain than the largest insect. But the development of a fishs three-part brain reflects that beasts unintellectual priorities. Much of the forebrain deals only with smell. The midbrain handles vision and the hindbrain balance.With early mammals the brain grew larger and more complex. Sense coordination shifted from the midbrain to the forebrain, a developing structure capped by folded cerebrum to handle memory and learning. Meanwhile the hindbrain gained a large cerebellum to coordinate complicated movements.Advanced mammals such as monkeys, apes and human (the primates) have brains derived from ancestors that took to living in the trees, where vision mattered more than smell. Accordingly the once big “smell part of the forebrain grew smaller, while the part that handles vision grew much larger.1.With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?2.The hydra is a kind of（ ）.3.In the last paragraph, the phrase “took to” could best be replaced by which of the following?4.It can be inferred from the passage that insects do not have（ ）.5.According to the passage, what helps to coordinate the complex physical activity of a mammal?问题1选项A.The sensory organs of invertebrates.B.The anatomy of tiny organismsC.The origin of the brain and central nervous system.D.The importance of vision for fish and advanced animals.问题2选项A.flatwormB.coelenterateC.sea anemoneD.nerve cell问题3选项A.beganB.fled toC.carried toD.became friendly toward问题4选项A.brainsB.backbonesC.nerve cellsD.reflexes问题5选项A.The cerebellumB.The forebrainC.The cerebrumD.The midbrain【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章主要讲中枢神经系统和大脑的起源，因此C项正确。第2题:细节事实题。根据题干关键词hydra定位至第一段“hollow-gutted” organisms like the hydra and the sea anemone”(诸如水螅和海葵等腔肠动物)。由此可知，B项 “腔肠动物”正确。第3题:词义题。对于短语“took to”的理解可参考句子: Advanced mammals such as monkeys, apes and human (the primates) have brains derived from ancestors that took to living in the trees (先进的哺乳动物，如猴子、猿和人类（灵长类动物）的大脑是由祖先进化而来的，它们在树上生活)，take to本意为 “开始从事”。第4题:判断推理题。第三段指出: The tiniest fish has a larger brain than the largest insect (最微小的鱼相比最大的昆虫有更大的头脑)。由此可知，A项 “大脑”正确。第5题:细节事实题。题干为:由文章可知，什么有助于协调哺乳动物复杂的身体活动?倒数第二段指出: Meanwhile the hindbrain gained a large cerebellum to coordinate complicated movements (同时，后脑获得了巨大的小脑来协调复杂的运动)。由此可知A项“小脑”正确。2. 单选题Your advice would be（ ）valuable to him, who is now at a loss as to what to do first.问题1选项A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD.exclusively【答案】A【解析】句意:你的建议对他非常有价值，因为他现在不知道该先做什么。考查副词辨析。exceedingly极其，非常，特别；excessively过分地，极度；extensively 广阔地，广大地：exclusively 唯一地，独占地。后面从句说到:因为他现在不知道该先做什么，因此前面应该在说“你的建议对他非常有价值”。3. 单选题The two scholars worked at the task of writing a preface to the new dictionary for three hours （ ） last night.问题1选项A.at lengthB.in fullC.on endD.in time【答案】C【解析】考查短语词义辨析。选项A：at length “最后，详细地”；选项B：in full “全部，充分，充足”；选项C：on end “连续地；竖着”;选项D：in time “及时”。由题意可知，选项C正确。句意：为了给那本新词典写序，这两位学者昨晚连续花了三个小时。4. 单选题The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions scientists continue to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interests are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes - for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use, such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in application of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discoveries of one bit of information open the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.1.To define science we may simply call it（ ）.2.Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope（ ）.3.A scientist interested in adding to our general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach（ ）.4.Which of the following statements does the author imply?5.The best title for the passage is （ ）.问题1选项A.the study of unrelated subjectsB.an attempt to explain natural phenomenaC.the study of unrelated fieldsD.classified knowledge问题2选项A.may lead to antiscientific, “impure” resultsB.necessarily precedes applied science, leading to the discovery of a cellC.is not always as pure as we supposeD.necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of a cell问题3选项A.applied scienceB.agriculture scienceC.pure scienceD.environmental science问题4选项A.Scientists of theoretical research are not blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.B.Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.C.In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.D.Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.问题5选项A.The Nature of Science and ScientistsB.Biology and the Scientific AgeC.Hypotheses and TheoriesD.On Distinguishing Fact from Fiction【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第一段最后一句指出: Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts) (为了尽可能简化该定义，假设科学被定义为分类知识（事实）)。因此D项“分类知识”正确。第2题:细节事实题。根据题干关键词the construction of a microscope 定位至最后一段: Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell (有些发现似乎如此简单，以至于人们惊奇地发现，它们在多年前没有被发现；然而，人们应该记住，显微镜的构造必须先于细胞的发现)。由此可知，B项“一定先于导致细胞的发现的应用科学”正确。第3题:细节事实题。第四段指出: One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes - for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use, such an approach is referred to as applied science (一种是为了满足好奇心，被称为纯科学。另一个是为了将知识用于特定目的，例如改善健康、提高生活水平或创造新的消费品。在这种情况下，知识被用于经济用途，这种方法被称为应用科学)，因此C项 “纯科学”正确。第4题:判断推理题。A:做理论研究的科学家不必为忽视其发现的应用方面而受到指责。最后一段最后一句指出: The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries (许多致力于纯科学的科学家并不为忽视他们发现的实际一面而感到抱歉)，由此可知A项正确。B:现在很少有人对科学的含义有任何概念。第一段第一句指出: The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning (科学这个词在现代是经常听到的，几乎每个人都对它的含义有一些概念)，由此可知B项错误。C:在科学领域，不难辨别虚实。第二段第一句指出: Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy (即使在真正的科学中，区分事实和虚构并不总是容易的)，因此C项错误。D:有实践头脑的人能理解纯科学的定义和目标。第五段第一句指出: Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards (有时，有实践头脑的人忽视了纯科学的意义，而只考虑即时的经济回报)，由此可知D项错误。第5题:主旨大意题。文章第一段至第四段探讨科学的本质，最后一段探讨科学家的本质，因此A项“科学和科学家的本质”最适合做文章标题。5. 单选题If you plant two apple trees in one square yard of land, and the trees productivity（ ）decline.问题1选项A.is bound toB.is determined toC.is unlikely toD.is related to【答案】A【解析】句意:如果你在一平方米的土地上种两棵苹果树，那么树的产能肯定会下降。考查短语辨析。is bound to 必然，注定，势必:is determined to 坚决，下决心做；is unlikely to不可能的；is related to 与有关。因此A符合句意。6. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into English.1.由于没有具体证据可供利用，为探寻戏剧的起源，人们首先只能凭推测。2.对于很多人而言，罗马至多不过是对希腊更大规模地模仿和延续，希腊是发明者，而罗马则是研究和发展的分支。3.大多数时候，仅仅是因为无法核实身份，这些惹是生非的个体躲在一个个假名字后面，保护自己不受其行为的影响。4.园林不只是房屋的补充。园林满足了更高层次的生活需求，而这种功能只有艺术才能实现。5.更进一步说，也有人认为这个问题与乐观与悲观的争论无关，我们必须转变看待和思考问题的方式。【答案】1. People can only rely on speculation for exploring the origin of drama because there is no any specific evidence available for use.2. For many people, Rome at most is nothing more than a large-scale imitation and continuation of Greece. Greece is the inventor while Rome is a branch of research and development.3. Most of the time, just because identities cannot be verified, these troublemakers hide behind fake names to protect themselves from being affected their actions.4. A gardens is more than a complement to a houses. Gardens meet the needs of a higher level of life, and this function can only be realized by art.5. Furthermore, some people think that this issue has nothing to do with the debate on optimism and pessimism. We must change the way of viewing and pondering a problem.7. 单选题A scientific law is liable at any time to need（ ）, that is an eternal truth.问题1选项A.modifyingB.changingC.revisingD.adjusting【答案】A【解析】句意:在任何时候，科学定律都是需要修改的，这是永恒的真理。考查动词辨析。modify 修改，调整，修饰；change 变化;revise 修改，修订，校正; adjust 调整。Modify和revise都有“修改”的意思，但modify指对计划、方法、制度、条款等做细小的更改；而revise指由于新情况的出 现或经过更多的思考而对原有观点、想法或作品加以修正，因此A项符合句意。8. 翻译题Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.2. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regular design and by the powerful Roman cement, the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls.3. When this kind of damaging activity is carried out online, how can the offender ever be held accountable for their actions when they are almost entirely untraceable in a virtual world?4. The harmony of man and nature in the flow of the great stream of rhythm makes the Chinese garden more than something merely secular. It is true that no one would look upon the Chinese garden as a religious structure.5. We anticipate a personal loss will be more painful than an identical gain will be pleasant, so the benefit of winning must be disproportionately large for us to take a bet.【答案】1.人类学家在十九世纪末二十世纪初提出的最为广泛接受的理论认为戏剧是神话和仪式的产物。2.就像通过常规设计和强有力的罗马水泥而结合在一起的罗马城墙上的石头，罗马王国的各个部分通过身体的、组织的和心理的控制而被结合成一个巨大的实体。3.当这种破坏性活动在网上进行时，在虚拟世界中几乎完全无法追查的情况下，如何追究犯罪者的行为责任？4.在有韵律的极好的溪流的流动中人与自然的和谐让中国园林不只是一些世俗的东西。 确实没有人会将中国园林看成是一种宗教的建筑物。5.我们预料，相比一个完全相同的收获带来的愉快，一个人的损失带来的不快更多，因此对我们去打赌而言，获胜的好处一定是不成比例地大的。9. 单选题If profit and money are your first（ ）, and commitment to people your least concern, you have failed education.问题1选项A.potentialityB.priorityC.superiorityD.responsibility【答案】B【解析】句意:如果利润和金钱是你首先考虑的事情，对人的义务是你最不关心的，那你的教育就失败了。考查名词辨析。potentiality 潜能;可能性;priority 优先考虑的事;优先权; superiority 优越;优势; responsibility 责任;职责;义务。根据句中first(首先)以及后面的 your least concern(你最不关心的事情)可知B项正确。10. 单选题Putting in a new window will（ ）cutting away part of the roof.问题1选项A.includeB.involveC.containD.comprise【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项include“包含，包括，指包括属于整体的部分，可以是具体的或抽象的”；B选项involve“包含；牵涉；使陷于，指必然包括某种结果，所接的事物通常是抽象的”；C选项contain“包含；控制，指容器装有具体东西，含仍有剩余空间之意；也指包含具体之物或数据、信息等”；D选项comprise“包含；由组成，既可指整体包含若干部分，也可指若干部分或成员构成整体”。句意：新开一扇窗户就得拆掉部分屋顶。doing A involves(doing)B表示“做A事包含做B这部分工作”，因此B正确。11. 单选题（ ）man can now create radioactive elements, there is nothing he can do to reduce their radioactivity.问题1选项A.AsB.WhetherC.WhileD.Now that【答案】C【解析】句意:虽然人类现在可以制造出放射性元素，但无法降低这些元素的放射性。考查连词辨析。前半句句意为:人类现在可以制造出放射性元素，后半句句意为:无法降低这些元素的放射性。由此可见，前后为转折对比的关系，因此C项“虽然，尽管”正确。12. 单选题It was a type of urban story that continues to（ ）big city dwellers forward each day, a tale of hard work and self-starting initiative, of taking matters into ones own hands to make dreams come true.问题1选项A.penetrateB.propelC.baffleD.harness【答案】B【解析】句意:这是一种推动着都市人不断向前的都市故事，讲述的是努力工作、自我奋斗来实现梦想的故事。考查动词辨析。penetrate 渗透；穿过；propel推进，驱使；baffle 困惑，难住; harness 治理，驾驭。这里的选项既要符合句意，又要与后面的forward构成搭配，故选B项。propel sb. forward表示“推动某人向前”。13. 单选题（ ）the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy actually is.问题1选项A.To giveB.GivenC.GivingD.Having given【答案】B【解析】句意:考虑到德国的经济能力的声明，如此衰弱的德国实际经济情况，确实有些令人惊讶。语义分析。given在做介词时表示“考虑到，如果有”，后接名词或代词。这里可以把 “given the claim about German economic might”理解为 “考虑到德国的经济能力的声明”。14. 单选题This research has attracted wide （ ） coverage and has featured on BBC televisions Tomorrows World.问题1选项A.messageB.informationC.mediaD.data【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。media coverage表示“媒体报道”。句意：这个研究已吸引了广泛的媒体报道且成为英国广播公司的“未来世界”的特别节目。15. 单选题（ ） as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.问题1选项A.Being publishedB.PublishedC.PublishingD.To be published【答案】B【解析】语法题。考查倒装句。 前后句子是转折关系，“as it was at such a time”为as引导的倒装句作让步状语从句，因此as前应该是动词publish的过去分词形式，故选B。句意：尽管在如此一个时间被出版，但是他的作品却引起了很多关注。16. 单选题Although the end of the term was close（ ）, Jim had not completed all of the projects he had hoped to finish.问题1选项A.on handB.by handC.at handD.in hand【答案】C【解析】句意:尽管学期快结束了，吉姆还没有完成他希望完成的所有项目。考查短语辨析。on hand 在手边;在场;by hand 用手；at hand 在手边；即将到来；in hand 在手头；在进行中；在控制中。这里表示“学期快结束了”，故选C。17. 单选题Love cant conquer all. So, before couples tie the knot, they should know what theyre getting into. The taboo against couples living together before marriage is decreasing, and more and more people are saying “I do” after theyve spent months, or even years, living together.As much as a person loves another, he or she never really knows what happens behind closed doors unless he or she is standing on the other side. While some people view living together before marriage as immoral, couples are actually expanding the boundaries of their relationship by moving in together. For example, the division of household responsibilities can be a major issue for newlyweds. By living together, couples can solve imbalances in the distribution of those responsibilities before someone realizes he or she has married a lazy bum.This may seem like a small point, but how many women and men -are out there who never thought they would be the only ones cooking, washing dishes, vacuuming, hopping, scrubbing, disinfecting, cleaning laundry, dusting, etc.?One of the largest problems in marriages is the “in” word: money. If couples live together before marriage, they learn one anothers saving and spending styles. By baring expenses, people learn not only how each person controls the purse strings but how to discuss finance matters with each other. Its important for couples to figure out budget priorities before they are married, and this is difficult to do unless a person has been sharing expenses with his or her partner. If couples dont have their financial issues in order, they are bound to surface, causing trouble in the marriage.Its also difficult to know someone intimately without living with him or her. A special bond forms between people who share their living space, their personal longings, and their lives together. Some things you just dont know until youve lived with someone.While some people believe living together before marriage is inappropriate, like most everything else in this country, it is a choice that everyone should respect. Living together can be a positive experience that will later reinforce a marriage, but it can also be something that ends a relationship. But if a relationship is going to end its better for people to discover the hard truth before they marry. Even though two people love each other and enjoy spending time together, the real question is, can you live together? People might want to find out before they make the serious decision to marry.1.“Tie the knot”in the first line of the first paragraph means（ ）.2.According to the author, through living together（ ）.3.To some people living together before marring is unacceptable because（ ）.4.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?5.An important point the author made in this passage is（ ）.问题1选项A.getting acquainted with each otherB.dating each otherC.living together before marriageD.getting married问题2选项A.a couple can reinforce their loveB.a couple can learn who is better at doing the houseworkC.a couple can save some money for their marriageD.a couple can know each other intimately问题3选项A.it is immoral and inappropriateB.it may end a relationship more quicklyC.it is a shame to the couples parentsD.it will cause many social problems问题4选项A.Living together before marriage is now more acceptable than before.B.Little household chores can cause trouble in ones marriage.C.Love is the guarantee of a happy marriage.D.Newly-weds often has many life imbalances to face.问题5选项A.living together before marriage is significant; every couple should try itB.living together before marriage is a choice that should be respectedC.living together is the best way to bridge the gaps between a coupleD.living together is a symbol of the modern form of civilization【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:语义题。根据题干定位至第一段: The taboo against couples living together before marriage is decreasing, and more and more people are saying “I do” after theyve spent months, or even years, living together (人们对婚前同居的禁忌正在减少，越来越多的人在同居几