2022-2023年考博英语-宁夏大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第27期

2022-2023年考博英语-宁夏大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题The consumer（ ）in recent years has led to an explosion of shopping center development in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Canton.问题1选项A.boomB.pressureC.summitD.volume【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项boom“繁荣，迅速发展”；B选项pressure“迫使，密封”；C选项summit“顶峰，顶点”；D选项volume“成团卷起”。句意：近几年的消费（ ）促使北京、上海和广州这样的大城市中的购物中心快速地发展起来。这里的意思是“消费的繁荣使得购物中心发展”，因此A选项符合题意。2. 单选题There is a general（ ）that pouring old wine into the same bottles is the wrong way to go.问题1选项A.consensusB.censusC.neglectedD.negligible【答案】A【解析】考查。A选项consensus“一致，舆论，合意”；B选项census“人口普查，人口调查”；C选项neglected“被忽视的，无人照管的”；D选项negligible“微不足道的，可以忽略的”。句意：人们_认为，把陈年的酒倒进同一个瓶子里是错误的做法。这里表达的意思是“人们都普遍（一致）认为”，因此A选项符合题意。3. 单选题Cancellation of the flight（ ）many passengers to spend the night at the airport.问题1选项A.resultedB.obligedC.demandedD.recommended【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项resulted“结果；导致”，B选项obliged“迫使；强制；赐”，C选项demanded“强烈要求；需要”，D选项recommended“推荐，介绍；劝告”，根据题意可知：旅客们由于航班取消不得不在机场过夜，B选项oblige有“被迫；事实逼迫人不得不”的含义，因此B选项符合题意。4. 单选题In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and he is bored with it. In fact, the blue- and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again! By the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteen-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialitiesthose of love and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1.By“well-oiled cog in the machinery”the author intends to render the idea that man is（ ）.2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employee is that（ ）.3.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those（ ）.4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should（ ）.5.The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of（ ）.问题1选项A.a necessary part of the society though each individuals function is negligibleB.working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothlyD.a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly问题2选项A.they are likely to lose their jobsB.they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifeC.they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existenceD.they are deprived of their individuality and independence问题3选项A.who are at the bottom of the societyB.who are high up in their social statusC.who prove better than their fellow-competitorsD.who could keep far away from their competitive world问题4选项A.resort to the production mode of our ancestorB.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realities for granted问题5选项A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.tolerance【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干定位到第一段第一句In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery.（总的来说，我们的社会正在成为官僚管理下的巨型企业之一，在这种管理下，人变成了机器中一个润滑良好的小齿轮。）通过第一段我们得知作者认为人类已经失去了个性和独立性，成为机器中一颗微不足道的小齿轮，因此C选项“与社会其他部分相比，尽管运行良好但已经不甚重要”正确。A选项“尽管每个人的作用不大，但却是社会必要的组成部分”与原文意思相悖，人类已经如齿轮一般无足轻重；B选项“与社会其他方面和谐地工作”并未在文中提及；D选项“尤其在运作良好的时候却在社会中仍微不足道”与原文不符。2.判断推理题。根据题干定位到第二段they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.（他们焦虑也是因为他们无法获得任何真正的满足或生活的兴趣。他们生与死都没有面对过人类存在的基本现实，作为情感上、智力上独立的和有生产力的人。）由此可知，其真正原因是情感与理智上独立的、富有创造性的个人生存状态被忽视，因此D选项“他们被剥夺了个性和独立性”正确。A选项“他们很可能会失去工作”是部分原因；B选项“他们对生活没有真正的满足或兴趣”与原文相悖；C选项“他们面对着人类生存的基本现实”也是部分原因。3.判断推理题。根据题干定位第三段最后一句This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.（这种不断地需要证明自己和竞争对手一样好或更好的需求，造成了持续的焦虑和压力，而这正是不快乐和疾病的根源。）说明这种需要不断证明自己与竞争对手同样优秀或超过对手从而不断地造成焦虑和压力，正是不幸与疾病的起因。因此，摆脱了竞争所造成的焦虑和压力就可以享受到生命的真正快乐，因此D选项“可以远离竞争的世界”正确。A选项“社会最底层的人”与原文不符；B选项“那些社会地位很高的人”在第三段的第一句话Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. （那些社会地位较高的人也同样焦虑。）因此B选项错误；C选项“觉得自己比他们的竞争对手更好”不符合原文。4.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到最后一段I suggest transforming.those of love and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangements.（我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度生产和消费为目的的官僚管理的工业主义转变为以人和充分开发他的潜力爱和理性的潜力为一切社会安排的目的的人文主义工业主义。）因此C选项“使人能够充分发挥他的潜力”正确。A选项“求助于我们祖先的生产方式”在最后一段Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteen-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not.（我是在建议我们回到工业化前的生产方式，还是回到19世纪的“自由企业”资本主义？当然不是。）因此作者并没有建议我们回到之前的生产方式；B选项“为工人和雇员提供更高的工资”文章没有提及；D选项“认为基本的现实是理所当然的”也与原文不符。5.作者态度题。根据题干定位到最后一段I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism.development of his potentialities（我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度生产和消费为目的的官僚管理的工业主义转变为以人和充分开发他的潜力）可以看出，作者对现有工业制度的态度是不满的，因此B选项“不满”正确。A选项“赞同”；C选项“怀疑”；D选项“容忍”都不符合题意。5. 单选题Big Ben is one of Londons best-known landmark, and looks most spectacular at night when the clock faces are lighted. You even know when parliament is in session, because a light shines above the clock face.The four dials of the clock are 23 feet square, the minute hand is 14 feet long and the figures are 2 feet high. Minutely regulated（校准）with a stack of coins placed on the huge pendulum, Big Ben is an excellent timekeeper, which has rarely stopped.The name Big Ben actually refers not to the clock-tower itself, but to the thirteen-ton bell hung within. The bell was named after the first commissioner of works, Sir Benjamin Hall. This bell came originally from the old Palace of Westminster, and was given to the Dean of St. Paul by William III. Before returning to Westminster to hang in its present home, it was refashioned in White chapel in 1858. The BBC first broadcast the chimes（报时）on the 31st December 1923there is a microphone in the turret connected to Broadcasting House.During the Second World War in 1941, a bomb destroyed the Lower Chamber of the House of Parliament, but the clock tower remained intact and Big Ben continued to keep time and strike away the hours, its unique sound was broadcast to the nation and around the world, a welcome reassurance of hope to all who heard it.The tower is not open to the general public, but those with a “special interest” may arrange a visit to the top of the Clock Tower through their local（UK）MP.1.When parliament has meeting（ ）.2.Which of following statements is true according to the passage?3.The bell was once owned by（ ）.4.The BBC first broadcast the chimes on the eve of（ ）.5.The word “intact” in Line 2, Para. 4 probably means（ ）.问题1选项A.a light is on above the faceB.the clock faces are lightedC.Big Ben strikes the timeD.Big Ben lights the parliament问题2选项A.Big Ben has only one hand.B.Big Ben has never stopped.C.Big Ben has a huge pendulum made of coins.D.Coins are used to make Big Ben work more precisely.问题3选项A.the BBCB.the Dean of St. PaulC.Sir Benjamin HallD.the old Palace of Westminster问题4选项A.1858B.1923C.1924D.1941问题5选项A.uncutB.unharmedC.uninjuredD.undamaged【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第一段第二句You even know when parliament is in session, because a light shines above the clock face.（你甚至知道议会什么时候开会，因为一盏灯在钟面上方闪烁。）由此得知A选项“钟面上有一盏灯”正确。B选项“钟面是亮的”并不准确；C选项“大本钟在报时”没有提及；D选项“大本钟照亮了议会”不对。2.判断推理题。根据题干信息定位到第二段第二句话Minutely regulated with a stack of coins placed on the huge pendulum, Big Ben is an excellent timekeeper, which has rarely stopped.（大本钟的钟摆上放置了一堆硬币，精确地调节着时间，它是一个出色的计时器，很少停下来。）因此D选项“硬币被用来使大本钟工作得更精确”正确。A选项“大本钟只有一个指针”在第二段的第一句话The four dials of the clock are 23 feet square, the minute hand is 14 feet long and the figures are 2 feet high.（这个钟的四个转盘是23平方英尺，分针是14英尺长，数字是2英尺高。）这里可以看出大本钟是否有多于一个指针原文并没有提及；B选项“大本钟从不停止转动”，原文说大本钟很少停下，说明它还是会停止，只是很罕见；C选项“大本钟有一个由硬币组成的巨大钟摆”，硬币只是让大本钟变得更准确，但并不是它的钟摆组成。3.事实细节题。根据原文定位到第三段的第三句话This bell came originally from the old Palace of Westminster, and was given to the Dean of St. Paul by William III.（这只钟最初来自威斯敏斯特宫，是威廉三世送给圣保罗教长的。）因此B选项“它是属于圣保罗的教长的”正确。A、C、D均不符合原文。4.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第三段的倒数第一句话The BBC first broadcast the chimes on the 31st December 1923there is a microphone in the turret connected to Broadcasting House.（英国广播公司于1923年12月31日首次播放了大本钟，它的信息塔上有一个麦克风连接到广播大楼。）而原文问的是在哪一年的前夜，因此C选项正确。A选项在倒数第三段Before returning to Westminster to hang in its present home, it was refashioned in White chapel in 1858.（在回到威斯敏斯特悬挂在现在的家中之前，它在1858年被重新设计在白色教堂。）与事件不符合；B选项与题干不符合；D选项在倒数第二段During the Second World War in 1941, a bomb destroyed the Lower Chamber of the House of Parliament（1941年第二次世界大战期间，一枚炸弹摧毁了下议院的议会）与事件不符。5.语义推测题。根据题干定位到第四段During the Second World War in 1941, a bomb destroyed the Lower Chamber of the House of Parliament, but the clock tower remained intact and Big Ben continued to keep time and strike away the hours（1941年第二次世界大战期间，一枚炸弹摧毁了下议院的议会，但钟楼仍完好无损， 大本钟继续计时，不停地敲响钟声）根据原文含义可知intact意为“完整的，原封不动的”。A选项“未切的，毛边的，未雕琢的，未割的”；B选项“无恙的；没有受伤的（用于人）”；C选项“未受伤害的；未蒙损失的（多用于人或器官）”；D选项“未毁坏的，未损坏的（多用于物品）”，因此D选项正确。6. 翻译题面对多变的经济形势，我们主张要大力推动开放创新。国际金融危机爆发7年来的实践证明，唯有同舟共济，才能渡过难关。在相互依存的世界里，各国有权根据自己的国情制定经济政策，但是也应加强同其他国家的宏观政策协调，扩大利益汇合点，实现共同发展。欧洲有谚语讲：“面对变革之风，有人砌围墙，有人转风车。”我们倡导顺势而为，坚定不移推进自由贸易，旗帜鲜明反对保护主义，积极扩大区域经济合作，打造全球价值链，迎接新科技革命的到来。宏观政策固然重要，但结构性改革势在必行，这是国际社会的共识。尽管难度很大，但也应该坚持去做，这样才能形成全球创新合力，增强世界发展的新动能。【答案】In a world facing volatile economic situation, we should all work to promote opening-up and innovation. What has happened since the outbreak of the international financial crisis seven year sago proves that to work in unity is the surest way for countries to get over the difficulties. We are all interdependent in this world. While we each have the right to adopt economic policies in line with national conditions, we need to strengthen macro-policy coordination to expand the convergence of interests and achieve common development. An European proverb says, “when the wind of change blows, some build walls, while others build windmills.” We need to act along the trend of our time, firmly advance free trade, resolutely reject protectionism, and actively expand regional economic cooperation. We need to build global value chains, and seize the opportunity of a new technological revolution. While the international community agree on the importance of macro-policies to the economy, they also recognize the urgency to go ahead with structural reform.Structural reform must be carried through no matter how difficult it is, as it is an effective way to foster conditions conducive to global innovation and bring about new momentum for global development.7. 单选题The decline in moral standardswhich has long concerned social analystshas at last captured the attention of average Americans, And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad.The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics (伦理学) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and Individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. “The thought that Im in it for me has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness,” Ms Elshtain says.Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With todays greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U. S. And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament（挽歌）for some nonexistent “golden age,” Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful（一厢情愿的）longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice.Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. “Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that cant be bought.”1.Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans（ ）.2.The moral decline of American society is caused mainly by（ ）.3.Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities?4.In the 1950s, classroom violence（ ）.5.According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed（ ）.问题1选项A.have adapted to a new set of moral standardsB.are longing for the return of the good old daysC.have realized the importance of material thingsD.are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards问题2选项A.its growing wealthB.the self-centeredness of individualsC.underestimating the impact of social changesD.the prejudice against women and minorities问题3选项A.Great mobilityB.Emphasis on individual effortC.Concern for ones neighborsD.Ever-weakening social bonds问题4选项A.as something unheard ofB.attracted a lot of public attentionC.was by no means a rare occurrenceD.began to appear in analysts data问题5选项A.if people can return to the “golden age”B.when women and men enjoy equal rightsC.when people rid themselves of prejudiceD.if less emphasis is laid on material things【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.事实细节题。由题干关键词定位到第一段的第一二句话The decline in moral standardswhich has long concerned social analystshas at last captured the attention of average Americans（道德标准的下降长期以来一直困扰着社会分析人士终于引起了普通美国人的注意。）后文说Jean Bethke Elshtain对于这个很开心，由此可知D选项“意识到他们道德标准的降低”正确。A、B、C在原文都没有提到，因此排除。2.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第三段第二句话Materialism and Individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles.（美国社会的物质主义和个人主义是最大的障碍。）从这句可以看出物质主义和个人主义这两点是美国社会最大的障碍，也是引发道德衰落的原因，由此可知B选项“个人的自我中心”正确。而对物质财富的崇尚，和财富本身的增长没有直接联系，因此A选项错误；C选项出现在第三段的第一句the challenge is not to be underestimated（挑战不应被低估），这里的挑战就是指的Materialism和individualism，但是选项把challenge换成了change，因此属于偷换概念，C选项错误；D选项出现在倒数第二段，根据篇章分析对这一段的说明，这种歧视现象是过去那个道德水平较高时代的现象，因此绝不会是它引起了现今道德水平的下降，因此D选项也错误。3.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到第四段Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says.（她说，这在一定程度上可以归因于传统社区的解体，在传统社区中，邻居们互相照顾。）由此可见，对邻居的关照是传统社区的特点，因此C选项“对邻居的关心”正确。A选项体现在With todays greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.（随着当今社会流动性的增强，以及如此多的夫妻都在工作，这种纽带已经被削弱，取而代之的是对自我的更加强调。）这里提到了高流动性，高流动性实际应该是指人口居住地不断变化，邻居之间相处时间不会很长，也就无法培养良好关系，当然也不会互相关心互相照料。可以说A 是造成B和D的原因之一（另一原因是双职工夫妻二人都去上班，也就很少有机会和邻居交往），而B和D都是现今社会的特点，不是传统社区的特点，因此A、B、D不对。4.事实细节题。由题干关键词定位到第五段Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers（数据显示，美国人正艰难应对问题闻所未闻的1950年代，如课堂暴力和高速率的未婚母亲。）开头是“数据表明”，后面是数据所显示的内容。Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s，美国人正在同许多问题做斗争，这些问题在五十年代闻所未闻（unheard of），such as表示例举，说明classroom violence是problems的一个例子，由此可得A选项“是闻所未闻的”正确。C的说法与A正好相反，by no means，绝非；rare，极少，双重否定等于肯定，也就是说班级暴力在五十年代经常发生，是错误的；B的说法与A相互矛盾，既然闻所未闻，也就不可能投入关注；D有一定迷惑性，按照句意，班级暴力肯定存在于分析家的数据中，因为句头就有data show。但要注意，题目的开头有一句In the 1950s，也就是说班级暴力进入分析家的数据是在50年代。班级暴力在那时尚且闻所未闻，当然是不可能进入分析数据的。5.事实细节题。由题干关键词可以直接定位到最后一段，Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society（除非人们找到对抗社会上物质主义的方法，否则道德滑坡是不会逆转的。）因此D选项“如果不太重视物质的东西”正确。A和C都是没有提到的，B选项不是它的条件。8. 单选题I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, and I earnestly hope that I will（ ）everyones expectations.问题1选项A.boil down toB.look forward toC.live up toD.catch on to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项boil down to“归结为”；B选项look forward to“期待”；C选项live up to“不辜负，做到”；D选项catch on to“理解，突然了解”。句意：我非常感谢公司给我这样一个机会，并衷心希望我能_大家的期望。考查了固定搭配live up to expectation“不辜负的期望”，这里表示“我能不辜负大家的期望”。因此C选项符合题意。9. 翻译题努力工作和醉心于工作之间有很大的区别。努力工作是指工作有条有理、精力集中，完成许多工作，知道何时歇手，知道除了工作还有生活。而工作狂们常常是缺乏条理，总是寻找理由想做得更多些，没有工作可做时就感到不知所措，想通过工作来逃避问题。他们不知道怎样或何时放松一下，经常把办公室里的活儿带回家里去做，不善于和同事及家人交流沟通。【答案】Theres a big distinction between working hard and being a workaholic. Working hard involves being organized, focused, getting a lot of work done, knowing when to stop, and having a life other than work. Workaholics, on the other hand, are often disorganized, always find reasons for working more, feel lost without work to do, hide from problems through work, dont know how or when to relax, bring work home from the office, cant communicate well with fellow workers and family members.10. 单选题The countrys deficit that year（ ）to a record 169.8 billion dollars.问题1选项A.soaredB.souredC.soredD.sourced【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项soared“飙升，骤然上升”；B选项soured“发酵，厌烦”；C选项sored“弄伤”；D选项sourced“发动，寻找来源”。句意：该国当年的赤字_创纪录的1698亿美元。这里表达的是“当年的赤字飙升至”，因此A选项符合题意。11. 单选题In the case of Finney, where an attendant at a mental hospital caused the death of a patient by releasing a flow of boiling water into a bath, the test was whether he was grossly（ ）.问题1选项A.negativeB.negligentC.serenityD.custody【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项negative“负的，消极的，否定的”；B选项negligent“疏忽的，粗心大意的”；C选项serenity“平静，宁静”；D选项custody“保管，监护，拘留”。句意：在芬尼案中，精神病院的一名护工将沸腾的开水倒入浴缸，导致一名病人死亡，这个是测试他是否严重_。根据原句逻辑，这个护工导致病人死亡，可见他的工作是有疏忽的，因此B选项符合题意。12. 翻译题American psychologists hold that there are several c