2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解19

2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题The world economic recession put an（ ） end to the steel market upturn that began in 2002.问题1选项A.irregularB.illegalC.absurdD.abrupt【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。 irregular不规则的,无规律的; illegal非法的; absurd不合理的,荒谬的; abrupt突然的,意外的。根据句中upturn判定, world economic recession是突然停止的。句意：世界经济衰退突然结束了2002年开始的钢铁市场好转的情况。选项D符合句意。2. 单选题Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food （ ） their cleanness, toughness and low cost.问题1选项A.by virtue ofB.by means ofC.at sight ofD.by way of【答案】A【解析】介词词义辨析。by virtue of由于, 凭借;by means of 用, 依靠;at sight of 一看见;by way of 经由, 当作。句意：塑料袋可用来装各种食品, 因为它清洁、耐用又价廉。选项A符合句意。3. 单选题Such occupations were so （ ） as to be unworthy of his full attention.问题1选项A.triggeringB.triplingC.triflingD.trembling【答案】C【解析】形近词辨析题。triggering触发，启动； tripling使增至三倍；trifling微不足道的；trembling发抖的，战栗的。根据下句可推测出，选项C更符合句意。句意：这些工作是如此微不足道，不值得他全神贯注。4. 单选题The color and smell of water in these rivers（ ） itself how serious the pollution is but many people are still ignoring he fact.问题1选项A.illustratesB.demonstratesC.manifestsD.exemplifies【答案】C【解析】近义词辨析题。manifest oneself 显现, 显露;illustrate 说明, 阐明;demonstrate 举行示威游行（或集会）;说明;exemplify例示，举例证明。句意：这些河水的颜色和气味表明了污染的严重性，但是许多人仍然忽视了这个事实。选项C更恰当。5. 单选题In New Orleans, Moon Walka pathway along a stretch of the Mississippinow provides the public access that had previously been denieD.Its a charming place, where one night recently a band played on the walk as tourists and residents of the adjacent Vieux Carre (the Old Quarter or French Quarter ) strolled past. A few feet west, the paddlewheeler Natchez sounded its whistle, signaling its imminent departure.Now the city plans to extend public access to the area adjoining Moon Walk in an ambitious design that will, the city hopes, be a part of its development for the next worlds fair. This more ambitious concept for the waterfront will be likely to stir considerable debate as competing projects vie for the opportunities for profit. The development will therefore require substantial participation, cooperation and scrutiny by citizens to make sure that while private profitability is maintained, the publics needs are satisfied, too.The joint efforts of environmentalists, business-people, civic leaders and politicians have transformed abandoned port landscapes in cities throughout America into exciting commercial and recreational centers. Examples are the cannery in San Francisco, the Riverfront Walk in San Antonio Faneuil hall Market in Boston and Harbor place in Baltimore.Its easy to understand why the port areas were neglecteD.Which many cities were growing up along rivers, lakes and natural harbors, depending on water-borne commerce, waterfronts thriveD.After World War II, however, technological changes in transportationimproved planes and airports, the interstate highway system larger tracks for freight trains and containerized shippingmade many old port facilities obsolete. Waterfront areas became peripheral to the life of the city. Piers were abandoned, and the waterfronts lay idle in many older cities, paralleling the more general urban decay.With the 1970s came a period of reflection on this condition and a resurgence of urban pride. Urban renewal stopped being a license for largescale demolition: politicians and planners took a hard look at their available resources and began to experiment with new development techniques. Waterfronts become one focus of the large urban revitalization effort.1.The overall impression of Moon Walk conveyed in the first paragraph is that it is（ ） .2.As used in the passage, the word vie(Para.2,Line 4)most nearly means （ ）.3.The author implies that successful renewal of a waterfront area requires that （ ） .4.Between World War II and the 1970s, waterfronts became（ ） .5.The primary purpose of this passage is to describe（ ） .问题1选项A.crowdedB.noisyC.largeD.pleasant问题2选项A.askB.competeC.prepareD.provide问题3选项A.both public and private interests be consideredB.designs like that of Moon Walk be usedC.technological changes in transportation be madeD.historical monuments be preserved问题4选项A.centers for water-borne commerceB.commercial and recreational centersC.sites of urban decayD.the focus of revitalization efforts问题5选项A.the renewal of waterfront areasB.Moon Walk in New OrleansC.the causes of urban decayD.business expansion of urban areas【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第一段的内容可知, Moon Walk给人的总体印象是一个迷人的地方, 说明能使人愉悦, 所以选项D正确。2.词义判断题。根据原文competing projects vie for the opportunities for profit.既然是竞争型的项目, 当然是为赢得利益的机会进行竞争, 所以选项B符合原文句意。3.细节判断题。根据第二段的最后一句The development . the publics needs are satisfied, too.发展将需要公民的大量参与、合作和监督, 以确保在保持个人盈利的同时, 也能满足公众的需求。所以选项A符合原文。4.细节判断题。根据关键词the 1970s定位到最后一段, 本句中所提到的现象即上一段末尾提及的Waterfront areas became . general urban decay.海滨地区成了城市的边缘地带。码头被废弃了, 滨水地区在许多老城市中闲置着, 类似于城市哀退的状况。所以选项C正确。5.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知本文主要是讲述滨水地区的复兴问题, 即重建滨江区, 所以选项A正确。6. 单选题A child hears his mother tongue spoken from morning till night in its（ ） form.问题1选项A.correctB.accurateC.genuineD.perfect【答案】C【解析】近义词辨析题。 correct正确的,合适的,符合的;accurate精确的, 准确的;genuine纯正的,真正的; perfect完美的, 完善的。句意：小孩子从早到晚一直听着地道的母语。小孩子听到的不一定是正确的语自，也不一定是完美的或者准确的母语, 而是地地道道的母语。选项C符合句意。7. 单选题Like most other American companies with a rigid （ ） , workers and managers have strictly defined duties.问题1选项A.vitalityB.jurisdictionC.hierarchyD.bureaucracy【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。vitality生机，活力；jurisdiction司法权，管辖权；hierarchy层次，层级，等级制度；bureaucracy官僚主义。句意：和大多数等级森严的美国公司一样，工人和经理们也有严格定义的职责。选项C符合句意。8. 案例题Feeling stressed out lately? Has the doctor said he cannot find anything wrong with you? Perhaps he sent you to a hospital, but all the （1） equipment there show that there is nothing wrong.Then consider this, you might be in a （2） of sub-health. Sub-health, also called the third state, is （3） as a borderline slate between health and disease. According to an investigation by the National Health Organization, over 45 per cent of subhealthy people are middle-aged or elderly. The percentage is even higher among people who work in management （4） as well as students around exam-time. This may be due to their heightened （5） to stress.Symptoms include a （6） of energy, depression, slow reactions, insomnia, agitation and （7） memory. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, sweating and aching in the waist and legs.According to some medical experts, the （8） to preventing and recovering from sub-health is to form good living habits. （9） work with rest, exercise regularly, and take part in （10） air activities will all help.As for meals, people are （11）to eat less salt and sugar. They should also eat more fresh vegetables, fruits and fish because they are rich in nutritious （12） , such as vitamins, which are （13） to the body.Nutrition experts point out that it is not good to eat too much at one meal because it may cause （14） changes in the digestive tract. They also say that a （15） diet is very helpful in avoiding sub-health.Directions: Choose one appropriate word from the following word bank to fill in the blanks numbered from 1 to 15 in the passage below, Change the word form where necessary. Remember the bank contains some extra words that may not be used in filling any of the blanks. Write the words in their correct forms with the corresponding numbers on the Answer Sheet.position define forgetful fancy key balance importanceunhealthy lack subject open plenty exposure alternateelement state require poor advise indispensable【答案】1. fancy 2.state 3. defined 4.position 5.exposure6. lack 7. poor 8. key 9. alternate 10. open11. advised 12. elements 13. indispensable 14. unhealthy 15. balanced【解析】1.根据句意可知，这里需要填入一个形容词来修饰医院的设备，据常识推断，医院的设备都是很昂贵的，fancy有昂贵的意思。2.这里为固定搭配，a state of指处于某种状态，原文指处于亚健康的状态。3. 根据原文可知这里是对亚健康的定义，.被定义为用被动语态，所以这里应填入defined。4.in management position指在管理岗位上。原文句意：在管理岗位上人员和应试的学生中，这一比例甚至更高。5.exposure to指暴露，显露。原文句意：这可能是由于他们更多地暴露于压力的环境之下。6. 本句是讲亚健康的症状，根据后面的描述可知这里指缺乏活力。a lack of为固定搭配。7. 本题与上一题相同，都是亚健康的状态，poor memory为常见搭配，指记性差，健忘。8. 根据句意可知，这里指预防和恢复亚健康的关键，the key to为固定搭配。9. 根据句意可知，这里指工作和休息交替进行。alternate符合原文。10. 根据原文可以推测，这里指户外运动。open air指露天的，户外的。11. advise sB.to do sth.建议某人做某事的被动表达为sB.be advised to do sth.，所以这里应填入被动形式。12. 根据句意可知，这里指水果蔬菜和鱼含有丰富的营养元素，比如维他命。元素为可数名词，所以要加s.13. 根据句意可知，维他命是人体必不可少的元素之一。indispensable相对于required要更恰当。14. 根据常识可推断，吃太多是不好的，因为它会导致消化道产生不健康的变化。所以这里应填入unhealthy.15. 根据下文的helpful可推测，这里指健康的饮食。a balanced diet为常见用法，意为均衡饮食。9. 单选题To live in the United Slates today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorfs assertion that social change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl make people see how important the human quality of technology is; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly became completely disordered and there was no ready hand to set them right. Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was a revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development of supplement and replaces some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.1.A spear or a robot has the quality of technology only when it （ ） .2.The examples of the Challenger and Chernobyl cited by the author serve to show that（ ） .3.According to the author, the introduction of the computer is a revolution mainly because （ ） .4.By using the phrase the human quality of technology (line 7, ParA.2), the author refers to the fact that technology （ ）.5.The passage is based on the authors（ ） .问题1选项A.is used both as a cultural and a physical objectB.is utilized by manC.serves different purposes equally wellD.can be of use to both man and animal问题2选项A.if not given close examination, technology could be used to destroy our worldB.technology is a human creation, so we are responsible for itC.technology usually goes wrong, if not controlled by manD.being a human creation, technology is liable to error问题3选项A.the computer has revolutionized the workings of the human mindB.the computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people beforeC.it has helped to switch to an information technologyD.it has a great potential impact on society问题4选项A.has a great impact on human lifeB.has some characteristics of human natureC.can replace some aspects of the human mindD.does not exist in the natural world问题5选项A.keen insight into the nature of technologyB.prejudiced criticism of the role of the Industrial RevolutionC.cautious analysis of the replacement of the human mind by computersD.exaggerated description of the negative consequences of technology【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.根据第二段第三句“Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter.”除非人们用矛去捕获猎物或用机器人去生产机器零件，否则二者都只不过是硬梆梆的物体而已。也就是说只有为人类所用的时候，它们才具有科技含量，所以选项B正确。2.根据关键词“the Challenger and Chernobyl”定位到第二段第五句：挑战者号航天飞机的爆炸和俄罗斯切尔诺贝利核事故使人们认识到技术的人为特征是多么重要。下文继续提到，计划良好的系统突然变得完全混乱，而且没有现成的人手来纠正它们。因为技术是人类创造的，容易出问题。所以选项D正确。3.根据第三段的倒数第二句“The primary reason why it was a revolutionary is that it led to great social change.”它之所以是革命性的，主要原因是它带来了巨大的社会变革。选项D符合原文。4.根据第二段所举的例子可知，作者意在说明技术的人为性特征，即技术同人性一样，存在弱点。选项B正确。5.本题可用排除法。作者在文中并没有对工业革命进行批判，所以选项B不正确；大脑不会被电脑所取代，选项C也表述错误；虽然科技有负面影响，但作者没有进行夸大的描述，所以选项D错误。B,C,D三项均可排除，选项A正确，作者对技术的本质有着敏锐的洞察。10. 单选题It is （ ） that makes the female horse to bend down and lick its newborn foal.问题1选项A.impulseB.inspirationC.incentiveD.instinct【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析。impulse推动,冲动; inspiration灵感,启发; incentive动机,刺激;instinct本能,直觉。句意：母马弯下腰去舔它刚出生的小马驹, 这是一种本能。选项D符合句意。11. 单选题The Japanese desire for marriage had been very strong. In the fifth world youth attitude survey （1 ） by the Management and Coordination Agency in 1993, over 70 percent of the Japanese （2 ） chose the answers One should get married or Its better to get married. Of the 11 countries surveyed, Japan was （3 ） only by the Philippines in the percentage of those advocating marriage （4 ） opposed to a single life.In recent years, however, there has been a spreading recognition among the Japanese public that something （5 ） is happening in peoples attitudes toward marriage.When they began to have adequate food, clothing and shelter after years of postwar shortages and thus became able to （6 ） their attention to other matters, the Japanese for the first time （7 ） a renewed look at the question of marriage. In the 1990s, people began to ask What on earth is marriage anyway? and to talk about marriage itself.In Japan, the proportion of men still unmarried in their thirties reached about 20 percent in the national census taken in 1985, and the （8 ） apparently exceeded 30 percent in 1995. The proportion of unmarried women in the 25-29 age bracket has been increasing （9 ） about 5 percent every five years until it is now nearly 50 percent.What are the real reasons women choose not to marry? Early on, two were （10 ） ; women were now better educated and more women were interested in working outside the home. Many women have become （11 ） independent, acquiring enough self-confidence to （12 ） a meaningful life outside of marriage. And （13 ） seems to be a wide gap in the way men and women view marriage. Women generally believe that, （14 ） womens roles in Japans postwar society have become diversified, men have essentially remained unchanged. （15 ） such circumstances, communication between the sexes is, in fact, far from easy.Besides that, in the postwar Japan, individualism has begun to take （16 ） . The 50 years since the end of the war may be regarded as the process of a （17 ） from the family-centered to the individual-centered way of thinking. In Japan today, society has matured to a point （18 ） it now tolerates a diversity of marriage styles which were unthinkable not very long ago. In the future, such tolerance is almost （19 ） to increase. But a headlong plunge toward unbridled individualism is also dangerous. The ideal （20 ） may be to achieve a complementary fusion of the collectivism of Japans traditional community and the individualism of the new age.问题1选项A.practicedB.conductedC.involvedD.devised问题2选项A.respondentsB.correspondentsC.counterpartsD.reflectors问题3选项A.surpassedB.precededC.disadvantagedD.defeated问题4选项A.whenB.whatC.lestD.as问题5选项A.importantB.commonC.excitingD.unusual问题6选项A.catchB.attractC.turnD.derive问题7选项A.madeB.tookC.beganD.learnt问题8选项A.numberB.amountC.figureD.data问题9选项A.toB.byC.withD.upon问题10选项A.citedB.dealtC.obligedD.occurred问题11选项A.monetarilyB.economicallyC.mentallyD.physically问题12选项A.takeB.faceC.leadD.feel问题13选项A.itB.thatC.whatD.there问题14选项A.sinceB.whileC.whetherD.when问题15选项A.UnderB.WithinC.OnD.At问题16选项A.interestB.advantageC.markD.root问题17选项A.rangeB.stepC.shiftD.drive问题18选项A.whichB.whereC.thatD.what问题19选项A.knownB.supposedC.proneD.certain问题20选项A.approachB.attitudeC.optionD.standard【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D第6题:C第7题:A第8题:C第9题:B第10题:A第11题:B第12题:A第13题:A第14题:B第15题:A第16题:B第17题:C第18题:C第19题:C第20题:B【解析】1.根据原文句意可知，这里指由日本管理协调局进行的第五次“世界青年态度调查”。devised指设计，计划。符合原文句意。2.名词辨析。respondents调查对象；correspondents通讯员；counterparts副本，相对应的人或物；reflectors反射体，反光片。根据上文的调查可知这里指被调查的对象，选项A正确。3.surpassed超过，一般与to搭配；preceded领先，在.前面；disadvantaged劣势，不利条件；defeated击败，打败。根据原文可知，这里指日本仅次于菲律宾。即被菲律宾打败，所以选项D正确。4.句意：在接受调查的11个国家中，只有菲律宾在提倡婚姻反对单身的比例上击败了日本。 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE 这里的what做连接代词，指的是提倡婚姻的比例。所以选项B正确。5.根据句意：近年来，日本公众普遍认识到，人们对待婚姻的态度正在发生一些不同寻常的变化。选项D符合原文语境。6.根据原文可知这里指转移注意力，所以选项C正确。7.make a renewed look为固定搭配，指“重新审视”。8.根据句意：1995年这一数字显然超过了30%。number是一个数字，figure指有意义的数值，所以本题选项C正确。9.increasing by指增长了，按.增长，为常用搭配。10.根据原文可知，这里指早期引用了两个原因。11.monetarily财政上，在金钱问题上；economically在经济上；mentally精神上，智力上；physically生理上。根据句意可知，这里指女性经济独立，选项B正确。12.根据原文，女性经济独立，获得足够自信，没有婚姻也可以过上有意义的生活。选项A符合原文。13.根据后面的seems可以推断，此处应填入it。选项A正确。14.根据原文，这里将男性和女性的角色进行了对比，所以填入while最为恰当。15.Under such circumstances为固定搭配，指在这种情况下。16.take advantage为固定搭配，意为利用。在这里指，个人主义开始发挥作用。17.根据原文句意：战后的50年，可以说是一个从以家庭为中心的思维方式向以个人为中心的思维方式转变的过程。选项C符合原文。18.分析句子可知，句子结构完整，不缺成分，所以用that引导同位语从句。19.根据句意：在未来，容忍几乎会有增加的趋势。只有选项C表示有.的趋势，所以正确。20.根据句意：一头扎入个人主义是很危险的，最理想的态度是实现日本传统社会集体主义与新时代个人主义的互补融合。选项B符合原文句意。12. 单选题Mrs. Thompson gave us a （ ） account of what had happened;thats why we no longer believe in the sincerity of her utterance.问题1选项A.curvedB.distortedC.twistedD.tangled【答案】B【解