2022-2023年考博英语-南京大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第24期

2022-2023年考博英语-南京大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Most readers underestimate the amount of rewriting it usually takes to produce a spontaneous reading. This is a great disadvantage to the student writer, who sees only a finished product and never watches the craftsman who takes the necessary step back, studies the work carefully, returns to the task, steps back, returns, steps back, again and again. Anthony Burgess, one of the most productive writers in the English speaking countries, admits, “I might revise a page twenty times.” Ronald Dahl, the popular childrens writer, states, By the time Im nearing the end of a story, the first part will have been reread and changed and corrected at least 150 times. Good writing is essentially re-writing. I am positive of this. Rewriting isnt something that ought to be done. It is simply something that most writers find they have to do to discover what they have to say and how to say it. It is a condition of the writers life.There are，however，a few writers who do little formal rewriting，primarily because they have the capacity and experience to create and review a large number of invisible drafts in their minds before they approach the page. And some writers slowly produce finished pages, performing all the tasks of revision，page by page. But it is still possible to see the sequence followed by most writers most of the time in rereading their own work.Most writers can scan their draft first，reading as quickly as possible to catch the larger problems of subject and form, then move in closer and closer as they read and write, reread and rewrite.1.What does the student writer fail to do?2.What do we know about Anthony Burgess?3.Why do some writers do little formal rewriting?4.What do most writers have in common?问题1选项A.To have enough time to devote to writing.B.To find his disadvantage in writing.C.To see his works complete.D.To observe other writers rewrite.问题2选项A.He is the first person to find the disadvantage of the student writer.B.He is a craftsman who always regrets what he has done and therefore redoes it.C.He has published many literary works.D.He enjoys writing on the same page many times.问题3选项A.Because they can do the mental rewriting.B.Because they are not positive of what they have to say or how to say it.C.Because they believe rewriting is not worthwhile.D.Because they have to find their pages first before they write.问题4选项A.Spending a great deal of time plotting and drafting.B.Performing all the tasks of revision at once.C.Spending most of their time reading others works.D.Rereading and rewriting their works.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句，学生们只注重成品，而不会去回过头进行修改，不会后退去做更多的研究工作，作者认为这是学生作者的缺陷。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据第一段对Anthony Burgess的介绍, “one of the most productive writers in the English speaking countries, admits, I might revise a page twenty times.”，可以看出他说英语的国家中是一为多产的作家，而且很注重作品的修改细节。选项A符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据第二段，“ primarily because they have the capacity and experience to create and review a large number of invisible drafts in their minds before they approach the page.”，主要是因为这些作家有能力和经验在写作之前，在脑海中完成草稿的创作和审查。选项A符合题意。4.主旨题。根据文章最后一段，大部分作家首先会扫描自己的作品，以最快的速度阅读，检查出形式和主题方面的问题，然后通过不停地重读和重写进行修改，使其更加完美。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors: Salt is bad for you regardless of your health. Politicians also got on board. “ There is a direct relationship，” US Congressman Neal Smith noted, between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death. ”Frightening, if true! But many doctors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. “All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary,” Dr. Dustan insists. “For most of us it probably doesnt make much difference how much salt we eat. Dustans most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure underwent no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced.“An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost in the general population，” notes Dr. John H. Laragh. “So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense.”Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable “moderation” in salt consumption. For an average person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table. Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal “low salt” exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes Jr. admits that “we do not know whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension. In fact, there is increasing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium, obesity (much more dangerous than sodium), generic predisposition, stress.“ It is not your enemy，” says Dr. Laragh. “Salt is the No. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you dont need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up. ”1.According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed（ ）2.From Dr. Dustans study we can infer that（ ）3.In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh implies that（ ）4.What is the main message of this text?问题1选项A.exhibits as an aggravating factor to people in poor health.B.cures diseases such as stroke and circulatory disorders.C.correlates highly with some diseases.D.is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease.问题2选项A.a low-salt diet may be prescribed for some people.B.the amount of salt intake has nothing to do with ones blood pressure.C.the reduction of salt intake can cure a hypertensive patient.D.an extremely low-salt diet makes no difference to anyone.问题3选项A.people should not be afraid of taking excessive salt.B.doctors should not advise people to avoid salt.C.an adequate to excessive salt intake is recommended for people in disease.D.excessive salt intake has claimed some victims in the general population.问题4选项A.That the salt scare is not justified.B.That the origin of hypertension is now found.C.That the moderate use of salt is recommended.D.That salt consumption is to be promoted.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C【解析】1.细节理解题。根据第一段的文章意思，以及第三句中的“direct relationship”，可以得出选项C最符合题意。2.信息推断题。根据文章第二段的内容，试验中一半的高血压患者在食用低盐食品时血压有所降低，可以推断出低盐饮食可以作为治疗高血压患者的一个方法。选项A符合题意。3.信息推断题。根据文章第三段，充足或者稍微过量的摄入盐，会拯救更多的人，而不是只会害死人，不可能建议所有人群都禁止食用食盐。选项D符合题意。4.信息归纳题。根据文章意思，A选项中的理论并未得到证实，B和D选项文中没有提及。用排除法可知，选项C符合题意。3. 单选题The pioneers of the teaching of science imagined that its introduction into education would move the conventionality, artificiality, and backward-lookingness which were characteristic of classical studies, but they were gravely disappointed. So, too, in their time had the humanists) thought that the study of the classical authors in the original would banish at once the dull pedantry and superstition of mediaeval scholasticism. The professional schoolmaster was a match for both of them，and has almost managed to make the understanding of chemical reactions as dull and as dogmatic an affair as the reading of Virgils Aeneid.The chief claim for the use of science in education is that it teaches a child something about the actual universe in which he is living in, making him acquainted with the results of scientific discovery, and at the same time teaches him how to think logically and inductively by studying scientific method. A certain limited success has been reached in the first of these aims, but practically none at all in the second. Those privileged members of the community who have been through a secondary or public school education may be expected to know something about the elementary physics and chemistry of a hundred years ago, but they probably know hardly more than any bright boy can pick up from an interest in wireless or scientific hobbies out of school hours.As to the learning of scientific method, the whole thing is palpably a farce. Actually, for the convenience of teachers and the requirements of the examination system, it is necessary that the pupils not only do not learn scientific method but learn precisely the reverse，that is, to believe exactly what they are told and to reproduce it when asked, whether it seems nonsense to them or not. The way in which educated people respond to such quackeries as spiritualism or astrology, not to say more dangerous ones such as racial theories or currency myths, shows that fifty years of education in the method of science in Britain or Germany has produced no visible effect whatever. The only way of learning the method of science is the long and bitter way of personal experience, and, until the educational or social systems are altered to make this possible, the best we can expect is the production of a minority of people who are able to acquire some of the techniques of science and a still smaller minority who are able to use and develop them.1.The author implies that the professional schoolmaster” (line 6) has（ ）.2.The author blames all of the following for the failure to impart scientific method through the（ ）.3.If the author were to study current education in science to see how things have changed since he wrote the piece, he would probably be most interested in the answer to which of the following questions?4.All of the following can be inferred from the text except（ ）.问题1选项A.no interest in teaching scienceB.thwarted attempts to enliven educationC.supported the humanistsD.been a pioneer in both science and humanities.问题2选项A.lack of interest on the part of studentsB.poor teachingC.examination methodsD.the social and education systems问题3选项A.Do students know more about the world about them?B.Do students spend more time in laboratories?C.Can students apply their knowledge logically?D.Have textbooks improved?问题4选项A.at the time of writing, not all children received a secondary school educationB.it is relatively easy to learn scientific methodC.science teaching has imparted some knowledge of facts to some childrenD.the author believes that many teachers are authoritarian【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“make the understanding of chemical reactions as dull and as dogmatic an affair as the reading of Virgils Aeneid.” 这些专业的老师使化学反应的理解变得乏味，使阅读变得教条化，所以教育越来越没有活跃度。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，因为老师们图方便和考试制度，使学生们没有更好地学习科学方法，直到教育制度或者社会制度发生了变化才能使学生们对科学方法的学习成为可能。所以作者没有提及学生们的兴趣问题。选项A符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章内容，作者最关心的是学生们有没有接受到科学方法教育，最后一段可以看出，“the production of a minority of people who are able to acquire some of the techniques of science and a still smaller minority who are able to use and develop them.”，一部分人能研究获得科学技术和方法，但是运用的人很少。由此可见，作者关心的学生能否用一些科学的方法获得知识。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“The only way of learning the method of science is the long and bitter way of personal experience”，学习科学方法是漫长而痛苦的，并不是简单的，选项B符合题意。4. 单选题His（ ）directions confused us； we did not know which of the two roads to take.问题1选项A.ambiguousB.complicatedC.arbitraryD.intricate【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。ambiguous “模糊不清的”；complicated “复杂的”；arbitrary “任意的，武断的，专制的” ；intricate “复杂的，错综的”。他模糊不清的指导使我们困惑，我们不知道该走哪条路。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题The report criticized the legislature for making college attendance dependent on the ability to pay, charging that，as a result，hundreds of qualified young people would be （ ） further education.问题1选项A.entitled toB.striving forC.deprived ofD.participating in【答案】C【解析】动词词组辨析。entitle to“有权享有，使有资格“;strive for “奋斗”;deprive of“剥夺”; participate in“参与”。句意：这份报告批判了以大学生支付能力决定入学率的立法，结果，数以百计的符合资格的年轻人失去了继续接受教育的机会。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题He implied that the President had lied and （ ）obstructed justice.问题1选项A.nonethelessB.howeverC.therebyD.likewise【答案】C【解析】连词辨析，考查语句之间联系的把握。nonetheless “尽管如此”;however “然而”;thereby “因此”;likewise “同样地”。句意：他暗示道：总统说谎了，并且因此使事情变得不公正。选项C符合题意。7. 翻译题Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and what it can do for us now than formerly. Summer homes，European vacations, travel, BMW ssuch items do not seem less in demand than they did a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot admit their dreams as easily and openly as they once could, lest they be thought of as pushing, acquisitive, and vulgar. For such people and many more perhaps not so outstanding, the proper action seems to be, “Succeed at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles, while its public defenders are few and ineffective. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and cultivated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its urges, but only that since it is no longer openly honored, it is therefore less often openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground or made devious.【答案】当然，相比于从前，人们对于成功以及成功给我们带来的东西兴趣似乎不会减少。人们对避暑别墅、欧洲旅行、旅游、宝马这类事物的需求相比一二十年前似乎也没有减少。情况是人们现在不敢简单公开地像以前那样承认自己的梦想，怕被认为是急功近利、贪得无厌和庸俗的人。对于这样的人，或许还有很多不那么优秀的人，正确的做法是：不惜一切代价取得成功，但是要避免变得野心勃勃。人们从各个角度对野心有很多批评，但是公开批评者很少，并且显得很无力。因此，在美国，将雄心看作是一种健康的动力，一种可敬的从年轻就开始培养了的品质，这很少有人支持。这并不意味着雄心已经没有了，也不意味着人们不再感受到雄心带来的驱动力，相反地，因为不再公开推崇，那么也不会公开宣扬了。这样做带来的结果是，雄心以一种私下看不见的方式驱动着人们。8. 单选题（ ）fire tests gold, so does adversity tests courage.问题1选项A.LikeB.AlikeC.AsD.Comparing【答案】C【解析】考查连词。Like “像”，可作介词；alike “相同的，相似的”，可作形容词；as “像”，可作介词；comparing “比较”，可作动词。此处“fire tests gold” 为一个完整的句子，所以要用连词，句意：就好像真金不怕火炼一样，意志不畏艰难。选项C符合题意。9. 翻译题Reading is not simply an intellectual pursuit but an emotional and spiritual one. It lights the candle in the hurricane lamp of self; thats why it survives. There are book clubs and book Web sites and books on tape and book online. There are still millions of people who like the paper version, at least for now. And i that changes-well, what is a book, really? Is it its body, or its soul? (10%)No matter where in the world you live or what sector you are involved in, you have to take into account Chinas rise. China continues to invest and buy things abroad in its drive to secure access to natural resources in places like Afghanistan and Australia and to exert power. True, China has far too many poor people, and its health care and social security systems still lag behind dozens of countries. Many analysts point to its poverty and a lack of military presence in different hemispheres ready to strike at will to argue foolishly that China is in fact a weak nation concerned with the potential collapse of its political and economic systems.【答案】阅读不仅仅是一种简单的知识性的追求，而是一种情感和精神的追求。它点燃了人们心中的飓风灯，这个就是阅读一直存在人们心中的原因。有图书俱乐部、读书网站、读书磁带、在线图书。至少在现在，仍然有上百万人喜欢纸质的书。如果事情发生了变化，那么究竟什么是一本书呢？是书的躯体还是它的灵魂。 无论你住在世界的哪个地方，或者你进入到了哪个领域，你都必须考虑到中国的崛起。中国不断在海外投资和采购，在阿富汗、澳大利亚等国家获得资源以发挥更大的影响力。实际上，中国还有很多贫困人口，并且中国的医疗保障和社会保障体系仍然落后于许多国家。许多分析家指出，中国的贫穷以及军事力量的匮乏，在不同地区可随时受到打击，因此愚蠢地认为，中国实际上是一个脆弱的国家，担心它的政治和经济体系的崩溃。 10. 单选题They did not realize that they had （ ）a crime by cutting down the tree.问题1选项A.performedB.undertakenC.madeD.committed【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。perform “履行”; undertake “从事” ; make “制造”;commit “犯罪，承诺”。句意：他们没有意识到砍树这件事情使他们犯罪了。选项D符合题意。11. 单选题No president who performs his duties faithfully and （ ） can have any leisure.问题1选项A.consistentlyB.conscientiouslyC.nervouslyD.piously【答案】B【解析】形近异义词辨析。consistently “一贯地，一致地”；conscientiously “良心上，切实”；nervously “紧张地”；piously “虔诚地”。句意：所有忠诚一如既往坚持职责的主席都不会有空闲时间。选项B符合题意。12. 单选题If securities of a foreign corporation are sold in the US, the corporation is （ ） to the US law.问题1选项A.dedicatedB.subjectC.projectedD.loyal【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。dedicated “专注于”;subject服从的；projected “突出的”;loyal “忠诚的”。句意：外国公司的证券在美国出售的前提就是必需服从美国的法律。选项B符合题意。13. 单选题Her jewelry （ ）under the spotlights and she became the dominant figure at the ball.问题1选项A.glaredB.glitteredC.blazedD.glowed【答案】B【解析】考查近义词动词辨析。四个动词都有发光的意思，glare强调发出耀眼的强光；glitter强调闪闪发光选；blaze强调火焰燃烧发出的强光；glow多指冶炼铁和钢时发出的光。题目中提到的是珠宝闪闪发光。选项B符合题意。14. 单选题Stanley was（ ）by what I had said and when I realized this, I apologized to him for being so tactless. 问题1选项A.woundedB.frustratedC.resentedD.offended【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。Wound“伤害，使受伤”；frustrate“挫败，阻挠”；resent“怨恨，愤恨”；offend“冒犯”。句意：斯坦利对我的话感到了被冒犯，当我意识到这一点，我为我的不得体向他道歉。15. 单选题What percentage of the population in a modem technological society is, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers? At a guess I would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.Technology and the division of labor have done two things： by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which changes as often as possible in the economic interest of certain people. Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase “getting ones teeth into a problem”.1.According to the passage, the writer believes the majority of the population（ ）2.According to the passage, technology and division of labour have done all of the following EXCEPT（ ）3.What can be inferred from the passage about special strength and skill?4.According to the passage aristocracy dealt with boredom by（ ）5.Which of the following is one of the amusements of the masses?问题1选项A.are unhappy with what they do.B.will get bigger in their number in the future.C.agree with him on his classification.D.are in the fortunate position of being workers.问题2选项A.increasing the joy of the paid occupations.B.making skill and special strength unnecessary in work