2022-2023年考博英语-西安交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第10期

2022-2023年考博英语-西安交通大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题In Great Britain today good manners at table include eating with the mouth closed; not letting any of the food fall off the plate: using the knife only for cutting; and not trying to take food across the table. In other parts of the world there are also rules for people to follow when they are eating, but they are not the same as those of Britain. Indeed, what are considered good table manners in some other countries are what British people try hardest to avoid. In Arabia, for instance, the people at a feast take pieces of food with their fingers and belch loudly to show that they have appreciated it.The richer and more educated people in the East have, however, to a great extent taken up the table manners and customs of Western people. Tables and chairs have replaced the cushions of the past, and the lady of the house presides at one end of the table in the same way that Western women do. Many Japanese, however, still feel it would be wrong to eat unless they were sitting on a cushion before a low table with a tray of food on it. In many parts of the world both traditional and Western styles of eating exist side by side.In the West there are differences between table manners in various countries, although they are not so marked. In North America it is polite to cut up meat and then put the knife down, take the fork in the right hand and eat with it. Most European people, like the British, keep the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right all the time when they are eating food that has to be cut. In the British Isles and Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland) special knives and forks are used for eating fish. In France, Belgium and Italy, however, it is correct to keep the same, knife for every course, wiping it on a piece of bread.Drinking customs at table also vary in different countries. In Europe, water, wine or beer is drunk with meats and coffee or tea is taken afterwards. In North America a beverage such as coffee, tea or milk is drunk with meals.Table manners of course have changed with time. The earliest meals were also the simplest. They were eaten sitting on the ground round a fire, and everyone took his food from a pot on the fire or cut bits from the animal or bird that had been cooked. The women waited on the warriors and afterwards ate what they left.Fingers were used to cut food throughout the middle ages. Food was eaten off wooden dishes with the noblemen sitting above the salt. The ordinary people sat below the salt. In the reign of Henry VII(15091547), people were still eating with their hands after cutting the food with a clasp knife which was always cached at the belt. Forks were not used in England until the 17th century.1.What conclusion can you draw from the passage?2.The British people （ ） .3.How to use a knife while eating is （ ） .4.Sitting above the salt is the last paragraph probably means （ ） .5.From the passage, we know that table manners（ ） .6.According to the passage, we know that the wealthier and well-educated people in the east （ ） .7.In paragraph 3, line 1 the word they refers to （ ） .问题1选项A.Some slight difference between table manners do not exist the West.B.Forks were bed in England before the 17th century.C.Table manners and customs are different from country to countryD.Sitting on a cushion before a table is common in the East.问题2选项A.consider belching loudly an impolite table mannerB.appreciate the table manners in many other parts of the worldC.used forks more than thousand years agoD.take food from the table问题3选项A.a standard of good table mannersB.never used in North AmericaC.different among Western countriesD.not a problem in Britain问题4选项A.sitting on a salt cellarB.sitting above the salt cellar with legs apartC.being the most distinguished guestD.salt used to be seats in Britain问题5选项A.change very little through the agesB.change with time.C.are actually the same among the countriesD.are extremely important问题6选项A.pay more attention to table mannersB.strictly stick to their traditional table mannersC.adopt Western table mannersD.have their own table manners问题7选项A.differencesB.table mannersC.various countriesD.Western people【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B第6题:C第7题:A【解析】1.结合全文内容可知, 本文主要讲的是各国之间不同的餐桌礼仪和风俗习惯, 选项C最能概括全文。2.根据第一段最后两句可知, 在其他一些国家被认为是好的餐桌礼仪却是英国人竭力避免的, 比如, 在阿拉伯人们在宴会上用手指拿起食物, 并大声打嗝, 以示感谢。由此可知, 英国人认为大声打嗝是一种不礼貌的餐桌礼仪, 选项A符合原文。3.根据第三段的内容可知, 不同的国家有不同的餐桌礼仪。接下来作者分别列举了北美, 英国以及欧洲其他国家使用刀叉的不同习俗, 所以选项C正确。4.根据原文noblemen和ordinary people相对应, sitting above the salt和sat below the salt相对应, 说明地位高的人和地位低的人被区别对待。sitting above the salt指坐上席, 所有选项C正确。5.根据第五段第一句“Table manners of course have changed with time.”餐桌礼仪随着时间的推移而改变。选项B符合原文。6.根据第二段第一句“The richer and more educated people in the East have, however, to a great extent taken up the table manners and customs of Western people.”可知, 选项C符合原文。7.根据原文句意：在西方, 不同的国家有不同的餐桌礼仪, 虽然没有那么明显。这里的“they”指代的是“differences”, 说明差异不明显, 所以选项A正确。2. 翻译题1.People mistakenly assume that a falling penny will accelerate for the entirety of its fall, achieving breakneck speeds by the time it reaches the ground. This would indeed happen if all the air were removed and the penny was tossed off the Empire State Building into a vacuumbut as things are, collisions with air molecules slow falling pennies down. Air resistance opposes the pennys downward motion, counteracting the force of gravity. The faster the penny falls, the greater the air resistance, and so at a certain maximum velocity, the drag force becomes equal and opposite to the downward gravitational force. With the two forces balanced, the penny no longer accelerates. Instead it falls at a constant speed, called the terminal velocity, all the way to the ground.2.Overeating can also be triggered by our emotions. Some people turn to food or alcohol in stressful situations, such as after a family argument or a particularly difficult day at work. Other vulnerable times may be when youre feeling tired, bored or sad. Identifying triggers and cues that cause you to overeat can help you to change your behavior in these situations and avoid unwanted calories. Write down the times when your emotions lead to eating. This will help you to identify situations when youre particularly vulnerable to excess snacking. Ask yourself if you must have the foodthinking about what youre doing can help you avoid extra snacks. Replace images of food with other positive thoughts. Distract yourself from eating by doing something else you enjoy.3.Issues management has two major components for a manager. The first is having a process to uncover issues, determine their impact on the project, examine alternatives, and bring in people to make the best decision under the circumstances. These procedures ensure that issues are recognized and resolved as quickly as possible. The second component of issues management is applying specific problemsolving techniques. This includes some understanding of techniques such as Fishbone diagrams, Pareto charts, and root cause analysis. Having an understanding of one or more of these techniques allows you and your team to understand the nature and cause of the problem, what options are available, and what alternative would be the best course of action.Choose ONLY ONE text from the following passages and translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet provided. If more than ONE translation appears on the Answer Sheet, only the first or the indicated one would be scored【答案】1.人们错误的以为下落的硬币因为重力的原因, 会在下落的过程中一直加速, 到达地面时会达到非常危险的速度。这确实可能发生一一如果空气真被抽空了, 硬币就是从帝国大厦抛向了真空而事实上, 与空气分子的碰撞减缓了硬币的下落。空气阻止了硬 币的向下运动, 抵消了重力作用。硬币下落的越快, 受到的阻力也会越大, 因此当硬币达到那个确定的最大速度, 阻力会和向下的重力作用相等。两个力相互平衡, 硬币就不会再加速。相反它会以一个固定速度, 也叫极限速度, 一直落到地面。2.暴食暴饮也常常由我们的情绪所引发。有些人会在受到强大压力下（如在一场家庭争执或工作上出现难关时）摄入大量的食物或酒。其他脆弱的时刻或在我们感到累, 无聊或伤心时。弄明白引发过度进食的触发事件和原因有助于帮助你改善在同等情况下的不良行为, 并避免摄入不需要的卡路里。写下那些令你想进食的情绪的次数, 这将有助于你鉴别哪些情况会使你特别想摄入大量的零食。试试以下的技巧吧！吃东西之前要想想这些食物真的是我一定要吃的吗？一一思考做什么事情可以帮助你避免摄入那些额外的零食。用其它有益的想法来替代对事物的想象。通过做一些自己喜欢的事情转移你对食物的注意力。3.问题管理对于管理者来说有两个主要组成部分。首先得有一个发现问题的过程, 确定他们对项目的影响, 检查替代品, 并使人在这种情况下做出最好的决定。这些程序确保认识问题, 并尽快解决。问题管理的第二个组成部分是应用特定的解决问题的技巧。这包括一些技术理解, 如鱼骨图, 帕累托图, 和根本原因分析法。了解这些技术中的一个或多个, 可以让你和你的团队理解问题的本质和原因, 理解什么样的选择可用, 什么样的替代品将是最好的行动方案。3. 单选题Orange juice and beef form part of the diet of many people in Mexico and other countries of the Americas. But the traces of antibiotics and fungicides they can contain pose risks to human health, and authorities in the region have begun to address the problem.In January 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced a ban on extralabel or unapproved uses of cephalosporin antimicrobial drugs in cattle, swine, chickens and turkeys as of April 2012.As a result, Mexico will be forced to gradually eliminate the use of this class of antimicrobial drugs in order to continue to export products to markets like the United States, because cattle in Mexico, which has a total herd of 25 million head according to the ministry of agriculture, receive large doses of antibiotics like penicillin, tetracycline and cephalosporins to prevent bacterial infections.Mexicos ministry of agriculture has actually a manual for good livestock practices regarding raising beef in feedlots, which recommends only using registered medications, not using approved combinations of medicines, and using narrow spectrum antimicrobials to treat a specific disease whenever possible.In addition, regulations for the National Animal Identification System are pending approval. The system, which covers cattle, sheep, goats, horses, swine and bees, will provide for complete traceability of animals and products.A number of scientific studies have found traces of drugs in animal products. One example is the study carried out in the western Mexican state of Jalisco, the countrys leading milk producer “Evaluation of the presence of antibiotic and chemotherapy residues in milk in Jalisco, Mexico”, published in 2009 in the Animal Health Journal.It can be concluded that there is a problem of contamination with antimicrobials in the milk consumed in Jalisco, in violation of the countrys regulations, says the study by five researchers at the University Center on Biological and Agricultural Sciences of the University of Guadalajara.Of the 264 samples analyzed, 26 (9.8 percent) had residues of antimicrobial drugs, and 77 percent of the samples that tested positive for traces had at least one sulfonamide.Since Mexico produces more than 1 0 billion liters of milk a year, according to ministry of agriculture figures, “Mexico should shift to a policy of non-chemical controls,” said the chief researcher. The International Programme on Chemical Safety, a cooperative programme, of the World Health Organization, International Labor Organization and UN Environment Programme says the fungicide can remain in the soil for up to three years.However these issues are not addressed by the National Strategy for Sustainable Production and Consumption that the Mexican government is drafting.1.Which of the following can be a statement of the main idea of this passage?2.The National Animal Identification System （ ）.3.There has been evidence that（ ） .4.“Mexico should shift to a policy of non-chemical controls” means（ ） .5.Fungicides call remains in the soil for up to（ ） .6.The topic of this passage is（ ） .7.The tone of this passage can be described as（ ） .8.The word “addressed” (Line 1, last paragraph)can be best replaced by（ ） .问题1选项A.Orange juice and beef form part &the diet of many Mexican people.B.Mexico exports cattle, swine, chickens and turkeys to the United States every year.C.Mexico should keep traces of antibiotics out of food.D.Mexican Ministry of Agriculture fails to control food products问题2选项A.has been approved recently by the Ministry of Agriculture of MexicoB.can trace animals and the products from themC.standardizes animal raising in the worldD.has been drafted by the experts of the agricultural ministry experts问题3选项A.Mexican animal products have traces of drugs used in the course of their growthB.he United States announced a ban on animal products from MexicoC.contamination with antimicrobials has been widely found in Mexican food productsD.77 % Of Mexican animal products have traces of chemicals问题4选项A.Mexico should prohibit the Use of chemicals in animalsB.Mexico should adopt a policy of not controlling chemical usesC.Mexican government controlled chemical use in the past, but not in the futureD.Mexican government should change the policy of not controlling chemicals问题5选项A.three daysB.three weeksC.three monthsD.three years问题6选项A.Mexican dietary traditionsB.Mexican agricultural produceC.contamination of Mexican animal food productsD.Mexican sustainable production问题7选项A.affectiveB.criticalC.objectiveD.subjective问题8选项A.dealt withB.saidC.talkedD.mentioned【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D第6题:C第7题:C第8题:A【解析】1.结合全文可知, 本文主要讲的是墨西哥应该在食品中停止抗生素的使用, 只有选项C能概括文章大意。2.根据第五段的内容可知, 该系统涵盖牛、羊、山羊、马、猪和蜜蜂, 将为动物和产品提供完整的可追溯性。选项B符合原文。3.根据第六段第一句“A number of scientific studies have found traces of drugs in animal products.”可知, 是在动物制品中检测出药物痕迹, 而不是在动物生长的过程中, 选项A错误；根据第二段的内容可知, 美国是禁止使用药物而不是禁止进口墨西哥产品, 选项B错误；根据原文倒数第三段可知是77%的样品被检测出含有微量化学物质, 而不是所有产品的77%, 所以选项D也不正确。只有选项C符合原文。4.结合原文内容可首先排除选项B和D；原文句意：墨西哥应该转向, 说明墨西哥以前并没有采取过非化学控制政策, 所以选项不正确；只有选项A是正确的。5.根据倒数第二段最后一句“ the fungicide can remain in the soil for up to three years.”可知选项D正确。6.本文主要讲的是墨西哥动物食品的污染问题, 选项C正确。7.本文只是客观的陈述事实, 没有任何带有个人主义色彩的观点, 所以选项C正确。8.根据原文可知, 这里的address修饰issues, 应该是处理问题, 所以选项A正确。4. 单选题Had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight（ ）.问题1选项A.could not have been solvedB.could be solvedC.cannot be solvedD.could not have solved【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气, 从句为过去完成时, 主句应用现在完成时, 首先排除选项B和C。problem和solve之间是被动关系, 所以选项A正确。5. 翻译题Passage 1Physicians usually rely on surgery or drugs to bust blood clots in the brain that might otherwise cause a stroke, the third most common cause of death in the U.S., but fewer than 10 percent of patients usually fit the requirements to undergo those procedures. However, sound waves might provide a third noninvasive choice. U.S. researchers have begun testing an. Israeli ultrasound device to see whether it may prove accurate enough to break up actor without causing collateral damage in *&e brain. This new focused ultrasound device looks like a helmet, studded with over 1,000 ultrasound transducers. Each transducer can focus an individual beam into the brain of the helmet-wearer and converge on a spot just four millimeters wideenough accuracy to dissolve a blood clot within less than a minute.Passage 2Dumping all our radioactive nuclear waste in a volcano does seem like a neat solution for destroying the roughly 29,000 tons of spent uranium fuel rods stockpiled around the world. But theres a critical standard that a volcano would have to meet to properly dispose of the stuff, and that standard is heat. The lava would have to net only melt the fuel rods but also strip the uranium of its radioactivity. Unfortunately, volcanoes just arent very hot. Lava in the hottest volcanoes tops out at around 2,400F. But, it takes temperatures that are tens of thousands of degrees hotter than that to split uraniums atomic nuclei and alter its radioactivity to make it inert. What you need is a thermonuclear reaction, like an atomic bombnot a great way to dispose of nuclear waste.Passage 3In western countries, management teachers and researchers seem to be increasingly dissatisfied with the way managers are usually educated. In a complex and open world, managers often bump into the limits of the de-contextualized tools associated with mainstream management knowledge and practice. Managers have to navigate in a world that is not only economic but also political, cultural, shaped by history and ethical traditions and preoccupationsnot only as a mark of social capital but really as a way to enhance their managerial skills and efficiency. The rote of management education should be to prepare them for that odyssey. Humanities can be a powerful tool in that sense. Management schools could find new inspirations for curriculum from the humanities.Choose ONLY ONE text from the following passages and translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet provided. If more than ONE translation appears on the Answer Sheet, only the first or the indicated one would be scored【答案】Passage 1医生通常依靠手术或药物去除大脑中的血凝块, 这些血凝块可能导致患者中风。在美国, 这是第三大常见的致死病因。但是少于10%的患者符合接受那些程序的要求。然而, 声波可能提供一个无创性的第三选择。美国研究人员己经开始测试一个以色列超声波设备, 证实它是否足够精准足以在不对大脑造成间接伤害的前提下粉碎作用物。这个新的聚焦超声设备看起来就像一个头盔, 镶有1000个超声波换能器。每个传感器可以聚焦于一段声波进入戴着这个设备的患者的大脑, 聚集在一个精准到只有4毫米宽的点, 然后在一分钟之内溶解血凝块。Passage 2把我们所有的放射性核废料倾倒于一座火山看起来确实是一个很好的解决方案, 毁掉了全世界约2900吨的乏铀燃料棒。但是一座火山要妥善地处理这些材料, 就面临着一个评价标准, 这个标准就是热。熔岩不仅要融化燃料棒, 而且要消除铀的放射性。不幸的是, 火山偏偏不是很热, 最热的火山的熔岩最高温在2400华氏度。但是, 它需要比这更高成千上万倍的温度来分裂铀原子核和改变它的放射性物质。你需要的是一个热核反应堆, 就像原子弹（不是一种好方法）, 来处理核废料。Passage 3在西方国家, 管理学老师和研究者似乎越来越不满意于经理的培养方式。在一个复杂和开放的世界, 经理经常会受到一些跟主流管理知识和实践有关的脱离语境的相关工具的限制。经理必须在经济、政治、文化等方面跟上时代的步伐, 这是在历史进程中形成的广文推崇的一种伦理传统-不仅是社会资本的一种标志, 而且实际上是一种提高自身的管理技能和效率的方法。这种生硬死板的管理学的教育方式将会把他们培养成奥德赛史诗式的人物。在这个意义上, 人文可以成为一种强大的工具。管理学校可以从人文课程中找到新的灵感。6. 单选题In the 19th century it was common to hear people in Europe and America say that the resources of the sea were unlimited. For example, a （1） biologist writing in the mid 1800s commented that all of the great sea fisheries are （2） . Today theres evidence that the resources of the sea are as seriously threatened as （3） of the land and the air and the concern of conservationists now includes herring and cod （4） the African elephant, the Indian tiger and the American eagle. （5） , the threat to fish is more alarming in some ways than the threat to birds and land animals because fish are a much-needed food resource. Many people throughout the world depend on fish as an important part of their diets and a （6） in the fish supply could have （7） effects （8） hunger and population. Fishermen in the N.Atlantic alone annually （9）20 billion pounds of fish （10） food demands. But it is important to recognize that these practices cannot continue without depleting fish resources within the next few years.问题1选项A.noteworthyB.notedC.noticeableD.notifying问题2选项A.inexhaustibleB.inexhaustedC.exhaustibleD.exhausted问题3选项A.thatB.itC.whichD.those问题4选项A.but alsoB.andC.as well asD.with问题5选项A.FurthermoreB.NeverthelessC.MoreD.However问题6选项A.increaseB.declineC.decreeD.increment问题7选项A.expositiveB.expansiveC.extensiveD.excessive问题8选项A.toB.onC.forD.in问题9选项A.harvestB.buyC.askD.raise问题10选项A.to insureB.to satisfyC.to ignoreD.to complete【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A第6题:B第7题:C第8题:B第9题:A第10题:B【解析】（1）形近词辨析。noteworthy显著的；noted著名的；noticeable显而易见的, 明显的；notifying为名词, 意为通知。根据原文可知, 这里修饰人, 只有选项B正确。（2）inexhaustible无穷无尽的；inexhausted未用尽的；exhaustible用尽的；exhausted耗尽的。上文提到海洋的资源是无尽的, 这里是举例说明, 所以选项A符合原文。（3）根据原文句意可知, 此处缺少land的宾语。those指代上句提到的resources。这里是把海洋, 陆地和空中的资源进行对比。所以选项D符合语境。（4）herring, cod和后面的African elephant等属于并列关系, 所以选项C符合句意。（5）上一句提到了“threat”, 这一句依然讲的是“threat”, 所以这里是递进关系, 选项A符合语境。（6）根据定冠词a可首先排除选项A和D；