2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解19

2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Most of the leading food shops have promised to（ ） prices until after the new year.问题1选项A.keep offB.keep downC.keep outD.keep back【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。keep off “让开，不接近”；keep down “控制，缩减”；keep out “阻止进入”；keep back “留下；隐瞒；阻止”。句意：大部分大食品商店都承诺在新年之前保持低价。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题Its a pity that we should stay at home when we have（ ）weather .问题1选项A.so fineB.such fineC.such a fineD.so fine a【答案】B【解析】考查so与such的用法。weather 是不可数名词，such + adj. + 不可数名词，所以选项B符合题意。 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE 3. 单选题What the governments should do urgently is to take actions to（ ） the economy.问题1选项A.brookB.blushC.boostD.brood【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。brook “容忍，允许”；blush “脸红，羞愧”；boost “促进，提高”；brood “沉思”。句意：政府现在迫切需要的是采取措施促进经济发展。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals, for example, gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight, but at the cost of requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals, with their relatively low metabolic rates, can survive well on a sporadic food supply, but can generate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered, therefore, one might assume that smaller, more active, animals could prey on larger ones, at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer.Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles net weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal. If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ten dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production. This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their more active neighbors: the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.There are limitations, however, to this compensation. The glycogen reserves of any animal are good, at most, for only about two minutes at maximum effort, after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source of energy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable toattack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort, for example, the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks. It might seem that this interminably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival. Fortunately, muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ） .According to the author, a major limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is that it can（ ） .The passage suggests that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrates size because（ ） .The author is most probably addressing which of the following audiences?Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?问题1选项A.refute a misconception about anaerobic glycolysisB.explain anaerobic glycolysis and its effects on animal survivalC.describe the limitations of anaerobic glycolysisD.analyze the chemistry of anaerobic glycolysis and its similarity to oxidative metabolism问题2选项A.produce in large animals more lactic acid than the liver can safely reconvertB.necessitate a dangerously long recovery period in large animalsC.produce energy more slowly than it can be used by large animalsD.consume all of the available glycogen regardless of need问题3选项A.larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebratesB.larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebratesC.the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its sizeD.the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size问题4选项A.College students in an introductory course on animal physiologyB.Historians of science investigating the discovery of anaerobic glycolysisC.Graduate students with specialized training in comparative anatomyD.Zoologists interested in Prehistoric animals问题5选项A.The disadvantage of a low oxidative metabolic rate in large animals can be offset by their ability to convert substantial amounts of glycogen into energy.B.The most significant problem facing animals that have used anaerobic glycolysis for energy is the resynthesis of its byproduct, glucose, into glycogen.C.The benefits to animals of anaerobic glycolysis are offset by the profound costs that must be paid.D.The major factor ensuring that a large animal will triumph over a smaller animal is thelarge animals ability to produce energy via anaerobic glycolysis【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】文章第一段提到动作的氧化代谢率对它们生存方式造成的影响（in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns）；第二段解释无氧糖酵解（Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider）；第三段提到了无氧糖酵解的不足以及对动物的生存产生的影响。综上所述，选项B符合题意。文章第三段第一句提到了补偿的局限性（there are limitations, however, to this compensation），指出动物由于无氧糖酵解所导致的大量能量消耗必须得到补偿，然后又通过小松鼠为例来说明小型动物补偿的时间短，而大型动物则需要很长的时间才能完成补偿，这就是补偿的局限性。选项B 符合题意。文章第二段第二句话The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles net weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal提到了无氧糖酵解与动物体型的关系。随后举了恐龙的例子来解释说明肌肉越多，糖原质的含量就越多，体型大，肌肉多，选项D符合题意。文章主要介绍无氧糖酵解对动物的生存产生的影响，没有使用一些非常晦涩难懂的专业知识，因此作者最可能针对的是刚刚接触相关学科的人群。选项A符合题意。文章主要提及了氧化代谢率较低的大型动物的不利原因。作者通过举了恐龙这种大型动物来说明自己的观点，比如一只100吨重的恐龙可以通过无氧糖酵解产生3000个人进行氧化新陈代谢（via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production.）产生的最大的能量，从而保证大型动物能在激烈的丛林中生存。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication （ ）the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.问题1选项A.in whichB.in this wayC.in thatD.in order that【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。空格后面是一个完整的句子，不缺任何主要成分。in which 引导定语从句，可以排除；in this way “以 的方式”，不符合题意。in that 在句中引导原因状语从句，符合句意：广告与其他的交流方式不同，因为广告人需要为要发表的信息付费。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题The earnings of women are well below that of men （ ）educational differences that are diminishing between the two sexes.问题1选项A.althoughB.thoughC.despite ofD.in spite of【答案】D【解析】考查连词辨析。四个选项都是表示转折，其中 although 与 though只能引导让步状语从句。没有despite of 这种表达，所以只有选项D符合题意。7. 单选题The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over 2,000 years ago. Now twitter, instant messaging, e-mail, blogs and chat forums offer rival approaches to communicationbut none can replace the role of a great speech.The spoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring, informing, paying tribute, entertaining, or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something.Over the past year, the human voice has helped guide us over the ups and downs or what was certainly a stormy time.Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view. When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action.Inspirational speeches confront the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are close to peoples hearts. During wars, generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle.A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. The information must be clear, accurate, and expressed in a meaningful and interesting way. When the H1N1 pandemic was announced, the idea of “swine flu” scared many people. Informative speeches from Words Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic undercontrol so they could take sensible precautions.Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting. Madonnas speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, heighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music.Its not only in world forums where public speaking plays an important role. It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives.If youre taking part in a debate you need to persuade the listeners of the soundness of your argument. In sports, athletes know the importance of a pep talk （鼓舞士气的讲话） before a match to inspire teammates. You yourself may be asked to do a presentation at college or work to inform the others about an area of vital importance.On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding, where you language will be needed to move people or make them laugh.Great speaking ability is not something were born with. Even Barack Obama works hard to perfect every speech. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good use. To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past.1.The author thinks the spoken word is still irreplaceable because（ ） .2.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the role of public speaking?3.Public speaking can play all the following roles EXCEPT（ ） .4.According to the passage, which of the following best explains the authors view on “great speaking ability”？5.What is the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.it has always been used to inspire or persuade people.B.it has a big role to play in the entertainment businessC.it plays important roles in human communicationD.it is of great use in everyday-life context问题2选项A.Speeches at world forums can lead to effective solutions to world problemsB.Speeches from medical authorities can calm people down in times of pandemicsC.The morale of soldiers before a battle can be boosted by senior officers speechesD.Speeches paying tribute to the dead can comfort the mourners.问题3选项A.to convince people in a debateB.inform people at a presentationC.to advise people at workD.to entertain people at a wedding问题4选项A.It comes from observing rules.B.It can be perfected with easy effortC.It can be acquired from birth.D.It comes from learning and practice.问题5选项A.Public speaking in international forums.B.They many uses of public speakingC.Public speaking in daily life context.D.The rules of public speaking【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.文章第二段提到演讲的功能：说服、启发、通知、致敬、娱乐等等，而这些是其他手段无法替代的，选项C符合题意。2.文章第八段提到这不仅仅是在世界论坛的公开演讲中扮演着重要角色（Its not only in world forums where public speaking plays an important role），选项A “世界论坛上的演讲可以为世界性问题提供有效方案”表述不正确，符合题意。3.文章第二段提到了演讲词的各种功能，比如说服或启发，通知、致敬、娱乐等，或者只是介绍某人某事或接受某事。选项C “在工作中给人建议”不是演讲的功能，符合题意。4.文章最后一段To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past提到为了精彩的演讲，有一些规则可以很好的利用，必须学习并且练习以前的演讲。选项D符合题意，“精彩的演讲来源于练习和学习”5.文章开头提及推特、博客、邮件这些交流方式，但是这些都无法取代演讲这个话题（Now twitter, instant messaging, e-mail, blogs and chat forums offer rival approaches to communication - but none can replace the role of a great speech）。接着介绍了演讲的作用，比如说服或启发、通知、致敬、娱乐等。最后提到演说能力不是天生的，而是需要通过不断学习和练习才得到的。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题You should know better than（ ） your little sister at home by herself.问题1选项A.to leaveB.leavingC.to have leftD.left【答案】A【解析】考察固定搭配。know better than to do “不至于不知道”。选项A符合题意。9. 单选题The plant has been（ ） of the money it needs for modernization.问题1选项A.deletedB.extractedC.deprivedD.convinced【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。delete “删除”；extract “提取；榨取”；deprive “使丧失，剥夺”；convince “说服；使确信，使信服”。句意：该工厂已经丧失其进行现代化所需的资金。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题He spoke so （ ）that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.问题1选项A.bluntlyB.convincinglyC.emphaticallyD.determinedly【答案】B【解析】考查副词词义辨析。bluntly “率直地，迟钝地”；convincingly “令人信服的，有说服力的”； emphatically “强调地，明显地”；determinedly “坚定地，决然地”。句意：他说的是如此有说服力，以至于他的对手都被他的论述所说服。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题A motion picture director for over twenty years, John Champman stamped his film with（ ）tyle and personal conviction.问题1选项A.himselfB.his ownC.hisD.him【答案】B【解析】考查人称代词和物主代词的用法。句意：二十多年来，电影导演John将他的电影深深烙上了个人风格和个人信仰的记号。选项B符合题意。his own “他自己的”。12. 单选题The history of film reflects the（ ） inherent in the medium itself: film combines still photographs to represent continuous motion and, while seeming to present life itself, can also offer impossible and dreamlike unrealities.问题1选项A.trivialitiesB.biasesC.constraintsD.paradoxes【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。triviality “浅薄，轻浮，琐事”；bias “偏见，偏爱”； constraint “约束，局促”；paradox “悖论，反论，似非而是的论点，自相矛盾的人或事”。句意：电影的历史反映了这种媒体本身具备的矛盾：电影将静止的照片结合在一起区别表现连续的动作，而当呈现生活时，也经常提供一些不可能的和不真实的东西。选项D符合题意。13. 单选题One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships （ ）follow traffic rules in busy harbors.问题1选项A.dutifullyB.cautiouslyC.faithfullyD.skillfully【答案】A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。dutifully “尽职尽责地，忠实地”；cautiously “慎重地，谨慎地”；faithfully “忠实地，忠诚地”；skillfully “巧妙地，精巧地”。句意：海岸警卫队的职责之一便是确保繁忙港口的所有船只都遵守交通规则。选项A符合题意。14. 单选题Many old houses have been（ ） in order that new big buildings may be built.问题1选项A.leveledB.collapsedC.demolishedD.felled【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。level “使同等；对准；弄平”；collapse “倒塌；瓦解”，一般做不及物动词，无被动形式；demolish “拆除；破坏”；fell “砍伐；打倒；击倒”。句意：为了修建新的建筑，很多老房子被拆除了。选项C符合题意。15. 单选题A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So,as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our onceproud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isnt hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization togetherhonesty, kindness, and so on accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no lawand, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability of people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on peoples behavior are far less effective, that internal restrains such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communitiessmaller towns, usuallywhere schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaims: “In this family certain things are not toleratedthey simply are not done.Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, its the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didnt teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didnt provide a stable home.I dont believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.1.What the wise man said suggests that（ ）.2.According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crim（ ）.3.Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have（ ）.4.The writer is sorry to have noticed that（ ）.5.The key point of the passage is that（ ）.问题1选项A.its unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evilB.its certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about itC.its only natural for virtue to defeat evilD.its desirable for good men to keep away from evil问题2选项A.society is to be held responsibleB.modern civilization is responsible for itC.the criminal himself should bear the blameD.the standards of living should be improved问题3选项A.less self-disciplineB.better sense of disciplineC.more mutual respectD.less effective government问题4选项A.people in large cities tend to excuse criminalsB.people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standardsC.todays society lacks sympathy for people in difficultyD.people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities问题5选项A.stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and familiesB.more good examples should be set for people to followC.more restrictions should be imposed on peoples behaviorD.more people should accept the value of accountability【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一句话a wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing 提到曾经以为智者说过坏人胜利的唯一条件是好人什么都不做。选项B符合题意。2.文章最后一段提到在美国急需更多的人知道犯罪的人应该自己承担责任。选项C符合题意。3.文章第七段yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening提到城市和城镇中，人们越来越缺乏自律。选项A符合题意。4.文章倒数第三段提到几十年前，当罪犯犯罪之后，社会被认为是受害者，而现在，罪犯反而被认为是受害者，罪犯得到开脱，作者认为这是令人震惊的。由此可见，作者对这种情况是非常不满的。所以选项A符合题意。5.文章主要的目的是提醒人们应该承担责任，并且对于为罪犯开脱这种做法很不满，认为犯罪的人应该承担相应的责任。不然长此以往，犯罪会增多，社会也会面临瓦解。选项D符合题意。16. 单选题According to psychologists, an emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good. When person feels like running away from something he thinks will hurt him, we call this emotion fear. If the person wants to remove the danger by attacking it, we call the emotion anger. The emotions of joy and love are aroused when we think something can help us. An emotion does not have to be created by something in the outside world; it can be created by a persons thoughts.Everyone has emotions. Many psychologists believe that infants are born without emotions. They believe childre