2022-2023年考博英语-陕西师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第25期

2022-2023年考博英语-陕西师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题The automatic doors in supermarkets_the entry and exit of customers with shopping carts.问题1选项A.furnishB.induceC.facilitateD.allocate【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项furnish“布置家具，提供”；B选项induce“引诱”；C选项facilitate“促进，促使，使便利”；D选项allocate“分配，分派”。根据automatic doors可知C选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：超市的自动门方便购物车顾客进出。2. 单选题The kings daughter threatened to drink the chemical if he refused her request.问题1选项A.deadlyB.deathlyC.fatalD.mortal【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：国王的女儿威胁国王说，如果不同意她的要求，就喝下毒药。A选项deadly adj.致命地，非常地，表示致死的可能性极大，用于能引起死亡的事物，如：a deadly disease是通常会致死的疾病。B选项deathly adj.死一般的，让人想到死亡的，如：a deathly silence死一般的寂静。fatal强调命运或必然性，用来形容导致毁灭，灾难，死亡的潜在或实际原因。在预测未来时，多用fatal。而mortal 是死亡已经发生或一定会发生，因此该词只用于事实上已经引起死亡或即将引起死亡的事物。此处是表示“致命的东西”，因此，A项是正确答案。3. 单选题In the past ten years skyscrapers have developed _in Chicago and New York City.问题1选项A.homogeneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.harmoniously【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项homogeneously“同质地，同类地”；B选项simultaneously“同时地”；C选项spontaneously“自发地，自然地”；D选项harmoniously“和谐地”。根据 Chicago and New York City可推测在过去的十年时间里，高楼大厦应是同时在这两个城市耸立，因此选B。句意：在过去的十年里，芝加哥和纽约的高楼大楼同时耸立起来。4. 单选题Having had her as a professor and an adviser, I can tell you that she is an_force who pushes her students to excel far beyond their own expectations.问题1选项A.inspirationalB.educationalC.excessiveD.instantaneous【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项inspirational“启发灵感的，鼓舞人心的”；B选项educational“教育的，有教育意义的”；C选项excessive“过度的，极度的”；D选项instantaneous“立即的，立刻的”。根据pushes her students to excel far beyond their own expectations可知A选项符合语义。句意：有她作为教授和顾问，我可以告诉你，她有一种鼓舞人心的力量，推动她的学生超越自己的期望。5. 单选题Sometimes the tension produced by fears is so great that we cannot suppress it. At such times we need to_the tension by laughing or crying.问题1选项A.discardB.disperseC.disguiseD.discharge【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项discard v.抛弃，丢弃；B选项disperse v.分散，使散开，传播；C选项disguise v.掩饰，假装；D选项discharge v.排放，释放，卸货。根据句意可知，有时恐惧造成的紧张，我们无法自行克制，这时就需要哭泣或者怒吼来释放压力。因此，正确答案为D。6. 单选题The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival instances.问题1选项A.doctrinesB.heresiesC.examplesD.debates【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项doctrines n.主义，学说，教义；B选项heresies n.异端邪说，异教；C选项 examples n.例子，实例；D选项debates n.辩论，讨论。句意：外星生命，尤其是有智慧生命的出现，对于这些竞争对手情况是一个关键性的测试。因此，C选项正确。7. 单选题I think that I committed a_in asking her because she seemed very upset by my question.问题1选项A.blunderB.revengeC.reproachD.scandal【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项blunder“愚蠢(或粗心)的错误”；B选项revenge“报仇，报复”；C选项reproach“责备，责骂”；D选项scandal“丑闻，丑行”。根据because引导的原因状语从句可知A选项符合语义。句意：我想我问她的时候犯了个错误，因为她似乎对我的问题很不高兴。8. 单选题National and international（）is indispensable if victory is to be achieved.问题1选项A.sociologyB.isolationC.solidarityD.solo【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项sociology n.社会学；B选项isolation n.隔离，孤立；C选项 solidarity n.团结，团结一致；D选项solon.独奏，独唱曲。句意：如果要取得胜利，国家和国际力量的团结必不可少。因此只有C项符合句意和搭配。9. 单选题Satellite communications are so up-to-date that even when_in the middle of the Pacific, businessmen can contact their offices as if they were next door.问题1选项A.glidingB.cruisingC.pilotingD.patrolling【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项glide“滑行，滑翔”；B选项cruise“（船，飞机）航行，游行”；C选项pilot“驾驶，领航”；D选项patrol“巡逻，巡查”。根据in the middle of the Pacific可知B选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：卫星通信高度发达，即使商人在太平洋的中部航行，也可以和办公室及时联系，就好像他们在隔壁一样。10. 单选题Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We dont always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words dont mean anything except “Im letting off some steam. I dont really want you to pay close attention to what Im saying. Just pay attention to what Im feeling.” Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner, “This step has to be fixed before Ill buy.” The owner says, “Its been like that for years.” Actually, the step hasnt been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: “I dont want to fix it. We put up with it. Why cant you?” The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed by examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friends unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says “No!” to a serials of charges like “Youre dumb/ “Youre lazy,” and “Youre dishonest,” may also say “NoP and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is And youre good looking.”We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, “If sure has been nice to have you over,” can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.1. Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners if_.2. “Im letting off some steam” in paragraph 1 means_.3. The house-owners example shows that he actually means_.4. Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable if_.5. The word “ritualistically” in the last paragraph equals something done_.问题1选项A.they use proper words to carry their ideasB.they both speak truly of their own feelingsC.they try to understand each others ideas beyond wordsD.they are capable of associating meaning with their words问题2选项A.Im just calling your attentionB.Pm just kiddingC.Pm just saying the oppositeD.Im just giving off some sound问题3选项A.the step has been like that for yearsB.he doesnt think it necessary to fix the stepC.the condition of the step is only a minor faultD.the cost involved in the fixing should be shared问题4选项A.linked to an abnormal amount of assertivenessB.seen as ones habitual pattern of behaviorC.taken as part of an ordering sequenceD.expressed to a series of charges问题5选项A.without true intentionB.light-heartedlyC.in a way of ceremonyD.with less emphasis【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone.（言语的确为我们提供了一些信息，但其意思是从如此多的其它来源中获取出来的，以至于过于依赖言语将阻碍我们与其他人交流的效果）可知D选项“他们能把自己的言语与意思联系起来”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Sometimes our words dont mean anything except “Im letting off some steam. I dont really want you to pay close attention to what Im saying. Just pay attention to what Im feeling.”（有时我们的言语并没有什么意思，除了“我正在宣泄情绪。 我实际上不想让你仔细听我说的话，而是注意我的感受”外）可知A选项“我只是提醒你注意”符合题意。3.细节事实题。由文章一段中的Actually, the step hasnt been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: “I dont want to fix it. We put up with it. Why cant you?”（事实上，这个台阶已经有好几年不是这样的了，但暗含的信息是：“我不想修复它。我们能忍受它。你为什么不能忍受它了？）可知B选项“他认为没必要修台阶”符合题意。4.细节推理题。题干意思是“有些反应和行为可能看起来非常不合逻辑，但如果，是合理的”。根据第二段第五句A friends unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness.（一个朋友的异常温顺的行为，也许只能通过注意到它是以需要异常自信的情境为前提才能被理解）和第六句 Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic.（有些反应可能直接与反应的发展模式有关，而且不符合逻辑）可推断，如果要理解有些反应和行为，那么就需要注意到之前发生的事件的情况，所以C项“作为有序的续发事件的一部分”符合题意。A项“与一定反常程度的自信有关”，表述不够全面；B项“被视为一个人的习惯性行为模式”，文中没有提到习惯性行为；D项“表达了一系列指控”在文中只是举例说明，D项不选。因此，该题选择C项正确。5.词义题。“ritual（仪式，惯例）”为副词ritualistically的名词形式，故ritualistically表述“仪式地”，因此选C。11. 单选题Womens minds work differently from mens. At least, that is what most men are convinced of. Psychologists view the subject either as a matter of frustration or a joke. Now the biologists have moved into this minefield, and some of them have found that there are real differences between the brains of men and women. But being different, they point out hurriedly, is not the same as being better or worse.There is, however, a definite-structural variation between the male and female brain. The difference is in a part of the brain that is used in the most complex intellectual processes the link between the two halves of the brain.The two halves are linked by a trunkline of between 200 and 300 million nerves, the corpus callosum. Scientists have found quite recently that the corpus callosum in women is always larger and probably richer in nerve fibers than it is in men. This is the first time that a structural difference has been found between the brains of women and men and it must have some significance. The question is “What?”，and, if this difference exists, are there others? Research shows that present-day women think differently and behave differently from men. Are some of these differences biological and inborn, a result of evolution? We tend to think that it is the influence of society that produces these differences. But could we be wrong?Research showed that these two halves of the brain had different functions, and that the corpus callosum enabled them to work together. For most people, the left half is used for word-handling, analytical and logical activities; the right half works on pictures, patterns and forms. We need both halves working together. And the better the connections, the more harmoniously the two halves work. And, according to research findings, women have the better connections.But it isnt all that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis. In schools throughout the world girls tend to be better than boys at “language subjects” and boys better at maths and physics. If these differences correspond with the differences in the hemispheric trunkline, there is an unalterable distinction between the sexes.We shant know for a while, partly because we dont know of any precise relationship between abilities in school subject and the functioning of the two halves of the brain, and we cannot understand how the two halves interact via the corpus callosum. But this striking difference must have some effect and, because the difference is in the parts of the brain involved in intellect, we should be looking for differences in intellectual processing.1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?2. According to the passage it is commonly believed that brain differences are caused by_ factors.3. “these differences” in paragraph 5 refer to those in_.4. At the end of the passage the author proposes more work on_.5. What is the main purpose of the passage?问题1选项A.Biologists are conducting research where psychologists have given up.B.Brain differences point to superiority of one sex over the other.C.Results of scientific research fail to support popular belief.D.The structural difference in the brain between the sexes has long been known.问题2选项A.biologicalB.psychologicalC.physicalD.social问题3选项A.skills of men and womenB.school subjectsC.the brain structure of men and womenD.activities carried out by the brain问题4选项A.the brain structure as a wholeB.the functioning of part of the brainC.the distinction between the sexesD.the effects of the corpus callosum问题5选项A.To outline the research findings on the brain structure.B.To explain the link between sex and brain structure,C.To discuss the various factors that cause brain differences.D.To suggest new areas in brain research.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Psychologists view the subject either as a matter of frustration or a joke.（心理学家把这个问题看作是一件沮丧的是或是一个笑话）可知A选项表述不正确；由第一段中的But being different, they point out hurriedly, is not the same as being better or worse.（但他们急忙指出，不同并不等于好或坏）可知B选项表述不正确；由第三段中的This is the first time that a structural difference has been found between the brains of women and men and it must have some significance.（这是第一次发现女性和男性大脑之间的结构差异，它必须具有一定的意义）可知D选项表述不正确。通过排除法排除A、B、D选项，因此选C。2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的We tend to think that it is the influence of society that produces these differences.（我们倾向于认为，正是社会的影响产生了这些差异）可知选D。3.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中的But it isnt all that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis.（但要在此基础上解释男女技能的实际差异并非易事）可知选A。4.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的and we cannot understand how the two halves interact via the corpus callosum. But this striking difference must have some effect and, because the difference is in the parts of the brain involved in intellect, we should be looking for differences in intellectual processing（我们也不知道这两部分是如何通过胼胝体相互作用的。但这种显著的差异肯定会有一定的影响，因为这种差异存在于大脑中与智力有关的部分，我们应该寻找智力加工的差异）可知选D。5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了男性和女性的结构存在差别，科学家对这种差别所做的研究，因此A选项“概述脑结构的研究成果”符合题意。12. 翻译题Translate the following passage into Chinese.Short message service is a mechanism of delivery of short messages over the mobile networks. It is a store and forward way of transmitting messages to and from mobiles. The message (text only) from the sending mobile is stored in s central short message center which then forwards it to the destination mobile. This means that in the case that the recipient is not available; the short message is stored and can be sent later. Each short message can be no longer than 160 characters. These characters can be text or binary Non-Text Short messages. An interesting feature of SMS is return receipts. This means that the sender, if wishes, can get a small message notifying if the short message was delivered to the intended recipient.【答案】短信服务是通过移动网络来传送短消息的机制。它是一种在手机间储存和发送信息的途径。发送手机所传来的信息（纯文本）被储存于中央短消息中心，然后这个中心将它转发到目标手机。也就是说，在这种情况下，收件人收不到消息。短消息是先被储存后再被发送。每条短信可能不超过160个字符。这些字符可以是文本，或是二进制非文本消息。短信有趣的地方在于有回执。就是说，如果收件人成功收到短信，那么发件人就会收到一条提醒通知。13. 单选题The old lady has developed a_cough which cannot be cured completely in a short time.问题1选项A.perpetualB.permanentC.chronicD.sustainable【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项perpetual“永久的”；B选项permanent“永恒的，持续的，长久的”；C选项chronic“(尤指疾病) 长期的，慢性的，难以治愈的”；D选项sustainable“可持续的”。根据cannot be cured completely in a short time可知这位老太太患的是慢性咳嗽，因此选C。句意：老太太患了慢性咳嗽，短时间内不能完全治愈。14. 单选题I cant go for one thing, I have no money, and_, I have too much work.问题1选项A.whats moreB.as wellC.for anotherD.in addition【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。for one thing.for another表示“一方面另一方面”，为固定搭配。句意：我不能去，一方面，我没有钱，另一方面，我有太多的工作。15. 单选题The Space Age _in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched by the Soviet Union.问题1选项A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedD.commenced【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项 initiate“开始，发起”，一般指活动，团体的产生；B选项originate“起源于，来自，产生”；C选项embark“上船，装船，从事”，后面常接介词on/upon；D选项commence“开始”，指重大事件及历史时期的开始。根据The Space Age（太空时代）和 the first artificial satellite（第一颗人造卫星）可知是一件重大事件，因此选D。句意：太空时代始于1957年10月，当时苏联发射了第一颗人造卫星。16. 单选题The whole embarrassing in the bar was a great disappointment to them and set a bad example of English hospitality.问题1选项A.incidentB.accidentC.thingD.matter【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项incident n.事件，事变，插曲；B选项accident n.事故，意外；C选项thing n.事情，东西，情况；D选项matter n.物质，原因。句意：酒吧里那件令人尴尬的事让他们非常失望，这为英国人的好客树立了一个不好的典范。因此，正确答案为A项。17. 单选题If the world is to remain peaceful, the utmost effort must be made by nations to limit local _.问题1选项A.collisionsB.combatsC.contradictionsD.conflicts【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项collision“冲突，碰撞”，指物理上的碰撞；B选项combat“格斗，搏斗”；C选项contradiction“矛盾，冲突”，指观点上的冲突；D选项conflict“(武装)斗争，冲突”。根据If the world is to remain peaceful可知D选项符合语义。句意：如果世界要保持和平，各国必须尽最大努力限制地方冲突。18. 单选题When preparing a diet, a person should be aware that vitamin D acts to increase the amount of calcium absorbed by the body.问题1选项A.schedule of exerciseB.nutritional planC.study of longevityD.medicinal chart【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。题目中diet表示“饮食，规定饮食”；A选项为“锻炼日程”；B选项为“营养计划”； C选项为“长寿研宄”；D选项为“药用图表，药纸”。句意：在安排饮食时，个人应该注意维他命D的作用是增加人体对钙的吸收。因此，B项为正确答案。19. 单选题Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment_ .问题1选项A.which they are happeningB.they are happeningC.which they happenD.they have happened【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。A选项和C选项中which 均指代不清；B选项和C选项都为省略关系副词when的定语从句。B选项为现在进行时，表示事情正在发生， D选项they have happened完成时态用法错误。因此，本题正确答案为 B。20. 单选题To major in astrophysics you need an extra math course.问题1选项A.To get higher grades in astrophysics.B.To finish your astrophysics paper.C.To specialize in astrophysics.D.To better understand the astrophysics course.【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语词义辨析。题目中major in表示“主修；专攻”，A选项为“在天体物理学上取得更高的成就”；B选项为“完成你的天体物理学论文”；C选项为“以天体物理学为专业；专攻天体物理学”；D选项为“更好地了解天体物理学课程”。句意：要主修天体物理学，你就得再选择一个数学课。因此，正确答案是C项。