考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学模拟考试题含答案8

考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学模拟考试题含答案1. 翻译题The United States is a common law country. Every U.S. state has a legal system based on the common law, except Louisiana. Common law has no statutory basis; judges establish common law by applying previous decisions (precedents) to present cases. Although typically affected by statutory authority, broad areas of the law, most notably relating to property, contracts, and torts, are traditionally part of the common law. These areas of the law are mostly within the jurisdiction of the states, and thus state courts are the primary source of common law. Federal common law is relatively narrow in scope, being limited primarily to clearly federal issues that have not been addressed by a statute.State constitutions are the supreme law within the state. Although a state constitution may grant greater rights than those secured by the federal Constitution, it cannot provide lesser rights than the federal constitution does. State statutes must conform to the respective states constitution. All state constitutions and legislation can be preempted by federal legislation or the federal Constitution. Municipal charters, ordinances, rules, and regulations apply only to local issues; either state or federal law typically can preempt them.【答案】参考译文：美国是一个普通法系的国家。除了路易斯安那州，美国各州都拥有一个基于普通法的法律系统。普通法没有成文法基础；法官们通过运用先前的决定（先例）建立普通法去解决当前的案例。尽管通常受法律权限和广泛的法律领域影响，尤其与财产，合同和侵权行为有关的，传统上都是普通法的一部分。这些法律领域大多数都是在各州的管辖范围之内的，因此州法院是普通法的主要来源。联邦普通法是一个适用范围相对狭小的法律，主要限制于处理那些非成文法的联邦问题。州宪法是州内的最高位阶的法律。虽然州宪法授予的权利可能多于联邦宪法所保护的权利，但是州宪法不能提供少于联邦宪法保护的权利。州法令必须符合各自州的宪法。所有州的宪法和法律可能被联邦法律或联邦宪法所取代。市政章程，条例，规则，与规定制度只适用于当地的问题，州或联邦法律通常都可以优先使用它们。2. 单选题The copper pot has become tarnished after many years of neglect.问题1选项A.lost its lusterB.become glossyC.been removedD.been buffed【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。become tarnished表示“变得晦暗的，失去光泽的”；A项lost its luster“失去光泽”，B项become glossy“变得光滑”，C项been removed“被移除”，D项been buffed“被抛光”。句意：这只铜壶多年没管了，已经失去了光泽。因此A项正确。3. 单选题Todays success in weather forecasting stems from applied rather than pure science.问题1选项A.derives fromB.leads toC.concurs withD.benefits from【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。stem from表示“起源于”。A项derive from“源出，来自”，B项lead to“导致”，C项concur with“同意”，D项benefit from“得益于，得利于”；句意：今天天气预报的成功源于应用科学而非纯科学。根据句意该题选A。4. 单选题Probably the hardest part of setting goals is the first step of actually deciding to take action! The first barrier facing most people is the incorrect assumption that goals are only for business people. The reality is everyone sets goals mentally throughout the day. There are always occasions where something has to be done at a particular time or in a particular place. Simple examples could be getting up at a certain time in order to be at work, or to meet with a friend for a leisure activity.The beauty of having goals is the uniqueness of each one to the goal setter. Whether it is personal, financial, business or spiritual, they are all specific to that person and their circumstances.The most important part initially is to write them down. Having goals written down gives you incredible power while helping you to focus on this area.Aim for something that will stretch you while remaining achievable. If you achieve your goal too easily, it is not high enough to make any significant change in your life and needs to be adjusted. On the other hand, if you consistently miss the goals, re-evaluate, and consider setting them a little lower as you will only get discouraged and probably give up. The aim is to keep growing, and moving into a more satisfactory position for your particular circumstance.As you obtain the levels that you have set for yourself, always include a small reward at each point. This might only be a small thing in the early days like a meal out or a weekend vacation.Remember that these changes will not happen overnight and there will be a period of time when nothing seems to be happening. This is why the goals need to be detailed and as specific as possible with a consequence and a benefit.Allow some time on a daily basis to educate yourself on how to make the necessary adjustments in your life. This could include listening to a CD, or reading a book on motivation, etc.A simple method to start with could be one goal in the main areas of life to be achieved in one month, six months, twelve months or five years. Break that down further into a daily, weekly and monthly system. Stay focused and disciplined to achieve all that you desire.41. The simple examples in Paragraph 1 convey the message that _.42. The charm of having goals is that each goal is _.43. A good goal is one that _.44. Goals have to be detailed so that people _.45. For a goal to be achieved, one has to _.问题1选项A.goals are set mostly for important thingsB.most people know when it is time to set goalsC.it is necessary to set goals occasionallyD.people set goals to get things done all the time问题2选项A.importantB.motivatedC.specialD.spiritual问题3选项A.keeps growing all the timeB.is high enough yet attainableC.moves one into a satisfactory positionD.is evaluated from time to time问题4选项A.will eventually reach the levels set for themselvesB.can know their achievements at each stageC.may get small rewards such as a meal outD.can adjust them on various occasions问题5选项A.concentrate on it until is attainedB.adapt oneself to new changesC.divert from routine sometimesD.believe in what he is doing【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】41.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干的意思是“第一段的简单例子传达了一个什么信息”。第一段第三句提到The reality is everyone sets goals mentally throughout the day. There are always occasions where something has to be done at a particular time or in a particular place.（事实上，每个人每天都在心里设定目标。总有一些场合需要在特定的时间或地点做一些事情），由此可知，第一段讲述简单的例子是为了向读者传达人们设定目标来完成事情，故D项“人们总是设定目标来完成事情”符合题意。A项“设定目标主要是为了重要的事情”，文中只提到了某些事情，并没有强调重要的事情，这是偷换概念；B项“大多数人都知道什么时候该设定目标”，第一段第二句提到The first barrier facing most people is the incorrect assumption that goals are only for business people.（大多数人面临的第一个障碍是错误的假设，认为目标只适用于商务人士），由此可知，大多数人不知道目标适用于每一个人，因此该项错误；C项“偶尔设定目标是必要的”没有提到。故该题选D正确。42.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干的意思是“拥有目标的魅力在于每个目标都是”。文章第二段提到The beauty of having goals is the uniqueness of each one to the goal setter.（设定目标的美妙之处在于每个目标对设定者来说都是独一无二的），由uniqueness可知，设立目标的奇妙之处在于它的独特性，独一无二的同义词是special，故C项“特别的”符合题意。A项“重要的”和B项“有动机的”文中都没有提到；D项“精神的，高尚的”是指目标的类型，故该题选C正确。43.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节推断题。题干的意思是“好的目标是”。第四段第一句话提到Aim for something that will stretch you while remaining achievable.（把目标定在那些既能拓展你的能力又能保持可实现的事情上），由此可知一个好的目标是超出自身的水平但是仍然可以实现， 故B项“足够高但是可以达到”更符合题意；A项“一直保持发展”和C项“使一个人达到一个满意的位置”，在第四段最后一句提到The aim is to keep growing, and moving into a more satisfactory position for your particular circumstance（我们的目标是不断发展，并针对您的特殊情况找到一个更令人满意的职位）这是设定目标的内容/目的，因此这两项不符合题意；D项“不时的评估”，根据句子On the other hand, if you consistently miss the goals, re-evaluate, and consider setting them a little lower as you will only get discouraged and probably give up.（另一方面，如果你总是错过目标，重新评估，考虑把目标定得低一点，那么你只会感到沮丧，很可能会放弃），由此可知不时评估目标不是真正的好目标；故该题选B正确。44.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干的意思是“目标必须详细以便于人们”。根据文章的倒数第三段Remember that these changes will not happen overnight and there will be a period of time when nothing seems to be happening. This is why the goals need to be detailed and as specific as possible with a consequence and a benefit.（记住，这些变化不会在一夜之间发生，会有一段时间似乎什么都没有发生。这就是为什么目标要尽可能的详细和具体，并且要考虑到结果和好处。）可知，因为目标不会一下子实现，甚至可能一段时间都会感觉什么都没发生，所以目标要尽可能地详细以便于人们能够知道他们到达哪一步，因此B项“可以知道他们在每个阶段的成就”符合题意；A项“最终会达到为自己设定的水平”没有提到；C项“可能会得到一些小奖励，比如出去吃饭”，文章第五段提到As you obtain the levels that you have set for yourself, always include a small reward at each point.（当你获得自己设定的关卡时，在每一个点上都包含一个小奖励），由此可知小奖励是达到设定的目标后所获得的，而不是目标要详细的原因；D项“可以在不同场合调整”，根据倒数第二段Allow some time on a daily basis to educate yourself on how to make the necessary adjustments in your life.（每天给自己一些时间来学习如何在你的生活中做出必要的调整）可知，是在生活中做出调整，而不是任何场合。故该题选B正确。45.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干的意思是“为了实现一个目标，你必须”。文章最后一句提到Stay focused and disciplined to achieve all that you desire（保持专注和自律，去实现你想要的一切），由此可知，为了实现目标必须要保持自律和专注，故A项“对目标专注直到达到它”符合题意；B项“使自己适应新的变化”，C项“有时偏离常规”和D项“相信正在干的事情”没有提到；因此该题选A正确。5. 单选题The remaining three quarters of the population will incur medical bills that are less than what they pay for health insurance.问题1选项A.receiveB.sufferC.keepD.make【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。incur在句中是“承受”，A选项receive“接受”；B选项suffer“遭受”；C选项keep“保持”；D选项make“制造，制作”。句意：剩下四分之三的人将遭受医疗费用比他们所交的医疗保险还要低的境遇。因此B选项正确。6. 单选题There were bitter disputes over patent rights during the early years of the motion picture industry.问题1选项A.scandalsB.disappointmentC.strikesD.disagreements【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。dispute表示“争议”。A项scandal“丑闻，流言蜚语”，B项disappointment“失望，沮丧”，C项strike“罢工，抗拒”，D项disagreement“不一致，争论”；句意：在电影工业的早期，有过关于专利权的激烈争论。根据句意该题选D。7. 单选题Airbnb announced that its going after the major hotel chainswhich at first sounded kind of cute, like a precocious Little League pitcher saying hes going to strike out Miguel Cabrera.But when CEO Brian Chesky laid out his thinking for me while sitting on a barrel in Airbnbs new, funky headquarters in San Francisco, I thought the investors who have pumped $326 million into the company might not be too dim. Airbnb is becoming much more than a way to spend $26 a night to sleep in London with five other people at The Imperial Fleapit.In fact, Airbnb is looking like a proof point of a trend that has been getting a lot of attention lately. Come refer to it as the DIY for do it yourself-movement. Venture capitalist Hemant Taneja, looking at it form a different angle, calls it “unsealing.” Chesky uses the term “decentralized production.” Marc Andreessen hit on the concept in a manifesto entitled “Why Software Is Eating the World.”It all points to the same idea: Information technology is eroding the power of large-scale mass production. Were instead moving toward a world of massive numbers of small-producers offering unique stuffand of consumers who reject mass-produced stuff. The Internet, software, 3D printing, social networks, cloud computing and other technologies are making this economically feasiblein fact desirable.The hotel industry and the way Airbnb thinks about itis an example of how that is playing out. There is a fundamental truth about big hotel chains that is only now being exposed in the Internet age: Hotel chains grew out of a lack of information.In the middle of last century cars and highways made the world far more mobile. Many more people traveled to towns they didnt know and they needed places to sleep. They had no way to know which hotel or boarding house might be nice or offer amenities they wanted. Travel guides, like Mobils popped up in the 1950s, but for the most part information remained scarce.Still, the underlying story of Airbnb, information and the major hotels will get replayed in lots of industries in the next few years: Mass production and sameness mean safety when information, intimacy and trust dont exist. As information delivered globally and cheaply over the Internet, brings back intimacy and trust, the advantage of uniformity at scale slips away.41. According to the passage, Airbnb is a hotel that might be _.42. According to the passage, the future of mass production will be _.43. According to the passage, hotel chains were _.44. According to the passage, the advantage of uniformity at scale _.45. Which of the following might be the title of the passage?问题1选项A.famousB.uniqueC.funkyD.luxurious问题2选项A.feasibleB.desirableC.economicD.dim问题3选项A.the result of scarce informationB.the result of internet ageC.exposed to the consumersD.the example of Airbnb问题4选项A.will create a lot of industriesB.will decrease cost and employ moreC.will be strengthened by intimacyD.will be weakened by information问题5选项A.The Styles of Hotels.B.The Choice of Consumers.C.The End of Mass Production.D.The Importance of information.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】41.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。题干的意思是“Airbnb是一个什么样的酒店？”。Famous“著名的”，unique “独特的”，funky “时髦的”，luxurious“奢侈的”；文章讲的是Airbnb宣布要赶超主流的连锁酒店，通篇并没有提及到它很著名或者独特的地方，所以A、B项错误；第二段第二句话提到Airbnb is becoming much more than a way to spend $26 a night to sleep in London（Airbnb酒店正变得不仅仅是一种在伦敦每晚花26美元与其他几个人一起过夜的方式），由此可以看出Airbnb并非奢侈，D项错误；而第二段第一句话提到But when CEO Brian Chesky laid out his thinking for me while sitting on a barrel in Airbnbs new, funky headquarters in San Francisco（但当首席执行官Brian Chesky坐在位于旧金山的新和时髦的Airbnb总部的木桶上向我阐述他的想法时），由此可知Airbnb总部是new and funky，因此C选项正确。42.【试题答案】D【试题解析】判断推理题。题干的意思是“未来大规模生产将会？”。Feasible“可行的”，desirable“令人满意的”，economic“经济的”，dim“暗淡的”；第四段提到It all points to the same idea: Information technology is eroding the power of large-scale mass production（所有这些都指向同一个观点：信息技术正在侵蚀大规模生产的力量。相反，我们正在走向一个由大量提供独特产品的小生产商和拒绝大量生产产品的消费者组成的世界。互联网、软件、3D打印、社交网络、云计算和其他技术正在使其在经济上可行实际上是可取的），由此可以推断出，批量生产的未来是暗淡的，信息技术会逐渐侵蚀大规模生产，因此该题选D正确。43.【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。题干的意思是“连锁酒店是？”。由第五段第二句There is a fundamental truth about big hotel chains that is only now being exposed in the Internet age: Hotel chains grew out of a lack of information.（关于大型连锁酒店，有一个基本事实，而这个事实只有在互联网时代才得以暴露，那就是：连锁酒店产生于信息匮乏），可知连锁酒店是信息缺乏的结果，所以A选项正确。44.【试题答案】D【试题解析】判断推理题。题干的意思是“规模一致性的优势会？”。末段最后一句As information delivered globally and cheaply over the Internet, brings back intimacy and trust, the advantage of uniformity at scale slips away.（随着信息通过互联网在全球范围内以低廉的价格传递，人们会重新获得隐私感和信任，规模一致的优势就会消失），由此可知规模一致的优势将会被信息削弱，所以D选项“被信息削弱”符合。A选项“创造许多工厂”、B选项“减少成本雇佣更多的员工”、C选项“通过隐私获得加强”都不是规模一致性优势的结果。因此D项正确。45.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干的意思是“下面选项中最适合的标题是什么？”。通篇文章是通过谈论网络信息时代和连锁酒店的发展，论述了批量生产的未来的暗淡。A选项“酒店风格”，全文并没有就酒店的风格进行讨论；B选项“消费者的选择”，文中只是提及了我们会走向这样一个世界，消费者会拒绝批量大规模生产的商品，全篇没有就这事论述；D选项“信息的重要性”，文章围绕信息和连锁酒店来对比，体现了在未来人们会更加依赖于网络信息，但是文章主旨还是阐述未来大批量生产行业的暗淡，所以C选项最符合。8. 填空题Direction: The following are some words and phrases, some of which are taken from the text that follows. Decide which word or phrase should go in each gap and then write the letter in the space provided. Note that there are more words and phrase than gaps. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Standards of MeasurementIn early times measurements were made by comparing things with parts of (example). Early units of measurement included the distance from the elbow to the fingers, the width of the hand and the width of the fingers.Some of these human measurements are still used. For example, 66 based on the length of half the thumb. A foot was originally 67 of a mans foot. A mile was one thousand walking steps.These units were only 68 because their standardthe human bodywas not constant. Governments tried to 69 them by using rods of fixed lengths. But these rods still varied from 70 to country.During the French Revolution, scientists looked for a _71 which did not change. They chose the distance from the Equator to the North Pole, which is one quarter of the circumference of the Earth. One ten millionth of this was called 72 and became the basic unit of the metric system. Other metric 73 are based on it. For example, the centimeter is one hundredth of a meter. A gramthe unit of 74 is the mass of one cubic centimeter of water.A standard meter was marked on a platinum bar. The accuracy of 75 was checked by comparing them with this bar. Nowadays the meter is standardized by comparing it with another constantthe wavelength of a certain kind of light.66. _ 67. _ 68. _ 69. _ 70. _71. _ 72. _ 73. _ 74. _ 75. _【答案】66.J67.E68.K69.A70.L71.N72.I73.B74.M75.G【解析】66.考查上下文语义。第一句提到Some of these human measurements are still used.（一些人工测量方法仍在使用），紧接着下文提到based on the length of half the thumb（根据一半拇指的长度），由此可知，空格处填入的应该是一个测量的单位，故该题选J“the inch（英寸）”正确。67.考查句子语义。根据句子A foot was originallyof a mans foot（英尺最初是一个人的脚的），可知，空格处应该是填入length表示长度；故该题选E正确。68.考查句子语义。根据句子These units were onlybecause their standardthe human bodywas not constant.（这些单位只是因为人体的器官并不是一成不变的），可知，空格处应该是表示“大约的，近似的”；故该题选K正确。69.考查句子语义。应该填入一个动词，只有A和M是动词，根据句子意思A符合题意。句意：政府试图通过使用固定长度的棒子来将其标准化。故该题选A正确。70.考查固定用法。vary from country to country 表示“因国家而异”，因此空格处要填入country。句意：但是这些棒子仍然依国家而异。故该题选L正确。71.考查上下文语义。上一段提到没有标准的测量，下文就提到了During the French Revolution, scientists looked for awhich did not change.（在法国大革命期间，科学家们寻找一种不变的） ，由此可知空格处应该是表示“标准的测量”，故N项符合题意。该题选N正确。72.考查上下文语义。由下文For example, the centimeter is one hundredth of a meter（例如，厘米是一米的百分之一）可知此处指的是“一米”，因此空格处应该填one meter。该题选I正确。73.考查上下文语义。由下文的centimeter和gram可知此处指的是“测量单位”，因此空格处应该填units。句意：其他公制单位以它为基础。该题选B正确。74.考查上下文语义。由常识判断gram是重量单位，因此空格处应该填weight；句意：重量单位一克相当于一立方厘米水。故该题选M正确。75.考查上下文语义。上句提到A standard meter was marked on a platinum bar.（标准的米制测量标在铝棒上），下文接着说到The accuracy of was checked by comparing them with this bar.（的准确度是通过把它们与这根杆子比较来检验的），根据这两个句子可以猜到空格处应该是表示“测量仪器”，因此该题选G正确。9. 单选题_ people depend to such a great extent on forests, every effort must be made to preserve trees and wildlife.问题1选项A.HowB.SinceC.ThatD.Which【答案】B【解析】考查句子逻辑。A项how引导疑问句，表示“怎样”，B项since表示“自从，由于”，C项that连接词，用来引导从句，D项which疑问代词表示“哪一个”。该句前后为两个完整的句子，形成因果关系，句首缺少一个表达原因的连词，故B项符合句意。句意：由于人们在很大程度上紧紧依赖森林资源，故我们必须全力以赴保护树木与野生动物。故正确答案为B。10. 单选题The class action has been filed with a court after the communitys conference.问题1选项A.suitB.activityC.reportD.examination【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。Class action在句中表示“集体诉讼，共同诉讼”，action表示诉讼有关的行动，A选项suit“诉讼”；B选项activity“活动”；C选项report“报告”；D选项examination“考试，检查”。句意：集体诉讼经集体商议后被提交给法院。根据句意A项正确。11. 单选题I shall explain the rules _ we have received many objections.问题1选项A.to whichB.to whereC.to whoD.to whom【答案】A【解析】考查语法。空格处需要选择一个定语从句的引导词，而先行词是物，所以只能用which或者that，但是先行词在从句中充当的宾语，objection to表示“反对”，因此前面引导词要用to which。句意：我将解释一下之前收到许多反对意见的条例。因此A项正确。12. 单选题A petitioner brought a bill in equity before the court.问题1选项A.warrantB.answerC.documentD.complaint【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。Bill in equity意思是“平衡法控诉书”，即一种诉状；A选项warrant“证明，委任状”；B选项answer“回答，答辩”；C选项document“文件，公文”；D选项complaint“抱怨”，也可以表示法律上的“控告”。句意：请愿人向法院提交一份平衡法控诉书。根据句意D项正确。13. 单选题In the long run, the new system, which is uniform and simpler, will save money.问题1选项A.In the course of long experienceB.On account of financial difficultiesC.With the view of enriching the peopleD.In the light of economic reckoning【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。In the long run表示“从长远看”；A项In the course of long experience“在长期经验的过程中”，B项On account of financial difficulties“因为财政困难”，C项With the view of enriching the people “以富民的观点”，D项In the light of economic reckoning“根据经济计算”。句意：从长远来看，统一且更简单的新系统将节省资金。因此A项正确。14. 单选题Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning. Educators find that 21 toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, 22 their younger counterparts are more likely to _23 _. Kindergarten children who turn five during the 24 half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it 25 physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten 26 to receive better grades and score higher on achievement 27 throughout their schooling experience 28 do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the 29 thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of todays children 30 inner maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters 31 parents push them to attain academic success in preschool axe less creati