2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷85（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题A century ago in the United States, when an individual brought suit against a company, public opinion tended to protect that company. But perhaps this phenomenon was most striking in the case of the railroads. Nearly half of all negligence cases decided through 1896 involved railroads. And the railroads usually won.Most of the cases were decided in state courts, when the railroads had the climate of the times on their sides. Government supported the railroad industry; the progress railroads represented was not to be slowed down by requiring them often to pay damages to those unlucky enough to be hurt working for them.Court decisions always went against railroad workers. Mr. Farwell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchmans negligence ran his engine off the track. The court reasoned that since Farwell had taken the job of an engineer voluntarily at good pay, he had accepted the risk. Therefore the accident, though avoidable had the switchmen acted carefully, was a “pure accident”. In effect a railroad could never be held responsible for injury to one employee caused by the mistake of another.In one case where a Pennsylvania Railroad worker had started a fire at a warehouse and the fire had spread several blocks, causing widespread damage, a jury found the company responsible for all the damage. But the court overturned the jurys decision because it argued that the railroads negligence was the immediate cause of damage only to the nearest buildings. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider.As the century wore on, public sentiment began to turn against the railroadsagainst their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness （无情）toward individuals.1.What does the word “negligence” mean in the passage?2.Which of the following is NOT true in Farwells case?3.What must have happened after the fire case was settled in court?4.The following aroused public resentment EXCEPT（ ）.5.What does the passage mainly discuss?问题1选项A.ignoranceB.arroganceC.carelessnessD.depression问题2选项A.Farwell would not have been injured if the switchman had been more careful.B.The court argued that the victim had accepted the risk since he had willingly takenhis job.C.The court decided that the railroad should not be held responsible.D.Farwell was injured because he negligently ran his engine off the track.问题3选项A.The railroad compensated for the damage to the immediate buildings.B.The railroad compensated for all the damage by the fire.C.The railroad paid nothing for the damaged building.D.The railroad worker paid for the property damage himself.问题4选项A.political powerB.high faresC.economic lossD.indifference问题5选项A.Railroad oppressing individuals in the US.B.History of the US railroads.C.Railroad workers working rights.D.Law cases concerning the railroads.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.根据题干“negligence”定位至第三段：Mr. Farwell, an engineer, lost his right hand when a switchmans negligence ran his engine off the track（法威尔先生是铁路公司的一名工程师，由于一名扳道工因negligence而导致机车脱离轨道，法威尔失去了右手）。由此推测negligence意为疏忽，过失。ignorance无知，愚昧，arrogance傲慢，carelessness 粗心，疏忽，depression 沮丧；经济大萧条。据此可知，C项正确。2.文章第三段指明是一位扳道工由于疏忽而导致机车脱离轨道，法威尔失去了右手，而非法威尔本人。D项的说法错误。3.题干问的是法院对火灾案的判决结果。第四段指出：a jury found the company responsible for all the damage. But the court overturned. Beyond them the connection was too remote to consider（陪审团裁决铁路公司负责全部损失，但法院推翻了陪审团的决定，认为铁路公司的疏忽只是直接导致最邻近的建筑物受到损失，因而只对此负责任，而离得较远的房屋的损失则不在赔偿范围）。因此，铁路公司只赔偿最邻近的建筑物受到的损失。4.根据题干关键词resentment定位至最后一段：Public sentiment began to turn against the railroadsagainst their economic and political power and high fares as well as against their callousness toward individuals（公众舆论开始反对铁路公司反对他们在经济和政治上的权力、高票价以及他们对个人的冷漠无情。据此可知，C选项“经济损失”不包括在里面。5.本文主要讨论的是与铁路公司有关的法律案件。2. 单选题The medicine（ ）his pain but did not cure his illness.问题1选项A.activatedB.alleviatedC.deterioratedD.mediated【答案】B【解析】句意：这种药（ ）他的疼痛，但不能治愈他的疾病。A选项activated触发；B选项alleviated减轻，缓解；C选项deteriorated使恶化；D选项mediated调解。选项B符合句意。3. 单选题The town planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic.They expect increased tax（ ）.问题1选项A.efficiencyB.revenuesC.privilegesD.validity【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：城镇规划委员会对他们下一年的经济前景持乐观态度。他们期盼税收增加。efficiency效率；revenue税收，收益；privilege特权；validity有效性。tax revenue表示“税收”，是常用词组。故本题选B。4. 单选题We（ ） that he cannot finish the work before June 15.问题1选项A.prosecuteB.meddleC.presumeD.mingle【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意：我们 他不能在六月十五号之前完成工作。prosecute起诉；meddle干涉；presume假设，认为；mingle使混合，与交往。因此，C项符合句意。5. 单选题Everyone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person “the world today” or “life” or “reality” he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed （释放的）emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he car-ries the stamp of that passing moment forever.For me，this moment four years in a moment in history was the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. These are some of its characteris-tics.Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been. Theother two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not, never has been, and never will be what the song and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon，meat, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because there isnt very much to buy. Trains are always late and always crowded with “service men”. The war will always be fought very far from America, and it will never end. Nothing in America stands still for very long, including the people who are always either leaving or on leave. People in America cry often. Sixteen is the key and crucial and natural age for a human being to be, and people of all other ages are ranged in an orderly manner ahead of and behind you as a har- monious setting for the sixteen-year-olds of the world. When you are sixteen, adults are slightly im- pressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they fore- see your military future: fighting for them. You do not foresee it. To waste anything in America is im- moral. String and tinfoil are treasures. Newspapers are always crowed with strange maps and names of towns, and every few months the earth seems to lurch （突然倾斜）from its path when you see some- thing in the newspapers, such as the time Mussolini, who almost seemed one of the eternal leaders, is photographed hanging upside down on a meat hook.1.Which statement best depicts the main idea of the first paragraph?2.Why does the author still clearly remember the war?3.Which statement best describes the authors feelings about the war?4.Why does the author think that adults are impressed with sixteen-year-olds?5.Why does the author say that string and tinfoil are treasures?问题1选项A.Reality is what you make of it.B.Time is like a river.C.Emotions are powerful.D.Every person has a special moment.问题2选项A.Franklin Delano Roosevelt was President.B.It was his personal reality and part of his life.C.There was not much to buy.D.The war would never end.问题3选项A.It was ever real for him, yet he was not actively involved.B.It was real for him because he was a soldier at that time.C.It was very unreal to him.D.The war was very disruptive to the people at home.问题4选项A.Adults would like to be young.B.Sixteen-year-olds do not waste things.C.Sixteen-year-olds read newspapers.D.They will be fighting soon for adults.问题5选项A.The war has made them scarce.B.They are useful to sixteen-year-olds.C.He liked them when he was sixteen.D.People are very wasteful.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.第一段指出：everyone has a moment in his history, which belongs particularly to him （每个人在他的历史上都有一个属于他的时刻）, 选项D符合题意。2.文章第二段指出：the war was and is reality for me （战争对作者来说很真实），这是作者为何记住战争的原因，选项B符合题意。3.文章第二段指出：I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. These are some of its characteristics，由此推测战争对他来说是非常真实的，但是文章中并没有提到作者是一名战士，因此选项A符合题意。4.根据题干关键词“adults are impressed with sixteen-year-olds”定位至文章第三段：when you are sixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they foresee your military future: fighting for them. 可知成年人之所有会对16 岁少年印象深刻是因为他们知道这些少年将来会为他们打仗，选项D符合题意。5.根据题干关键词“String and tinfoil are treasures”定位至第三段，第三段前面提到：Nylon, meat, gasoline, and steel are rare，因此推测当时战争使得物资匮乏，后面指出了“String and tinfoil are treasures”。故答案为A选项。6. 单选题Parents often faced the（ ）between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.问题1选项A.junctionB.paradoxC.premiseD.dilemma【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。句意：父母经常面临这样的 ：是做自己认为对孩子发展有利的事情还是坐视孩子毫无纪律的吵闹和破坏。junction接合点，会合点；paradox悖论，自相矛盾的人或事；premise前提，假设；dilemma困境，进退两难。空格后有“between.and.”，因此这里说的是父母在教育孩子时陷入进退两难的境况，D项dilemma符合句意。7. 单选题The Japanese scientists have found that scents（ ）efficiency and reduce stressamong office workers.问题1选项A.enhanceB.amplifyC.magnifyD.foster【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。enhance提高；amplify放大；magnify赞美，夸大；foster培养。句意：日本科学家发现，香味能（ ） 办公室工作人员的工作效率并减缓压力。因此A选项符合句意。8. 单选题The Supreme Court（ ）the judgment of the lower court.问题1选项A.amplifiedB.affirmedC.ascendedD.applauded【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意：最高法院 下级法院的判决。amplify扩大，详述；affirm断定，确认，批准，支持；ascend上升；applaud鼓掌。因此，B项符合句意。9. 单选题Which is saferstaying home, traveling to work on public transport, or working in the office? Surprisingly, each of these carries the same risk, which is very low. However, what about flying compared to working in the chemical industry? Unfortunately，the for- mer is 65 times riskier than the latter! In fact, the accident rate of workers in the chemical industry is less than that of almost any of human activity, and almost as safe as staying at home.The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death to those living nearby. It is this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy. For- tunately, they are extremely rare. The most famous ones happened at Texas City (1947)， Flixborough (1974)，Seveso (1976)，Pemex (1984) and Bhopal (1984).Some of these are always in the minds of the people even though the loss of life was small. No one died at Seveso, and only 28 workers at Flixborough. The worst accident of all was Bhopal, where up to 3,000 were killed. The Texas City explosion of fertilizer killed 552. The Pemex fire at a storage plant for natural gas in the suburbs of Mexico City took 542 lives，just a month before the unfortunate event at Bhopal.Some experts have discussed these accidents and used each accident to illustrate a par- ticular danger. Thus the Texas City explosion was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate (硝酸铵)，which is safe unless stored in great quantity. The Flixborough fireball was the fault of management, which took risks to keep production going during essential re- pairs. The Seveso accident shows what happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of the danger on their doorstep. When the poisonous gas drifted over the town, local leaders were incapable of taking effective action. The Pemex fire was made worse by an overloaded site in an overcrowded suburb. The fire set off a chain reaction of exploding storage tanks. Yet, by a miracle, the two largest tanks did not explode. Had they caught fire, then 3,000 strong rescue team and fire fighters would all have died.1.Which of the following statements is true?2.Chemical accidents are usually important enough to be reported as news because3.According to the passage，the chemical accident that caused by the fault of manage- ment happened at（ ）4.From the passage we know that ammonium nitrate is a kind of（ ）.5.From the discussion among some experts，we may conclude that（ ）.问题1选项A.Working at the office is safer than staying at home.B.Travelling to work on public transport is safer than working at the office.C.Staying at home is safer than working in the chemical industry.D.Working in the chemical industry is safer than traveling by air.问题2选项A.they are very rareB.they often cause loss of lifeC.they always occur in big citiesD.they arouse the interest of all the readers问题3选项A.Texas cityB.FlixboroughC.SevesoD.Mexico City问题4选项A.natural gas，which can easily catch fireB.fertilizer, which cant be stored in a great quantityC.poisonous substance, which cant be used in overcrowded areasD.fuel, which is stored in large tanks问题5选项A.to avoid any accidents we should not repair the facilities in chemical industryB.the local authorities should not be concerned with the production of the chemical industryC.all these accidents could have been avoided or controlled if effective measures hadbeen takenD.natural gas stored in very large tanks is always safe【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1. 文章第一段指出：However, what about flying compared to working in the chemicalindustry? Unfortunately, the former is 65 times riskier than the latter!（飞行的风险对比化工厂工作怎么样？不幸的是，前者风险是后者的65倍）。由此推断D选项“化工厂工作比飞行更安全”为正确答案。2. 根据题干关键词“Chemical accidents”定位到文中第二段的“The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death to those living nearby. It is this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy.”可知，化工事故经常导致死亡，这是这类事故特别具有报道价值的原因。据此可知，B项正确。3. 根据关键词“fault of management”定位至第四段：The Flixborough fireball was the fault of management （Flixborough的火球是因错误的管理造成的）。据此可知，B项为正确答案。4. 根据题干关键词“ammonium nitrate”定位至第四段：Thus the Texas City explosion was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate （硝酸铵），which is safe unless stored in great quantity（得克萨斯城的爆炸是由数吨硝酸铵引起的，这种化学物质大量存储就会发生危险）。因此，B项正确。5. 第四段的表明：safe unless stored in great quantity, the fault of management, lack knowledge of the danger 和 local leaders were incapable of taking effective action（大量存储的危险、错误的管理、危险知识的缺乏、当地领导者没有采取有效行动）都是造成化工厂事故的原因。由此推测，从专家的讨论得出的结论是，如果采取有效的措施，所有这些事故都是可以避免或控制的，C项为正确答案。 10. 单选题They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still could not make（ ）of them.问题1选项A.impressionB.comprehensionC.meaningD.sense【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意：他们反复考虑了你的观点长达一个多小时，但是仍然不能（ ）它们。impression印象；comprehension理解；meaning意思；sense感觉；观念；道理；理智。make sense of为固定搭配，意为 “理解”。11. 写作题In the current job market, university graduates are having a hard time finding jobs while many employers are complaining about the shortage of work hands. Write an essay of no less than 200 words analyzing the phenomenon. Your essay should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.【答案】Why Are University Graduates Having a Hard Time Finding Jobs?12. 单选题Hurricanes are killer winds, and their（ ） power lies in the physical damage they can do.问题1选项A.cumulativeB.destructiveC.turbulentD.prevalent【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。cumulative积累的；destructive破坏性的，毁灭性的；turbulent骚乱的，混乱的；prevalent普遍的。句意：飓风是具有杀伤力的风，其（ ）力量在于其能够造成的物质损坏。因此,B选项符合句意。13. 单选题We（ ）a figure of a man clinging to the mast of the ship.问题1选项A.discernedB.dispatchedC.dissipatedD.diminished【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意：我们（ ）那个倚靠在船桅杆的人。discerned 认出，识别；dispatched 派遣，分派；dissipated 驱散，放荡；diminished 减少，缩小。因此，A项符合句意。14. 单选题The long-term fortunes of the modern economy depend in part on the strength and sustainability of the family, both in relation to fertility trends and to marriage trends. This basic, but often over-looked ,principle is now at work in the current global economic crisis.The decline of marriage and fertility is one factor in the global economic crisis. That is, one reason that some of the worlds leading economies from Japan to Italy to Spain to the euro zone as a whole are facing fiscal challenges is that their fertility rates have been below replacement levels (2. 1 children per woman) for decades. Persistent sub-replacement fertility eventually translates into fewer workers relative to retirees, which puts tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole. Indeed, one recent study finds that almost half of the recent run-up in public debt in the West can be attributed to rapid aging over the last two decades.Even China may see its sky-high growth come down to earth in the next few decades as its work force shrinks” because of its one-child policy, as Carlos Gavalle and I argued in a recent report, The Sustainable Demographic Dividend. By contrast, a recent Rand study suggests that India will have more favorable demographics than China” over the next few decades, insofar as its work force is poised to grow. In fact, the Rand study suggests that India may be able to use this demographic ad- vantage to outpace Chinas economic growth rates by the end of the century.Finally, its not just fertility that matters; its also marriage. At least in the West, children are more likely to acquire the human and social capital they need to thrive in the modern economy when they are raised in an intact, married family in the U. S. , for instance, children are more likely to graduate from high school, complete college and be gainfully employed as young adults if they were raised in an intact, married family.And around the globe, men are more likely to give their work their fullest effort and attentionwhen they are married； this is one reason men worldwide enjoy “marriage premiums” in their in- come, ranging from about 14 percent (Mexico) to 19 percent ( United States) to 35 percent (Rus- sia) .So, at least when it comes to men，research suggests that marriage has important implications for worker productivity.The bottom-line message is that what happens in the home does not stay at home; rather, the size of families，and their stability and quality，has important implications for the health of the global e- conomy.1.The main idea of this passage is that（） .2.One reason that the worlds leading economies are facing fiscal challenges is that（） .3.“.its work force is poised to grow”(Para. 3) probably means （ ）4.From the passage we know that （ ）5.According to the passage, all the following can affect economy EXCEPT （ ）问题1选项A.women should bear more children in order to boost the economyB.both marriage and fertility affect a countrys economyC.marriage has important implications for worker productivityD.India will outpace Chinas economic growth rate by the end of the century问题2选项A.there is a global economic crisis in recent yearsB.there are fewer babies, and consequently, people spend less on many commoditiesC.people in these countries have fewer children than needed to replace the population for many yearsD.there are tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole问题3选项A.its work force pauses to growB.its work force continues to grow fastC.its work force continues to grow steadilyD.its work force grows slowly问题4选项A.children from an intact, married family are more likely to have a better lifeB.the more people a country has, the stronger economy it will