2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第156期

2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题In the IT industry, some think of Bill Gates as a monster while others _ him as a living god.问题1选项A.extricateB.disparageC.emulateD.revere【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项extricate“使解脱，解救”，B项disparage“贬低，抨击，诋毁”，C项emulate“仿真，模仿，尽力赶上”，D项revere“敬畏，尊敬，崇敬”。由while“然而”和as a monster“一个怪物”以及as a living god“活着的神”可知，前后语义是相反的，那么空格处填入“尊敬”符合句意。句意：在IT行业，一些人认为比尔盖茨是一个怪物，而另一些人则把他尊为活着的神。因此，该题选择D项正确。2. 单选题The training of human intelligence must include the simultaneous development of the empathetic capacity.问题1选项A.simulatedB.coincidentC.instantaneousD.similar【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。simultaneous表示“同时的，联立的，同时发生的”；A项simulated“模拟的，模仿的，仿造的”，B项coincident“一致的，符合的，同时发生的”，C项instantaneous“瞬间的，即时的，猝发的”，D项similar“相似的”。句意：人类智力的训练必须包括移情能力的同时发展。根据句意可知，B项的意思符合句子。因此，该题选择B项正确。3. 单选题The first mistake is to think of mankind as a thing in itself. It isnt. It is part of an intricate web of life. And we cant think even of life as a thing in itself. It isnt. It is part of the intricate structure of a planet bathed by energy from the Sun.The Earth, in the nearly 5 billion years since it assumed approximately its present form, has undergone a vast evolution. When it first came into being, it very likely lacked what we would today call an ocean and an atmosphere. These were formed by the gradual outward movement of material as the solid interior settled together.Nor were ocean, atmosphere, and solid crust independent of each other after formation. There is interaction always: evaporation, condensation, solution, weathering. Far within the solid crust there are slow, continuing changes, too, of which hot springs, volcanoes, and earth-quakes are the more noticeable manifestations here on the surface.Between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago, portions of the surface water, bathed by the energetic radiation from the Sun, developed complicated compounds in organization sufficiently versatile to qualify as what we call “life”. Life forms have become more complex and more various ever since.But the life forms are as much part of the structure of the Earth as any inanimate portion is. It is all an inseparable part of a whole. If any animal is isolated totally from other forms of life, then death by starvation will surely follow. If isolated from water, death by asphyxiation will follow still faster. If isolated from the Sun, animals will survive for a time, but plants would die, and if all plants died, all animal would starve.It works in reverse, too, for the inanimate portion of Earth is shaped and molded by life. The nature of the atmosphere has been changed by plant activity (which adds to the air the free oxygen it could not otherwise retain). The soil is turned by earthworms, while enormous ocean reefs are formed by coral.The entire planet, plus solar energy, is one enormous intricately interrelated system. The entire planet is a life form made up of nonliving portions and a large variety of living portions (as our own body is made up of nonliving crystals in bones and nonliving water in blood, as well as of a large variety of living portions).In fact, we can pursue the analogy. A man is of 50 trillion cells of a variety of types, all interrelated and interdependent. Loss of some of those cells, such as those making up an entire, will seriously handicap all the rest of the organism: serious damage to a relatively few cells in an organ, such as the heart or kidneys, may end by killing all 50 trillion.In the same way, on planetary scale, the chopping down of an entire forest may not threaten Earths life in general, but it will produce serious changes in the life forms of the region and even in the nature of the water runoff and, therefore, in the details of geological structure. A serious decline in the bee population will affect the numbers of those plants that depend on bees for fertilization, then the numbers of those animals that depend on those particular bee-fertilized plants, and so on.Or consider cell growth. Cells in those organs that suffer constant wear and tearas in the skin or in the intestinal lininggrow and multiply all life long. Other cells, not so exposed, as in nerve and muscle, do not multiply at all in the adult, under any circumstances. Still other organs, ordinarily quiescent, as liver and bone, stand ready to grow if that is necessary to replace damage. When the proper repairs are made, growth stops.In a much looser and more flexible way, the same is true of die “planet organism” (which we study in the science called ecology). If cougars grow too numerous, the deer they live on are decimated, and some of the cougars die of starvation, so that their “proper number” is restored. If too many cougars die, then deer multiply with particular rapidity, and cougars multiply quickly in turn, till the additional predators bring down the number of deer again. Barring interference from outside, the eaters and the eaten retain their proper numbers, and both are the better for it.The neat economy of growth within an organism such as a human being is sometimesfor what reason, we know notdisrupted, and a group of cells begins growing without limit. This is the dread disease of cancer, and unless that growing group of cells is somehow stopped, the wild growth will throw all the body structure out of true and end by killing the organism itself.In ecology, the same would happening if, for some reason, one particular type of organism began to multiply without limit, killing its competitors and increasing its own food supply at the expense of that of others. That, too, could end in the destruction of the larger systemmost or all of life and even of certain aspects of the inanimate environment.And this is exactly what is happening at this moment. For thousands of years, the single species Homo sapiens, to which you and I have the dubious honor of belonging, has been increasing in numbers. In the past couple of centuries, the rate of increase has itself increased explosively.At the time of Julius Caesar, when Earths human population is estimated to have been 150 million, that population was increasing at rate that it would double in 1000 years if that rate remained steady. Today, with Earths population estimated at about 4000 million, it is increasing at a rate which, if steady, will cause it to double in 35 years.The present rate of increase of Earths swarming human population qualifies as an ecological cancer, which will destroy the ecology just as surely as any ordinary cancer would destroy an organism.The cure? Just what it is for any cancer. The cancerous growth must somehow be stopped.Of course, it will be. If we do nothing at all, the growth will stop, as a cancerous growth in a man will stop if nothing is done. The man dies and the cancer dies with it.How can the human population explosion be stopped? By raising the death rate or by lowering the birthrate. There are no other alternatives. The death rate will rise spontaneously and finally catastrophically, if we do nothingand that within a few decades. To make the birth rate fall, somehow, is surely preferable, and that is therefore the first order of mankinds business today.Failing this, mankind would stand at the bar of abstract justice as the mass murderer of life generally, his own included, and mass disrupter of the intricate planetary development that made life in its present glory possible in the first place.1. According to the article, which of the following statements is true?2. According to the author, the analogy between the entire planet and the human body is based on all of the following EXCEPT _.3. According to the article, what is NOT true about the population in the world?4. In “Failing this, mankind would stand at the bar of abstract justice” (last paragraph), which of the following does “this” refer to?5. “The neat economy of growth within organism” (12th paragraph) means _.问题1选项A.It took the universe 5 billion years to form the earth.B.Evaporation, condensation, solution, weathering are four major factors that contributed to the formation of the earth.C.Life forms were first developed in deep water between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago.D.Life is as much, part of the structure of the Earth as any inanimate portion is and in reverse, the inanimate portion of the Earth is shaped and modified by life.问题2选项A.They are both composed of nonliving portions and a large variety of living portions.B.They are both enormously intricate and interrelated systems.C.They are both made up of 50 trillion cells of a variety of types, all interrelated and interdependent.D.Their overall growth may be disrupted if a group of cells or a particular type of organism begins to grow without limit.问题3选项A.For thousands of years, human population has been increasing in number.B.At the time of Julius Caesar, human population was increasing slowly.C.Today, the Earths population is estimated to double in 35 years.D.If we do nothing at all, the growth of the Earths population will never stop.问题4选项A.The human population explosion being stopped.B.Raising the death rate or lowering the birthrate.C.The death rate rising spontaneously and catastrophically.D.Reduction of the birthrate.问题5选项A.The balanced and interrelated development of an organ.B.The pure cost of development within organism.C.The very slow development within organism.D.The rapid development of organism.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章，下列哪个陈述是正确的？”根据第二段第一句The Earth, in the nearly 5 billion years since it assumed approximately its present form, has undergone a vast evolution.（地球自从呈现目前的形状近50亿年以来，已经经历了一次巨大的演化）可知，50亿年前地球初步形成，并非地球花了50亿年才形成，A项“宇宙花了50亿年才形成了地球”错误；由第三段前两句Nor were ocean, atmosphere, and solid crust independent of each other after formation. There is interaction always: evaporation, condensation, solution, weathering.（海洋、大气和固体地壳在形成后也不是相互独立的。总是有相互作用：蒸发，凝结，溶解，风化。）可知，蒸发，凝结，溶解，风化只是地球形成后海洋、大气层以及地壳之间作用的形式，而不是地球形成的因素，B项“蒸发，凝结，溶解，风化是促成地球形成的四个主要因素”错误；根据第四段第一句Between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago, portions of the surface water, bathed by the energetic radiation from the Sun, developed complicated compounds in organization sufficiently versatile to qualify as what we call “life”.（在20亿到30亿年前，部分地表水沐浴在太阳的高能辐射下，发展出结构复杂、功能丰富的化合物，可以称得上是我们所说的“生命”。）可知，生命的形式是在地球表面发展来的，C项“生命形式最初是在20亿到30亿年前的深水中发展起来的”错误；根据第五段第一句But the life forms are as much part of the structure of the Earth as any inanimate portion is. It is all an inseparable part of a whole.（但是生命形式是地球结构的一部分，就像任何无生命的部分一样）和第六段首句It works in reverse, too, for the inanimate portion of Earth is shaped and molded by life.（反之亦然，地球上无生命的部分是由生命塑造的）可知，D项“生命和任何无生命的部分一样，都是地球结构的一部分，反过来说，地球的无生命部分是由生命塑造和修改的”正确。因此，该题选择D项正确。2.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据作者的说法，整个地球和人体之间的类比是基于以下几个，除了？”。根据文章的第七段The entire planet, plus solar energy, is one enormous intricately interrelated system. The entire planet is a life form made up of nonliving portions and a large variety of living portions (as our own body is made up of nonliving crystals in bones and nonliving water in blood, as well as of a large variety of living portions).（整个地球，加上太阳能，是一个庞大而错综复杂的系统。整个地球是一种由无生命部分和各种各样的生命部分组成的生命形式，就像我们自己的身体是由骨头中的无生命晶体和血液中的无生命水，以及各种各样的生命部分组成。）和第八段In fact, we can pursue the analogy. A man is of 50 trillion cells of a variety of types, all interrelated and interdependent. Loss of some of those cells, such as those making up an entire, will seriously handicap all the rest of the organism: serious damage to a relatively few cells in an organ, such as the heart or kidneys, may end by killing all 50 trillion.（事实上，我们可以进行类比。一个人由50万亿个不同类型的细胞组成，它们都是相互关联、相互依赖的。失去其中一些细胞，比如构成一个整体的细胞，将严重阻碍整个有机体的其他部分：一个器官中相对少数的细胞受到严重损害，如心脏或肾脏，可能会导致50万亿个细胞全部死亡。）可知，A项“它们都是由无生命部分和各种各样的生命部分组成”、B项“它们都是非常复杂和相互关联的系统”和D项“如果一组细胞或某种生物体开始无限制地生长，它们的整体生长可能会受到干扰”是符合文意的；C项“它们都是由50万亿个不同类型的细胞组成的，都是相互联系和相互依赖的”是人体的一个特点，并不是地球的。因此，该题选择C项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章，关于世界人口，哪些是不正确的？”。根据第十五段的内容：At the time of Julius Caesar, when Earths human population is estimated to have been 150 million, that population was increasing at rate that it would double in 1000 years if that rate remained steady. Today, with Earths population estimated at about 4000 million, it is increasing at a rate which, if steady, will cause it to double in 35 years.（在凯撒时代，地球人口估计有1.5亿，如果这个速度保持不变，人口将在1000年内增长一倍。今天，地球上的人口估计约为40亿，它的增长速度如果稳定的话，将使其在35年内翻一番。）可知，A项“几千年来，人类人口一直在增加”和C项“今天，地球的人口估计在35年内翻一番”正确；文中提到如果按凯撒时代的人口增长速度，在1000年内人口将增长一倍，即2亿，但如今地球上人口是40亿，是凯撒时代的26倍，所以B项“在凯撒大帝时期，人口增长缓慢”正确；D项“如果我们什么都不做，地球人口的增长将永远不会停止”文章并未提及。因此，该题选择D项正确。4.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“最后一段如果做不到这一点，人类就会站在抽象的正义面前中的这个指的是什么？”。根据倒数第二段How can the human population explosion be stopped? By raising the death rate or by lowering the birthrate. There are no other alternatives. The death rate will rise spontaneously and finally catastrophically, if we do nothingand that within a few decades. To make the birth rate fall, somehow, is surely preferable, and that is therefore the first order of mankinds business today.（怎样才能阻止人口爆炸？通过提高死亡率或降低出生率。没有其他选择。如果我们什么都不做，死亡率会自然上升，最终导致灾难性的后果，而且是在几十年内。无论如何，降低出生率肯定是可取的，因此这是当今人类的首要任务。）可知，倒数第二段主要阐述我们需要降低出生率或者提高死亡率来阻止人口爆炸，但无论如何降低出生率肯定是可取的；接着最后一段就说如果我们做不到这点，人类就会成为大屠杀者；综合推断可知，“this”指的是降低出生率，D项“降低出生率”正确；A项“人口爆炸停止了”，文章并没有说人口爆炸停止，而是建议采取措施阻止人口爆炸；B项“提高死亡率或降低出生率”，文中没有提到提高死亡率肯定是可取的，且最后一段讲到如果我们不降低出生率，那么人类就会成为屠杀者，所以可以看出提高死亡率实不可取的；C项“死亡率自发地、灾难性地上升”也不符合段落前后逻辑。因此，该题选择D项正确。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“第十二段中的The neat economy of growth within organism是什么意思？”。根据题干定位到文章的第十二段：The neat economy of growth within an organism such as a human being is sometimesfor what reason, we know notdisrupted, and a group of cells begins growing without limit. This is the dread disease of cancer, and unless that growing group of cells is somehow stopped, the wild growth will throw all the body structure out of true and end by killing the organism itself.（在一个有机体中，比如人类，净增长有时候会受到干扰，一群细胞开始无限制地增长，原因我们尚且不知。这是一种可怕的癌症，除非这一生长的细胞群以某种方式停止生长，否则这种疯狂的生长将破坏所有的身体结构，最终杀死生物体本身。），结合上一段讲到了生物之间的相互依存关系，综合可以推断，“The neat economy of growth within organism”指的是机体内部的良性发展，A项“机体的平衡和相互关联的发展”正确；B项“有机体内部发展的纯代价”、C项“有机体内部的缓慢发展”和D项“有机体的快速发展”表述都不准确。因此，该题选择A项正确。4. 单选题Sadly, the Giant Panda is one of the many species now in danger of _.问题1选项A.extinctionB.immigrationC.distinctionD.extraction【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项extinction“灭绝，消失，消灭”，B项immigration“外来移民，移居”，C项distinction“区别，差别，特性”，D项extraction“取出，抽出，拔出”。由Sadly“悲哀地”和the Giant Panda“大熊猫”可知，in danger of _表示“濒临灭绝”。句意：遗憾的是，大熊猫是许多濒临灭绝的物种之一。因此，该题选择A项正确。5. 单选题Accidents are caused; they dont just happen. The reason may be easy to see: an overloaded tray, a shelf out of reach, a patch of ice on the road. But more often than not there is a chain of events leading up to the misfortunefrustration, tiredness or just bad temperthat show what the accident really is, a sort of attack on oneself.Road accidents, for example, happen frequently after a family quarrel, and we all know people who are accident-prone, so often at odds with themselves and the world that they seem to cause accidents for themselves or others.By definition, an accident is something you cannot predict or avoid, and the idea which used to be current, that the majority of road accidents are caused by a minority of criminally careless drivers, is not supported by insurance statistics. These show that most accidents involve ordinary motorists in a moment of carelessness or thoughtlessness.It is not always, clear, either, what sort of conditions make people more likely to have an accident. For instance, the law requires all factories to take safety precautions and most companies have safety committees to make sure the regulations are observed, but still, every day in Britain, some fifty thousand men and women are absent from work due to an accident. These accidents are largely the result of human error or misjudgmentnoise and fatigue, boredom or worry are possible factors which contribute to this. Doctors who work in factories have found that those who drink too much, usually people who have a high anxiety level, run three times the normal risk of accidents at work.1. The passage might be taken from _.2. The writer indicates that _.3. Which of the following is not mentioned as a factor of accidents?4. “Accident-prone” (Para 2) probably means _.5. Which of following could serve as the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.a text bookB.a science fictionC.a popular magazineD.an annual report of a company问题2选项A.British people are often absent minded.B.doctors should work in factories to avoid accidents.C.drivers are the factor leading to road accidents.D.there are always some people who fail to observe regulations.问题3选项A.anxietyB.tirednessC.bad weatherD.carelessness问题4选项A.liable to have accidentsB.likely to be killed in accidentsC.responsible for road accidentsD.possible to avoid accidents问题5选项A.Causes of AccidentsB.Prevention of AccidentsC.Results of AccidentsD.Accidents and Anxiety【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“这篇文章可能出自”。本文主要讲述的是事故发生的人为原因，第一段点明主题Accidents are caused; they dont just happen.（事故是人为造成的，不是自然发生的）；第二段和第三段讲交通事故发生的人为原因；第四段进一步分析举例论证事故发生的人为因素。这样的文章结构相比较而言更可能出现在教科书上，A项“一本教科书”正确；事故的原因不可能会出现在B项“一本科幻小说”、C项“一本受欢迎的杂志”或者D项“一份公司年度报告”中。因此，该题选择A项正确。2.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者指出”。根据第四段中的For instance, the law requires all factories to take safety precautions and most companies have safety committees to make sure the regulations are observed, but still, every day in Britain, some fifty thousand men and women are absent from work due to an accident.（例如，法律要求所有工厂采取安全预防措施，大多数公司都有安全委员会以确保这些规定得到遵守，但是，在英国每天仍然有大约5万名男女由于事故而缺勤）可知，A项“英国人经常心不在焉”和D项“总有一些人不遵守规章制度”与文章不符；B项“医生应该在工厂工作以避免事故”没有提到；根据第三段最后一句These show that most accidents involve ordinary motorists in a moment of carelessness or thoughtlessness.（这些数据表明，大多数事故都是由于普通司机一时的粗心大意造成的）可知，C项“司机是导致交通事故的因素”表述无误。因此，该题选择C项正确。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“下列哪一个选项没有被提到是导致事故的因素？”。第一段最后一句话指出But more often than not there is a chain of events leading up to the misfortunefrustration, tiredness or just bad temperthat show what the accident really is, a sort of attack on oneself.（但往往是一连串的事件导致了不幸沮丧、疲劳或只是坏脾气事故其实是对自己的一种攻击。）可知，A项“焦虑”和B项“疲惫”正确；根据第三段最后一句These show that most accidents involve ordinary motorists in a moment of carelessness or thoughtlessness.（这些数据表明，大多数事故都是由于普通司机一时的粗心大意造成的）可知，D项“粗心大意”也正确；只有C项“天气不好”在文中没有提到。因此，该题选择C项正确。4.【试题答案】A【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第二段中的Accident-prone可能是什么意思？”。根据第二段Road accidents, for example, happen frequently after a family quarrel, and we all know people who are accident-prone, so often at odds with themselves and the world that they seem to cause accidents for themselves or others.（例如，交通事故经常发生在家庭争吵之后，我们都知道那些accident-prone的人，他们经常与自己和世界发生冲突，以至于他们似乎给自己或他人造成了事故。），结合语境可以推测，“accident-prone”的意思是“容易发生事故的”，A项“容易发生事故”正确；B项“可能在事故中死亡”、C项“对交通事故负责”和D项“可能避免事故”都不对。因此，该题选择A项正确。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“下列哪一个可以作为这篇文章的最佳标题？”。整篇文章通篇讲述的是引起事故的一些因素和原因，因此A项“事故的原因”最符合；B项“预防交通事故”、C项“事故的结果”和D项“事故和焦虑”概括都不够准确。因此，该题选择A项正确。6. 单选题In the 7th century BC, a lawgiver named Draco drew up a very harsh code that punished offenses, no matter how trivial, with death.问题1选项A.roughB.minorC.illegalD.hidden【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。trivial表示“不重要的，琐碎的，琐细的”；A项rough“粗糙的，粗略的，粗野的”，B项minor“轻微的，次要的，较小的”，C项illegal“非法的，违法的，违反规则的”，D项hidden“隐藏的”。句意：公元前7世纪，一位名叫德拉古的立法者起草了一项非常严厉的法典，以死刑惩罚无论多么微不足道的犯罪行为。根据句意可知trivial在句中表示“微不足道的”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是B项。因此，该题选择B项正确。7. 单选题Until recently most astronomers believed that the space between the galaxies in our universe was a near pe