2022年考博英语-燕山大学考试题库及模拟押密卷1（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-燕山大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401(k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson Institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older workers. Among the reports recommendations: tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.1. According to Hudson Institute researcher, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy is _.2. The old experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may _.3. The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that _.4. When mentioning “the ongoing stock market on Wall Street” the writer _.5. Towards the issue, what the writer is most concerned about will be _.问题1选项A.constructiveB.significantC.inconclusiveD.disadvantageous问题2选项A.do harm to younger generationsB.end up with few or no benefitsC.give play to their potentialsD.shed light on social trends问题3选项A.there will be an acute labor shortage in the near futuresB.baby-boomers contribute much to the US economicC.government policies concerning older people are out-datedD.older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits问题4选项A.is calling attention to the privileges to which baby-boomers are entitledB.is calling for the government to take countermeasures against labor shortageC.is refuting a notion about experienced workers early retirementD.is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies问题5选项A.to advocate radically reforming government policiesB.to take into account the benefits upon retirementC.to put in practice what Hudson researchers believe inD.to prolong the practicability of older experienced employees【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization.（公共政策研究机构哈德逊研究所的一份新报告显示，有经验的工人提前退休正严重损害美国经济。），可知有经验的工人提前退休具有弊端，D选项“不利的”正确。A选项“建设性的”，B选项“意义重大的”和C选项“无定论的”属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第一句Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today.（在今天，62岁退休在经济上是一个理性的决定。）和最后一句Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.（尽管收入通常会随着工作年限的增加而增加，但35年之后的任何工资增长都会导致社会保障税的增加，而福利只会小幅增加。），可知许多人希望尽早退休的原因是好处不够，B选项“最终得到很少的好处或得不到好处”正确。A选项“对年轻一代有害”和C选项“发挥他们的潜力”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。D选项“阐明社会趋势”：根据第一段最后一句if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.（如果这种趋势继续下去，劳动力短缺将会阻碍21世纪的经济增长。），社会趋势指的是许多有经验的老工人很早就退休了，但这不是他们退休的原因，属于出处错位。因此B选项正确。3.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。第二段第一句指出人口老龄化会加剧，第二句指出年轻人群的增长很少，第三句建议让年长的技术工人继续就业以维持劳动力数量，如果不改革，劳动力缺乏的情况会更严重，综合可知，A选项“在不久的将来，将会严重劳动力短缺”正确。B选项“婴儿潮一代对美国经济贡献很大”：根据第二段最后一句but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.（但如果不进行重大政策改革，婴儿潮一代大规模提前退休的可能性似乎更大。），这里没有讲婴儿潮一代对美国经济贡献很大，属于曲解原文。C选项“政府有关老年人的政策已经过时了”：文中没有提到关于老年人的政策，属于无中生有。D选项“年长的工人热衷于将社会福利收入囊中”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。4.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。文章在第四段第一句提出Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work（哈德逊研究所的研究人员认为，联邦税收和福利政策是错误的，改革迫在眉睫，但他们不同意一项广受欢迎的提议，即美国老年人必须工作。），可知作者赞同美国老年人必须工作的观点，随后在第四段最后一句提出According tothe ongoing stock market on Wall Streetthere is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.（根据华尔街股市的持续上涨有证据表明，婴儿潮一代将工作到65岁，比前几代人拥有更多的金融资产。），可知华尔街股市持续上涨的例子是为了支持上面美国老年人必须工作的观点，C选项“反驳有经验的工人提前退休的观点”正确。A选项“正在呼吁人们关注婴儿潮一代所享有的特权”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。B选项“要求政府采取对策解决劳动力短缺问题”：这里没有提到解决劳动力短缺的问题，属于出处错位。D选项“为联邦税收和福利政策的无效辩护”：作者和哈德逊研究所一样认为联邦税收和福利政策是错误，不符合文章内容，属于反向干扰。因此C选项正确。5.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。文章第一段提出有经验的工人提前退休具有危害，第二段提出需要用政策使他们延长就业，第三段指出他们为什么会提前退休，第四段强调老员工必须工作，第五段阐述了哈德逊研究所对有经验的老员工提前退休的建议后总结必须延长有经验的老员工的工作时间。文章在各个方面阐述为什么需要延长有经验的老员工的工作时间，也给出了建议，D选项“给有经验的老员工延长工作时间的可行性”正确。A选项“主张彻底改革政府政策”：文章只涉及到老员工提前退休的政策，没有提出让政府彻底改革，属于偷换概念。B选项“考虑退休后的福利”：这只是文章的部分内容，属于以偏概全。C选项“将哈德逊研究人员所相信的付诸实践”：作者引用哈德逊研究人员的研究内容只是为了佐证自己的观点，不是想表达的重点，属于曲解原文。因此D选项正确。2. 单选题He _ a sum of money every month to help the two orphans.问题1选项A.set alongB.sets inC.sets asideD.sets up【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查短语辨析。A选项set along非短语；B选项sets in“（不好的事物）到来”；C选项sets aside“省出，抽出；把抛在脑后”；D选项sets up“设置；成立；创建”。句意：他每个月_一笔钱来帮助那两个孤儿。根据语境，这里指的是拿出钱来帮助孤儿，C选项sets aside“省出，抽出”符合题意。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题_ her inexperience her failure to secure the contract was not surprising.问题1选项A.In view ofB.With regard toC.By virtue ofD.According to【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查词组辨析。A选项In view of“鉴于，考虑到”；B选项With regard to“至于”；C选项By virtue of“由于，凭借”；D选项According to“按照”。句意：_她缺乏经验，她没能签署那份合同就不足为奇了。根据语境，这里指的是缺乏经验很大程度上让她没能签成合同，A选项In view of“鉴于，考虑到”符合题意。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题Did he tell you what _ if he had chance?问题1选项A.was he going to doB.he would doC.he had doneD.he had to do【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查时态。句意：他有没有告诉你如果有机会他会怎么做？What到句尾是宾语从句，其中if引导时间状语从句。根据if引导的时间状语从句采用一般过去时态，确定do的动作有过去的含义；根据语境可知是在将来做do的动作，确定do的动作有将来的含义，所以用过去将来时，B选项he would do符合题意。A选项was he going to do语序错误，was应该在he后面。C选项he had done和D选项he had to do时态错误。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _ comfortably.问题1选项A.wearingB.are wornC.is wornD.wears【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查主谓一致。句意：这种眼镜由经验丰富的工匠制作，戴起来很舒服。This kind of glasses是句子主语，manufactured by experienced craftsmen是修饰主语的定语，横线部分是谓语动词，comfortably是状语。根据主语是第三人称单数确定wears符合题意。A选项wearing是非谓语动词；B选项are worn和C选项is worn是被动语态，这里不用被动语态。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题Jane and Susan have _ again and do not speak to each other.问题1选项A.fallen inB.fallen backC.fallen outD.fallen of【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。A选项fallen in“倒塌”；B选项fallen back“后退，撤退”；C选项fallen out“闹翻”；D选项fallen of“的掉落”。句意：简和苏珊又_了，谁都不理谁。根据语境，这里指的是她们两人闹矛盾，都不搭理对方，C选项fallen out“闹翻”符合题意。因此C选项正确。7. 单选题We all _ your coming to help us.问题1选项A.appropriateB.appreciateC.admitD.affect【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项appropriate“盗用；拨（专款等）”；B选项appreciate“欣赏；感激”；C选项admit“承认（不好、不快或尴尬的事实）”；D选项affect“（感情上）深深打动；使悲伤（或怜悯等）”。句意：我们都_你来帮助我们。根据语境，这里帮助对应的应该是B选项appreciate“欣赏；感激”。因此B选项正确。8. 单选题Nobody likes taxes.Now thats a fairly safe statement to make. I know I dont. One of the reasons I moved back to the US from Canada, is that Americans pay far fewer taxes than Canadians do. In fact, it seems to be part of the American dream to avoid paying any taxes. We dont want to pay them on the Internet. Many states dont want their citizens to pay state taxes. And a huge federal income tax cut was just pushed through.And no doubt there are still people who think we pay too many taxes. But the people of Braintree, Massachusetts, might be thinking differently. Braintree has a problem. Not once in the past two decades did the town pass resolutions that ignored Proposition 2.5the law that says the town government cannot raise each years tax levy more than 2.5 percent above the previous years charges. Nor did they float any bonds to pay for debt. Braintree is also a fairly bustling commercial town. Which mean that resident tax rates were among the lowest in the Boston area.But theres one problem. Braintree is, well, falling apart. Especially its schools. While everybody was patting himself or herself on the back for keeping taxes down, school, roads, bridges and the like were growing older and werent receiving the attention they needed. But even if they did get the attention, not much could be done because there wasnt enough money in the towns kitty to pay for needed repair. But as my mother would say, one can only ignore the elephant in the living room for so long. And now its time to pay up. The school department wants $100 million to fix the schools. Millions more will be needed for road repairs and fixing the towns worsening water and sewer lines.Boy, oh boy, people are going to have SOME kind of tax bill in Braintree this year. And probably for the next few years as well. And dont forget, this situation affects more than just the towns infrastructure. Real estate prices will suffer as well. Who wants to move to a town with falling schools, bad roads, and questionable water?There is a lesson in all thisnot paying enough tax is just as bad as paying too much tax. There are some people in the US who point out that all tax money should be given back to individuals, not the various branches of government. Its our money, they cry. In one way, agree with them, it is our money. But the fact they conveniently forgetor ignoreis that the money the government keeps is “our” money as well. Thats because it pays for OUR schools, OUR roads, OUR military, OUR communities in need of help after events like floods or other disasters.1. In what way might people of Braintree think different about paying taxes?2. What makes the author come to the conclusion that people in Braintree pay the lowest tax rates in the Boston area is the fact that _.3. What is the alleged problem that faces Braintree at present?4. When the author quotes from his mother that “one can only ignore the elephant in the living room for so long” (the fourth paragraph), he means that _.5. With regard to paying taxes, the author is actually saying that _.问题1选项A.They think the governments tax cut plan is impracticable.B.They think they have been paying too many taxes.C.They think the town government misuse the taxes they have paid.D.They think paying enough taxes is necessary to keeping things going.问题2选项A.the town has never changed its taxation law in the last 20 yearsB.the town has been a fast -developing oneC.the town has never floated bonds to pay its debt in the last 20 yearsD.many more schools, roads and the like have been built recently问题3选项A.No one is willing to pay any taxes.B.Not enough attention is paid to educations.C.The town not have enough money to expand its infrastructure.D.The town does not collect enough taxes to keep itself in good shape.问题4选项A.one has to taste the bitter result if he is blind to a problemB.keeping everything in good order is too heavy a burden for a small townC.one should never keep an elephant in his living room for longD.small town should not levy too heavy a tax against peoples will问题5选项A.paying enough taxes is the citizens obligationB.he does not like taxes and would avoid them if he couldC.the government should not abuse the taxesD.the government should not levy too heavy a tax【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第一、二句And no doubt there are still people who think we pay too many taxes. But the people of Braintree, Massachusetts, might be thinking differently.（毫无疑问，仍然有人认为我们纳税太多。但是马萨诸塞州布伦特里人可能想法不同。）和第四段第一、二句But theres one problem. Braintree is, well, falling apart.（但有一个问题。布伦特里正在分崩离析。），可知布伦特里人不认为他们纳税过多，相反因为纳税过少导致问题出现，D选项“他们认为付足够的税是维持生活的必要条件”正确；B选项“他们认为他们已经纳税太多”不符合文章内容，属于反向干扰。A选项“他们认为政府的减税计划行不通”和C选项“他们认为市政府滥用他们缴纳的税款”：文中没有提到政府减税和政府滥用税款，属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。2.【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段倒数第三句Nor did they float any bonds to pay for debt.（他们也没有发行任何债券来偿还债务。），可知C选项“在过去的20年里，这个城镇从未发行过债券来偿还债务”正确。A选项“在过去的20年里，这个城镇从未改变过税法”：根据第三段第四句Not once in the past two decades did the town pass resolutions that ignored Proposition 2.5（在过去的20年里，该镇从未通过无视2.5号提案的决议），没有提到关于纳税的所有法规都没有通过，只是关于其中一项没有改变，属于曲解原文。B选项“这个城镇发展很快”：根据第三段倒数第二句Braintree is also a fairly bustling commercial town.（布伦特里还是一个相当繁华的商业小镇。），但这不等同于小镇发展速度很快，属于曲解原文。D选项“最近修建了更多的学校、道路和类似的东西”：根据第四段第四句school, roads, bridges and the like were growing older and werent receiving the attention they needed（学校、道路、桥梁等设施的年久失修，并没有得到应有的关注），可知不符合文章内容，属于反向干扰。因此C选项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第四、五句school, roads, bridges and the like were growing older and werent receiving the attention they needed. But even if they did get the attention, not much could be done because there wasnt enough money in the towns kitty to pay for needed repair.（学校、道路、桥梁等设施的年久失修，并没有得到应有的关注。但即使人们注意到了，也做不了什么，因为镇上没有足够的钱来支付必要的维修费用。），可知问题的根源在于没有钱，而这是因为征税不足，D选项“这个城镇没有征收足够的税来保持良好发展”正确；不修缮学校不是因为不重视教育，而是缺少资金，B选项“对教育不够重视”属于曲解原文；这里提到的不是扩大基础设施，只是对其进行维修，C选项“这个城镇没有足够的钱来扩大它的基础设施”属于曲解原文。A选项“没有人愿意交税”：根据第五段Boy, oh boy, people are going to have SOME kind of tax bill in Braintree this yearWho wants to move to a town with falling schools, bad roads, and questionable water?（天啊，天啊，今年在布伦特里的人们要交某种税了谁愿意搬到一个学校破败、道路糟糕、水源问题丛生的小镇？），这里暗指人们愿意交税，不符合文章内容，属于反向干扰。因此D选项正确。4.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第六、七句But as my mother would say, one can only ignore the elephant in the living room for so long. And now its time to pay up.（就像我妈妈常说的，人们只能忽视客厅里的大象这么久了。现在是时候付钱了。），客厅里的大象是非常明显的现象，指的是纳税不足导致的各种问题，而这个问题如果不解决，迟早有一天会严重到不得不解决的独步，A选项“如果一个人对问题视而不见，就会尝到苦果”正确；C选项“一个人不应该把大象长时间放在客厅里”仅仅解释了字面意思，没有解释内涵，属于偷换概念；这里表达的意思是需要增税，D选项“小镇不应该征收违背人们意愿的重税”属于反向干扰。B选项“对于一个小镇来说，保持一切井井有条负担太沉重”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。5.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。作者在第一、二段阐述不想纳税的观点，随后举出布伦特因为纳税不够而导致问题的例子，在最后一段总结征税过多和过少都会导致问题，并且强调政府的钱最后用于公民的生活，A选项“缴纳足够的税款是公民的义务”正确；D选项“不应征税过重”文中有提到，但是不是重点，属于曲解原文。B选项“他不喜欢税收，如果可能，他会尽量避免”：作者在开头提出不喜欢征税的观点是为了吸引读者注意和欲扬先抑，这不是作者想要表达的核心观点，属于反向干扰。C选项“不应滥用税收”：文中没有提到政府滥用税收，属于无中生有。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题To handle the delicate situation, you must be _.问题1选项A.carefully enoughB.enough carefullyC.more than carefulD.more carefully【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。more than用于形容词或副词前，意思为“非常；十分”。根据be动词后接形容词确定C选项more than careful“非常小心”正确。其余选项中carefully是副词，不放在be动词后面。句意：要处理这个微妙的局面，你必须非常小心。C选项符合题意。因此C选项正确。10. 单选题Although language is used to transmit information, the informative functions of language are fused with older and deeper functions so that only a small portion of our everyday speech can be described as purely informative. The ability to use language for strictly informative purposes was probably developed relatively late in the course of linguistic evolution.Long before that time, our ancestral species probably made the sorts of cries animals do to express feelings of hunger, fear, loneliness, and the like. Gradually these noises seem to have become more differentiated, transforming the cries into language as we know it today.Although we have developed language in which accurate reports may be given, we still use language as vocal equivalents of gestures such as crying in pain. When words are used as the vocal equivalent of expressive gestures, language is functioning in presymbolic ways. These presymbolic uses of language coexist our symbolic system so that the talking we do in everyday life is a thorough blending of symbolic and presymbolic language.What we call social conversation is mainly presymbolic in character. When we are at a large social gathering, for example, we all have to talk. It is typical of these conversations that, except among very good friends, few of the remarks made have any informative value: talk together about nothing at all and thereby establishes a relationship.There is principle at work in the selection of the subject matter we deem appropriate for social conversation. Since the purpose of this kind of talk is the establishment of communion, we are careful to select subjects about which agreement is immediately possible. With each new agreement, no matter how commonplace, the fear and suspicion of the stranger wear away, and the possibility of friendship emerges. When further conversation reveals that we have friends or political views or artistic values or hobbies in common, a friend is made, and genuine communication and cooperation can begin.1. The phrase “older and deeper functions” in the first sentence refers to _.2. The author uses the term “presymbolic language” to mean probably _.3. With regard to the evolution of language, which of the following statements is TRUE?4. The primary value of presymbolic language for humans is that it _.5. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?问题1选项A.the grammatical structure of languageB.the expression of emotions through soundC.the transmission of information through written languageD.the purely informative part of language问题2选项A.language used in accurate reportsB.language that lacks an elaborate grammatical structureC.language that our ancestors use prehistoricallyD.language that is of little informative value问题3选项A.The origin of language can be traced back to the early mans imitation of noises made by animals.B.Meaningless cries preceded the origin of language.C.In the process of evolution, language is mainly non-informative.D.Originally, language is the indistinguishable forms of cries.问题4选项A.wipes out human hostility and suspicionB.permits and aids the smooth functioning of interpersonal relationshipsC.kills time in a more casual wayD.establish an agreement for genuine cooperation问题5选项A.Since language is mainly for information, communication in our daily life is primarily symbolic.B.In modern times, we tend to use more symbolic languages than presymbolic ones.C.Before a