2022年考博英语-东北大学考试题库及模拟押密卷6（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-东北大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题There is a（ ）difference in meaning between the two words “surroundings” and “environment”.问题1选项A.gentleB.feebleC.subtleD.humble【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项gentle“温和的；文雅的”；B选项feeble“微弱的；虚弱的”；C选项subtle“微妙的；细微的；敏感的；稀薄的”；D选项humble“谦逊的；简陋的；（级别或地位）低下的”。句意：“surroundings”与“environment”这两个单词在意思上存在细微的差异。根据句意，选项C正确。2. 单选题Despite Denmarks manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on its tininess, its unimportance, the difficulty of its language, the general small-mindedness and self-indulgence of their countrymen and the high taxes. No Dane would look you in the eye and say “Denmark is a great country.” Youre supposed to figure this out for yourself.It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half the national budget goes toward smoothing out lifes inequalities, and there is plenty of money for schools, day care, retraining programs, job seminars Danes love seminars: three days at a study center hearing about waste management is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded by English, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the English that Danish absorbs there is no Danish Academy to defend against it old dialects persist in Jutland that can barely be understood by Copenhageners. It is the land where, as the saying goes, “few have too much and fewer have too little,” and a foreigner is struck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails, where the lowliest clerk gives you a level gaze, where Sir and Madame have disappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. Its a nation of recyclers about 55% of Danish garbage gets made into something new and no nuclear power plants. Its a nation of tireless planners. Trains run on time. Things operate well in general.Such a nation of overachievers a brochure from the Ministry of Business and Industry says, “Denmark is one of the worlds cleanest and most organized countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark is the most corruption-free society in the Northern Hemisphere.” So, of course, ones heart lifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti on buildings (“Foreigners Out of Denmark!”), broken beer bottles in the gutters, drunken teenagers slumped in the park.Nonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through a Danish town, it comes to an end at a stone wall, and on the other side is a field of barley, a nice clean line: town here, country there. It is not a nation of jaywalkers. People stand on the curb and wait for the red light to change, even if its 2 a.m. and theres not a car in sight. However, Danes dont think of themselves as a waiting-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people thats how they see Swedes and Germans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people, improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is (though one should not say it) that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes. Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few natural resources, limited manufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, and distributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, and these bright, young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and Russia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern and well-maintained.The orderliness of the society doesnt mean that Danish lives are less messy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell you so. You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholism and about perfectly sensible people who went off one day and killed themselves. An orderly society cannot exempt its members from the hazards of life.But there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danes grow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship, and you shouldnt feel bad for taking what youre entitled to, youre as good as anyone else. The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits you get if you lose your job, the steps you take to get a new one; and the orderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis.1.The author thinks that Danes adopt a （ ） attitude towards their country.2.Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristic cited in the passage?3.The authors reaction to the statement by the Ministry of Business and Industry is （ ）.4.According to the passage, Danish orderliness （ ）.5.At the end of the passage the author states all the following EXCEPT that （ ）.问题1选项A.boastfulB.modestC.deprecatingD.mysterious问题2选项A.Fondness of foreign culture.B.Equality in society.C.Linguistic tolerance.D.Persistent planning.问题3选项A.disapprovingB.approvingC.noncommittalD.doubtful问题4选项A.sets the people apart from Germans and SwedesB.spares Danes social troubles besetting other peoplesC.is considered economically essential to the countryD.prevents Danes from acknowledging existing troubles问题5选项A.Danes are clearly informed of their social benefitsB.Danes take for granted what is given to themC.the open system helps to tide the country overD.orderliness has alleviated unemployment【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到原文首段“Despite Denmarks manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes.”，中文翻译为：尽管丹麦有着明显的优点，但是丹麦人却从不谈及自己身为丹麦人有多么自豪。因此B选项“谦虚的”符合题意。2.【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干关键词Danish characteristic可定位到文章第二段It is the land where, as the saying goes, “few have too much and fewer have too little,”，中文翻译为：正如俗语所说，它（即丹麦）是一个很少人拥有太多且更少的人拥有太少的国土，对应B选项“社会平等”。第二段中“there is no Danish Academy to defend against it”，中文翻译为：没有一个丹麦的学院去反对它（英语），对应C选项“语言的容忍”。以及第二段“Its a nation of tireless planners.”中文翻译为：它是一个有着不知疲倦的规划者的国家。对应D选项“持续的规划”。因此A项符合题意。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到文章第三段“.broken beer bottles in the gutters, drunken teenagers slumped in the park”，中文翻译为：水沟中打碎的啤酒瓶，倒在公园里的喝醉的青少年。可知答案为D项“怀疑的”。4.【试题解析】细节事实题。根据题干关键词Danish orderliness可以定位到文章第四段 “Orderliness is a main selling point.”，中文翻译为：有序是一个主要的卖点。因此C项“在经济上对这个国家被认为是至关重要的”正确。5.【试题解析】细节事实题。A项“丹麦人清楚地被告知自己的社会福利”可定位到文章倒数第一段“The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone.”，中文翻译为：福利系统的制度对每个人都是显然的。B选项“丹麦人将被给予自己的东西当成理所当然”对应文章最后一段中“Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship.”，中文翻译为：某些东西由于你是公民而是你的。C选项“公开的系统有助于这个国家度过困难时期”对应最后一段“to weather high unemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis.”，中文翻译为：在没有危机感的情况下去经受住失业和社会动荡。因此可知答案为D“有序缓解了失业”。3. 单选题The local government reduced the tax on petrol as a（ ）to the public outcry.问题1选项A.conceptionB.consensusC.contemptD.concession【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项conception“怀孕；概念；设想”；B选项consensus“一致；舆论；合意”；C选项contempt“轻视，蔑视；耻辱”；D选项concession“让步；承认；退位”。句意：当地政府减少汽油税来当作对公众强烈抗议的让步。根据句意可知D选项正确。4. 翻译题Passage OneA beached whale is a whale which has become stranded on land, usually on a beach. Beaching is often fatal for whales, as they become dehydrated and die. Whales have been found beached throughout human history and so many standings can be attributed to natural and environmental factors. There could be many natural reasons like rough weather, weakness due to old age or infection, difficulty giving birth, hunting too close to shore and navigational mistakes. A single stranded animal can prompt the entire pod to respond to its distress signals and become stranded. In 2004, scientists at the University of Tasmania found a link between whale standings and the weather. It is hypothesized that when cool Antarctic waters rich in squid and fish flow north, whales follow their prey closer towards land making them more prone to stranding. In some cases predators (such as killer whales) have been known to panic whales, herding them towards the shoreline. Strandings can be grouped into several different types. The most obvious distinctions are between single and multiple standings. Single live strandings are often the result of an illness or injury, which would almost inevitably end in death unless a passer-by knows how to react.Multiple strandings of dead animals in one locality are rare and often cause a great deal of media coverage as well as rescue efforts by sympathetic humans. Even multiple offshore deaths are unlikely to lead to multiple strandings due to the variable winds and currents scattering the animals across the sea. A key factor in many of these cases appears to be the strong social cohesion amongst toothed whales. If one whale gets into trouble, its distress calls may prompt the rest of the group to follow and become beached themselves. There is no definitive specific cause for mass strandings. Instead they may happen due to numerous factors that can act in combination. Many have been proposed, with some seeking to explain only a subset of cases; however, they are difficult to prove conclusively and are sometimes controversial.Passage TwoIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a Jaguar XK 4.2-S. So might “Pride and Prejudice” have started had Jane Austen, who was paid 110 (3, 200, or $5,700, in todays money) for one of the bestselling novels ever, been lucky enough to live in an era which offered the mutually beneficial partnership between creative talent and commercial sponsorship known as product placement.See how swiftly the hero runs in his flash new trainers? Notice how luxuriantly the shower gel foams on the heroines back? Thats probably because the companies that make those products have paid the producers of those programs fat fees to portray their wares nicely. Product placement, which gave birth to the original soap operas created to sell washing powders, is back.Digital technology is the reason. Viewers can now effortlessly skip the ads, so broadcasters and the companies that used to buy airtime for commercials are trying to find better ways to catch peoples attention. Product placement is one promising option, but it is controversial. It is allowed in America but mostly banned in the European Union. Consumer organizations across Europe oppose the introduction of product placement, saving it would undermine trust in broadcasters. European producers and broadcasters complain that this is unfair because their American rivals benefit from a source of income denied to them, and senseless because American programs anyway appear on European screens. The EU is therefore planning to legalize product placement, but the proposal faces some opposition, viewers watching ads, say the critics, are fair game because they know theyre being sold stuff. When theyre watching programs, by contrast, they dont realize that products are being promoted.But if advertising that slips imperceptibly into peoples brains were to be banned, a great deal of what goes on now would be outlawed. After all, drivers spinning past billboards dont necessarily consciously clock the message theyve seen; often they file it unconsciously as you browsing through these pages, may well absorb the notion that an expensive watch or a new phone will change your life in some vague but enticing way. As for people who believe the literal truth of what they see in soap operas well, no amount of regulation can protect them from themselves.Anyhow, governments dont need to police entertainment content-producers will do it themselves. When Fay Weldon, a novelist, wrote a book for Bulgari, a jewelry manufacturer, a few years ago, it was not widely viewed as a literary gem. Neither she, nor anybody else with a reputation worth keeping, has tried that again. Which is just as well: the world would have been a poorer place had Mr. Bing ley been more interested in his ride than in the Bennet girls.Directions: Each of the following two passages has some underlined parts. Translate the underlined parts into Chinese and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.【答案】（1） 【参考译文】搁浅的鲸鱼是搁浅在陆地（通常是在海滩上）的鲸鱼。搁浅对鲸鱼来说通常是致命的，因为它们会脱水死亡。在整个人类历史中，鲸鱼一直被发现搁浅，有很多搁浅是由于自然和环境因素。可能有许多自然原因，比如恶劣的天气、年老或感染导致的身体虚弱、分娩困难、猎食离海岸太近以及导航错误。（2） 【参考译文】在一个地方多次搁浅死去的动物是罕见的，经常引起大量媒体报道和同情的人们的救援努力。由于多变的风和洋流将这些动物分散在海中，即使是多次离岸死亡也不太可能导致多次搁浅。其中一个关键因素就是齿鲸之间强大的社会凝聚力。如果一头鲸鱼遇到麻烦，它发出的求救信号可能会促使其他鲸鱼跟随并搁浅。Passage Two（1） 【参考译文】看到男主穿着他的新运动鞋跑得有多快了吗？注意到女主角背上的沐浴露泡沫有多丰富吗？这可能是因为生产这些产品的公司已经向这些节目的制作者支付了大笔费用，以使他们的产品能被很好地描绘出来。让被创造来销售洗衣粉的最初肥皂剧产生的产品植入又回来了。（2） 【参考译文】数字技术是原因。观众现在可以毫不费力地跳过广告，所以以前为商业广告而购买广告时间的广播电台和公司，正在试图找到更好的方法来引起人们的关注。产品植入是一个有前途的选择，但它却有争议。尽管植入式广告在美国被允许，但是在欧盟却通常被禁止。考虑到可能危害广播电台的信用，欧洲的消费者组织反对产品植入。（3） 【参考译文】但是，如果不知不觉地溜进人们大脑的广告将被禁止，那么如今大量进行着的广告将是不合法的。毕竟，转过广告牌的司机没必要有意识地注视他们所见的广告词：他们经常无意识地对广告词进行归档因为，通过浏览这些广告页面，你可能很好地吸收这样的概念，即一块昂贵的手表或一部新的手机将以一些模糊但却诱人的方式来改变你的生活。对于相信自己所看肥皂剧中字面真理的人而言，即使再多的监管也不能让他们免于来自自己本人的伤害。5. 单选题On an average of six times a day, a doctor in Holland practices “active” euthanasia: intentionally administering a lethal drug to a terminally ill patient who has asked to be relieved of suffering. Twenty times a day, life-prolonging treatment is withheld or withdrawn when there is no hope that it can affect an ultimate cure. “Active” euthanasia remains a crime on the Dutch statute books punishable by 12 years in prison. But a series of court cases over the past 15 years has made it clear that a competent physician who carries it out will not be prosecuted.Euthanasia, often called “mercy killing”, is a crime everywhere in Western Europe. But more and more doctors and nurses in Britain, Germany, Holland and elsewhere readily admit to practicing it, most often in the “passive” form of withholding or withdrawing treatment. The long simmering euthanasia issue has lately boiled over into a sometimes fierce public debate, with both sides claiming the mantle of ultimate righteousness. Those opposed to the practice see themselves up-holding sacred principles of respect for life, while those in favor raise the banner of humane treatment. After years on the defensive, the advocates now seem to be gaining ground. Recent polls in Britain show that 72 percent of British subjects favor euthanasia in some circumstances. An astonishing 76 percent of respondents to a poll taken late last year in France said they would like the law changed to decriminalize mercy killings.Reasons for the latest surge of interest in euthanasia are not hard to find. Europeans, like Americans, are now living longer. The average European male now lives to the age of 72, woman to almost 8A.s Derek Humphrey, a leading British advocate of “rational euthanasia”, says, “lingering chronic diseases have replaced critical illness as the primary cause of death.”And so the euthanasists have begun to press their case with greater force. They argue that every human being should have the right to “die with dignity”, by which they usually mean the right to escape the horrors of a painful or degrading hospitalization. Most advocates of voluntary euthanasia have argued that the right to die should be accorded only to the terminally and incurably ill, but the movement also includes a small minority who believe in euthanasia for anyone who rationally decides to take his own life.That right is unlikely to get legal recognition any time in the near future. Even in the Netherlands, the proposals now before Parliament would restrict euthanasia to a small number of cases and would surround even those with elaborate safeguards.1.According to Paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true?2.Euthanasia is, often called “mercy killing”, which implies that（ ）.3. “Boiled over” (Line 4, Para. 2) means （ ）.4.Most advocates of voluntary euthanasia hold that （ ）.5.The authors attitude towards euthanasia is （ ）.问题1选项A.“Active” euthanasia is regarded as a crime by Dutch law.B.The doctor who carries out euthanasia will be charged.C.An unqualified doctor carrying out euthanasia will be accused.D.“Active” euthanasia executives will be sentenced to 12 years imprisonment.问题2选项A.people should show sympathy for a terminally ill patientB.some doctors murder patients shielding themselves from mercyC.humane treatment to dying patients should be requiredD.the dying patients are suffering from the pain and they dont want to live on问题3选项A.burst (into)B.make the water hot enough to boilC.cause great angerD.fight one another问题4选项A.only terminally ill patients can have euthanasiaB.if anyone who rationally decides to end his life, he can have euthanasiaC.people should respect lifeD.no matter what punishment they get, they will carry out euthanasia to patients问题5选项A.positiveB.negativeC.objectiveD.uncertain【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】细节事实题。A选项“主动的安乐死被荷兰法律认为是一种犯罪”和D选项“主动安乐死的执行者将被判12年的监禁”可以定位到文章首段中 “ Active euthanasia remains a crime on the Dutch statute books punishable by 12 years in prison.”中文翻译为：主动的安乐死在荷兰的法典上仍然是一种需判刑12年的监禁。C选项“实行安乐死的不合格医生将会被控告”可以定位到文章首段“But a series of court cases over the past 15 years has made it clear that a competent physician who carries it out will not be prosecuted.”中文翻译为：但是过去15年的一系列法庭案件却明确表示，实行安乐死的称职医生将不被指控。同时可知B选项“实行安乐死的医生将会被起诉”与文章不符合，故选B。2.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干关键词“mercy killing”可以定位到原文第二段“while those in favor raise the banner of humane treatment.”中文翻译为：而那些安乐死的支持者却高举人道对待的旗帜。可知C项正确，译为“垂死的病人应该需要人道的对待”。3.【试题解析】词汇题。A：爆发（成）；B：让水热得足以沸腾；C：造成巨大的愤怒；D：相互打架。题干关键词“boil over”意为：爆发。因此A选项正确。4.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干关键词most advocates of voluntary euthanasia可以定位到原文倒数第二段中“Most advocates of voluntary euthanasia have argued that the right to die should be accorded only to the terminally and incurably ill”，中文翻译为：大多数自愿安乐死的支持者认为，去死的权利应该只给予晚期绝症病人，可以得知A选项“只有晚期绝症病人可以安乐死”正确。5.【试题解析】观点态度题。A: positive“积极的”；B: negative“消极的”；C: objective“客观的”；D: uncertain“不确定的”。全文作者都是用客观的态度来描述安乐死这个话题，因此可以推测出C选项正确。6. 单选题What is the best wood to burn in the home fireplace? Choose the kind of wood to burn is like choosing a bottle of wine. Each choice you can make has something different to offer. Woods differ in the scent they give off and in the heat they provide. The kind of wood you will choose depends on your own needs and tastes.Pine, spruce, and fir are soft and easy to light. They burn quickly with a hot flame. However, a fire built from these woods burns out quickly. This kind of fire requires a lot of attention. It needs new logs added to keep the fire burning. A fire built from softwoods might be ideal for you at certain times. You may want a quick warming fire that will burn out before you go to bed.For a long-lasting fire, it is best to use heavier woods. These would be ash, beech, birch, maple, and oak. These woods dont burn as fast. Oak gives the most even and shortest flames. It also produces steady, glowing coals. When you have several oak logs burning in your grate, you can settle back for a steady show of flame.If you want a good-smelling fire, use the wood from fruit trees. Apple, cherry, and nut trees all produce pleasant scents. Their smoke usually smells like the trees fruit.By mixing softwoods with hardwoods, you can get a long-lasting, easy-to-light fire. Later, by adding some fruitwood, you can produce a pleasant scent as well.As a rule, no more than four logs are needed to make a good fire. Adjust the logs to maintain the flames. Push the ends of the logs in the flames from time to time. Add kindling and new logs as needed to rekindle a dying flame. Rake coals toward the front of the grate before adding new logs and put new logs at the rear. There they will reflect light and heat into the room.Let only an inch or two of ash collects at the bottom o