2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第158期

2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Almost 15 years ago, in “The Work of Nations,” I described a three-tiered work force found in most advanced economies. At the bottom were workers who offer personal service, mainly in retail outlets, restaurants, hotels and hospitals. In the middle were production workers in factories or offices, performing simple, repetitive tasks. At the top were “symbolic analysts”, like engineers or lawyers, who manipulate information to solve problems. Educated to think critically, almost all have university degrees. They were the knowledge workers of the new economy.I predicted that advances in technology, and globalization, would widen the gaps in income and opportunity between these tiers. What I didnt predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically. The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected. Symbolic analysts now make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. Their incomes in developing economies are soaring, relative to other workers.Two different groups of symbolic analysts are emerging: national and global. Most symbolic analysts still work within a national economy, manipulating various kinds of symbols with the aid of computers. Theyre at the core of their nations middle classaccountants, engineers, lawyers, journalists and other university-trained professionals.Yet a new group is emerging at the very top. Theyre CEOs and CFOs of global corporations, and partners and executives in global investment banks, law firms and consultancies. Unlike most national symbolic analysts, these global symbolic analysts conduct almost all their work in English, and share with one another an increasingly similar cosmopolitan culture.Theres a good economic reason that this group of global symbolic analysts emerged. Global commerce is now occurring on a scale and with a complexity that no commercial contract can adequately cover and no single legal system can sufficiently enforce. Hence, global dealmakers must rely to an ever greater extent on an extended network of people whom they trust.The fears of national symbolic analysts are premature. The demand for their skills is still rising, notwithstanding the new competition. The earnings of university graduates in the United States and most advanced economies continue to outpace the earnings of those with only secondary-school diplomas, and the earnings of people with graduate and professional degrees are rising even faster. If demand for symbolic analysts were dropping, we would expect the opposite.Yet unless the advanced economies invest more in education and basic R&D, they could lose their global lead in science, engineering and high-value-added production within a few decades. China and India are now graduating more engineers and computer scientists than are emerging from American and European universities. At some point, national symbolic analysts in advanced economies will lose ground. Their global brethren, meanwhile, will continue to dominate global commerce. The income and wealth gap between them will widen into a chasm. They will live, literally, in different cultures.1. In what way is the prediction made by the author 15 years ago flawed?2. In what way has the three tiers changed shape in developed countries?3. The emergence of the global symbolic analysts is mainly attributable to the _.4. The author advises advanced countries want to keep their competitive advantage to _.5. The author implies in the text that _.问题1选项A.The income gaps between the tiers are not widening.B.Advances in technology create a fourth tier on the top.C.The income gap between the middle and top tiers is made wider.D.The knowledge workers become the largest group of the workforce.问题2选项A.The number of manufacturing workers is on the decline.B.The symbolic analysts have become the dominant work force.C.The number of people in service industry remains stable.D.The computer workers receive the larger salaries than other workers.问题3选项A.popularity of the English languageB.increased transnational business transactionC.lack of suitable law applicable to global dealingsD.emergence of a global culture问题4选项A.narrow down the income gaps between tiers of the workforceB.give national symbolic analysts consC.pay due attention to the rise of global symbolic analystsD.stream more money into education and research问题5选项A.a four-tiered classification is more suitable for picturing the present work forceB.national symbolic analysts will play a vital role in the upcoming globalizationC.graduates from Chinese and Indian universities will be valued in advanced economiesD.engineers and computer scientists will play different roles in different cultures【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“I predicted that advances in technology, and globalization, would widen the gaps in income and opportunity between these tiers. What I didnt predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically. The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected.（我预测，技术进步和全球化将扩大这些阶层之间的收入和机会差距。我没有预料到的是，这三层的形状会发生如此巨大的变化。顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩，比我预期的要快得多。）”，由顶层在增长，中层在萎缩，可推断出中高层阶级的收入差距变得更大了，这是作者没有预测到的，所以C选项“中高层收入差距进一步扩大”符合题意。根据“What I didnt predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically.（我没有预料到的是，这三层的形状会发生如此巨大的变化。）”可知A选项“各阶层之间的收入差距没有扩大”说法错误；B选项“技术的进步创造了比高层更高的第四层”不符合题意；D选项“知识工人成为劳动力的最大群体”，文章提到“Symbolic analysts now make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. （象征性分析师现在占据了发达经济体所有工作岗位的五分之一以上，而15年前这一比例约为15%。）”，并没有说知识工人成为劳动力的最大群体，D选项错误。因此C选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected. Symbolic analysts now make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. Their incomes in developing economies are soaring, relative to other workers.（顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩，比我预期的要快得多。象征性分析师现在占据了发达经济体所有工作岗位的五分之一以上，而15年前这一比例约为15%。相对于其他工人，他们在发展中国家的收入正在飙升。）”，以及结合第一段可知，中层阶级主要是制造业工人，该句中提到中层阶级在萎缩，由此可推断制造业工人的数量在下降，A选项“制造业工人数量在下降”正确；B选项“象征性分析师已经成为主导的劳动力”，文章只提到了他们的比例有所提高，并没有强调他们的主导地位，B选项错误；根据第一段“At the bottom were workers who offer personal service, mainly in retail outlets, restaurants, hotels and hospitals.（最底层的是提供个人服务的工人，主要在零售店、餐馆、酒店和医院工作。）”，且第二段提到“The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking.（顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩）”可知服务业从业人数增长了，所以C选项“服务业从业人数保持稳定”说法错误；D选项“计算机工人的工资比其他工人高”文章没有提到，因此A选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段“Theres a good economic reason that this group of global symbolic analysts emerged. Global commerce is now occurring on a scale and with a complexity that no commercial contract can adequately cover and no single legal system can sufficiently enforce. Hence, global dealmakers must rely to an ever greater extent on an extended network of people whom they trust.（这群全球符号分析师的出现有一个很好的经济原因。目前全球商业的规模和复杂性是任何商业合同都无法充分涵盖的，是任何单一的法律体系都无法充分执行的。因此，全球交易商必须在更大程度上依赖于他们所信任的扩大网络。）”，由此可推断出全球符号分析师出现的根本原因是因为缺乏适用于全球交易的法律，所以C选项“缺乏适用于全球交易的法律”正确。A选项“英语语言的普及”；B选项“跨国业务交易的增加”虽然也是一个原因，但不是根本原因；D选项“全球文化的出现”。因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Yet unless the advanced economies invest more in education and basic R&D, they could lose their global lead in science, engineering and high-value-added production within a few decades.（然而，除非发达经济体在教育和基础研发方面加大投资，否则它们可能在几十年内失去在科学、工程和高附加值生产方面的全球领先地位。）”，由此可知作者建议发达国家如果想要保持他们的竞争优势，就必须加大对教育和研究与开发方面的投资，所以D选项“加大对教育和研究的资金投入”符合题意。A选项“缩小劳动阶层之间的收入差距”；B选项“给国家象征分析家一些批评”；C选项“对全球符号分析者的崛起给予应有的关注”。因此D选项正确。5.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“China and India are now graduating more engineers and computer scientists than are emerging from American and European universities. At some point, national symbolic analysts in advanced economies will lose ground. Their global brethren, meanwhile, will continue to dominate global commerce. （现在，中国和印度的工程师和计算机科学家毕业生比美国和欧洲大学毕业生还要多。在某种程度上，发达经济体的国家象征性分析师将失去优势。与此同时，他们的全球兄弟将继续主导全球商业。）”，由此可推断出C选项“中国和印度大学的毕业生将在发达经济体受到重视”符合题意。A选项“四级分类更适合描述目前的劳动力”；B选项“国家象征分析家将在即将到来的全球化中扮演至关重要的角色”；D选项“工程师和计算机科学家将在不同的文化中扮演不同的角色”。因此C选项正确。2. 单选题The benefits of a diverse workforce are only seen if the staff is well managed. Bosses need to understand that people with differing backgrounds will come up with ideas in different ways and give them the flexibility to be creative in their custom.That comes together with a couple steps; first, managers need to be sure they are actively pursuing new hires that not only add diversity but also offer a new perspective.The key is not just adding a Hispanic woman to the staff because you dont have one now. Its best to seek people whose backgrounds are different from your current staff as they will likely find solutions in different ways.Take the accounting firm Deloitte, an early adopter of diversity. The firm was training minorities to become top managers, but then it often lost them before they reached the executive levelas often happens in that profession. So Deloitte created a new executive training program that urged its accountants to stay on rather than jumping to another firm for advancement. This assured that the minorities the company was grooming for top management wouldnt leave the company before reaching higher ranks.But its not just about putting minorities in a few jobs and having them run things as usual. For instance, immigrants from countries where banks have failed or simply arent trusted may need to build a relationship with someone in a branch before depositing their money. A local branch manager who understands that relationship may be more likely to get that business.Having a diverse workforce is only an advantage if youre able to utilize that diversity. Its understanding the experience of people and what they can bring to your business.The floating market is a little microcosm of that. Every day, locals and tourists peruse the stands and counters that jut out from the boats. The customers are all shades and backgrounds, and thats just the way the islanders like it.The same can happen at offices. But its up to managers to show they value ideas as creative as the floating market.1. Which of the following statements best summarizes the passage?2. What is most valued about minority groups?3. What does the author intend to say in the fourth paragraph?4. What is the advantage of a minority bank worker according to the passage?5. What is a floating market probably like?问题1选项A.It is beneficial for companies to hire people from different backgrounds.B.A diverse workforce will do good to the company if managed properly.C.People from different backgrounds can contribute different ideas.D.The importance of minority people is getting more and more attention.问题2选项A.Their local culture.B.Their unique experience.C.Their different perspectives.D.Their executive ability.问题3选项A.Deloitte attached importance to having minorities in its top management.B.Talent loss at executive level is a common occurrence in accounting business.C.Proper training is necessary for minorities to make more contribution.D.Minorities are more likely to look for a new company for better opportunities.问题4选项A.He will spend more time and energy persuading clients to deposit money in his bank.B.He knows better how to keep the banks reputation and win the clients trust.C.It is easier for him to develop a relationship with immigrants from his home country.D.He understands better the importance of the relationship between bank and clients.问题5选项A.It sells goods from all over the world.B.It is a market on the water.C.It does not have a fixed location.D.It sells goods at rather low price.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章开头说到“The benefits of a diverse workforce are only seen if the staff is well managed.（只有管理好员工，才能看到多元化员工队伍的好处。）”，后文第六段又提到“Having a diverse workforce is only an advantage if youre able to utilize that diversity.（拥有多样化的劳动力是唯一的优势，如果你能够利用这种多样性。）”，由此可知本文主要阐述的是多元化的员工队伍对公司的作用，B选项“如果管理得当，多元化的员工队伍对公司有好处”符合文章大意。A选项“公司雇佣不同背景的人是有益的”说法太绝对，忽略了管理的作用；C选项“不同背景的人可以提出不同的想法”以及D选项“少数民族的重要性越来越受到重视”都包含在B选项中，因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Its best to seek people whose backgrounds are different from your current staff as they will likely find solutions in different ways.（最好是找那些背景和你现有员工不同的人，因为他们可能会以不同的方式找到解决方案。）”，由此可知少数民族群体最被看中的是他们不同的观点，C选项“他们的观点不同”说法正确。A选项“他们的当地文化”；B选项“他们独特的经历”以及D选项“他们的执行能力”均不符合题意，因此C选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据第四段的最后一句话“This assured that the minorities the company was grooming for top management wouldnt leave the company before reaching higher ranks.（这确保了公司为高层管理人员培养的少数族裔在晋升之前不会离开公司）”以及前文提到的少数民族群体会提供不同意见可知德勤会计师事务所重视在高层管理层中引入少数族裔，从而能够拥有更多的不同的意见，A选项“德勤重视在高层管理层中引入少数族裔”说法正确。B选项“高管层人才流失是会计行业的常见现象”文章没有提到；C选项“少数民族要做出更大的贡献，就必须进行适当的培训”文章也没有提及；D选项“少数族裔更倾向于寻找一家新公司来获得更好的机会”说法太绝对，文章只说了该事务所有这样的问题，并不能说明所有的少数族裔都倾向于寻找更好的机会。因此A选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段“For instance, immigrants from countries where banks have failed or simply arent trusted may need to build a relationship with someone in a branch before depositing their money. A local branch manager who understands that relationship may be more likely to get that business.（例如，来自银行倒闭或根本不受信任的国家的移民，在存款之前可能需要与分行的某个人建立关系。一个了解这种关系的当地分行经理更有可能得到这项业务。）”，由此可知少数民族银行职员更容易与来自他祖国的移民建立关系，因此C选项“他更容易与来自他祖国的移民建立关系”符合题意。A选项“他会花更多的时间和精力说服客户把钱存在他的银行里”；B选项“他更懂得如何维护银行的声誉，赢得客户的信任”以及D选项“他更了解银行和客户之间关系的重要性”文章都没有提到，因此C选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据最后两段“The floating market is a little microcosm of that. Every day, locals and tourists peruse the stands and counters that jut out from the boats. The customers are all shades and backgrounds, and thats just the way the islanders like it. The same can happen at offices. But its up to managers to show they value ideas as creative as the floating market.（浮动市场只是其中的一个小缩影。每天，当地人和游客都在详细考察从船上伸出的看台和柜台。顾客的肤色和背景各不相同，这正是岛民喜欢的方式。同样的情况也可能发生在办公室。但这取决于管理者如何表现出他们对创意的重视程度，就像浮动市场一样。）”，由此可知浮动市场的位置不是固定的，它可以发生在船上，也能在办公室里发生，因此C选项“它没有固定的位置”符合题意。A选项“它销售来自世界各地的商品”；B选项“这是一个水上市场”以及D选项“它以相当低的价格出售商品”文章都没有提到，因此C选项正确。3. 翻译题不要抛弃学问有人说：“出去做事之后，生活问题急需解决，哪有工夫去读书？即使要做学问，既没有图书馆，又没有实验室，哪能做学问？”我要对你们说：凡是要等到有图书馆才能读书，有了图书馆也不肯读书；凡是等到有了实验室方才做研究，有了实验室也不肯做研究。你有了决心就研究一个问题，自然会节衣缩食去买书，自然会想出法子来设置仪器。至于时间，更不成问题。达尔文一生多病，不能多做工，每天只能做一点钟的工作。你们看他的成绩！每天花一点钟看10页有用的书，每年可看3600多页，30年可读11万页书，11万页书可以使你成为一个学者了。【答案】Never Give up the Pursuit of LearningSome people say, “Once you have a job, youll come up against the urgent problem of making a living. How can you manage to find time to study? Even if you want to, will it be possible with no library or no laboratory available?” Now let me tell you this. Those who refuse to study for lack of a library will most probably continue to do so even though there is a library. And those who refuse to do research for lack of a laboratory will most probably continue to do so even though a laboratory is available. As long as you set your mind on studies, you will naturally cut down on food and clothing to buy books or do everything possible to acquire necessary instruments. Time is no object. Charles Darwin could only work one hour a day due to ill health. Yet what a remarkable man he was! If you spend one hour a day reading 10 pages of a book, you can finish more than 3600 pages a year, and 110000 pages in 30 years. 110000 pages will be quite enough to make a learned man of man.4. 单选题What _ suppose would happen if the director knew you felt that way?问题1选项A.will youB.do youC.would youD.you would【答案】B【解析】考查语序。在该句子中，do you suppose相当于一个插入语，What would happen if the . 才是一个整体，做全句的宾语从句。类似的表达还有do you think等。句意：你猜想看看，如果主管知道你那样想之后会发生什么事。因此B选项正确。5. 翻译题Early men were also greatly interested in the stars they saw twinkling in the sky at night. What they did not realize was that the stars were also present during the daytime, but their light was not visible because of the brilliance of the sun. How did they discover this?There is one event which does enable us to see the stars in the daytime. It is the total eclipse of the sun(日全食),when the moon passes in front of the sun and hides it from view. When this happens, the sky becomes dark enough for the stars to be seen. Total eclipses of this kind do not occur very often and are not likely to be seen from the same area more than once every fifty-four years. One can imagine what an awe-inspiring sight it must have been for an early man, who would remember the event for the rest of his life.So man watched the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars and wondered about them. It was practicing the oldest branch of scienceastronomy.【答案】古人也对夜晚所见天空中闪烁的群星怀有浓厚的兴趣。他们还知道白天星星也在那里，只是看不见它们闪光，因为太阳光太强了。人们怎么会发现这一点的呢？只有一种情况让我们在白天看见星星，那就是日全食。月亮走到太阳前面，把它遮住。这时天空变暗，便可看见星星了。这种日全食并不常见，同一个地区也许每隔五十四年只会碰上一次。我们可以想象，对于古人来说，这该是一种多么令人心惊胆颤的景象啊，他们一生永远也不会忘记。人类就是这样观察太阳，月亮和星体的运动，并产生疑问的，人们在思考它们是什么，以及它们在干什么的时候，其实就是在从事对科学的最古老的学科天文学的研究。6. 单选题“What do they eat in Hawaii?”“_ eat rice rather than potatoes.”问题1选项A.Most of peopleB.Most of the peopleC.The most of peopleD.The most people【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。从4个选项看，所希望表达的意思是“大多数人”，填在句中的空白处，意为“大多数人喜欢吃米饭而不是土豆”。但从一问一答来看，这里“大多数人”是针对问句中的they而言的，是特指的“他们”中的大多数，只有Most of the people从结构上表达了这个意思。A选项的结构错误在于如果泛指，只能用Most people。C选项和D选项的结构错误在于，如果most只是用于指数量，它是一个不定量的限定词，不能放在定冠词的后面共同修饰名词；如果most用于指程度，它前面可带定冠词共同修饰形容词，构成形容词最高级the most + adj.。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题The manager tried to wave aside these issues as _ details that would be settled later.问题1选项A.versatileB.trivialC.preliminaryD.alternate【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项versatile“多才多艺的；通用的，万能的；多面手的”；B选项trivial“不重要的，琐碎的；琐细的”；C选项preliminary“初步的；开始的；预备的”；D选项alternate“交替的，轮流的；间隔的，每隔（天等）的；（一个或多个事物）另外的，可供选择的；（两者）互不相容的；另类的，非传统的；（叶、芽）互生的”。句意：经理试图对这些问题置之不理，认为都是些琐碎的细节，以后再解决。因此B选项正确。8. 单选题Customers may also be permitted to _ their current accounts for a short period in anticipation of a credit item coming in.问题1选项A.overextendB.overdrawC.overvalueD.overpay【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项overextend“过分扩展；过分延长；使承担过多的义务”；B选项overdraw“透支；拉过度；夸张”；C选项overvalue“对估价过高；过分重视”；D选项overpay“多付；多给报酬”。句意：客户也可能被允许在短期内透支他们的活期账户，以期收到信贷项目。因此B选项正确。9. 单选题I admit I have made a mistake, _ I deny the serious consequence it may have.问题1选项A.soB.so willC.nor willD.how can【答案】C【解析】考查admit和deny互为反义词，admit=not deny，且nor；hardly；in no way；little；scarcely；seldom；never；no more；no longer；not；not only；no sooner；Not only . but also；not until.等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首，句子用部分倒装。即是把 I nor will deny 倒装为 nor will I deny。句意：我承认我犯了错误，也不否认它可能造成的严重后果。因此C选项正确。10. 单选题This movie is not _ for children to see: it contains too much violence and too many love scenes.问题1选项A.profoundB.validC.decentD.upright【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项profound“深厚的；意义深远的；渊博的”；B选项valid“有效的；有根据的；合法的；正当的”；C选项decent“正派的；得体的；相当好的”；D选项upright“正直的，诚实的；垂直的，直立的；笔直的”。句意：这部电影不适合孩子们看：它包含太多的暴力和爱情场景。因此C选项正确。11. 单选题Depressed, overworked and _ by those people whom he owed money to, he decided to put an end to his problems.问题1选项A.bewitchedB.bewilderedC.besmirchedD.beset【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项bewitched“（使）鬼迷心窍；（使）着迷，陶醉”；B选项bewildered“使迷惑，使不知所措”；C选项besmirched“弄脏；诽谤，玷污”；D选项beset“困扰；镶嵌；围绕”。句意：他情绪低落，工作过度，被那些欠他钱的人所困扰，他决定做个了结。因此D选项正确。12. 翻译题我的导师是亚裔美国人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间内必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所待的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只有5人。【答案】My supervisor is of Asian origin. He is addicted to alcohols and cigarettes, with a irritable temper. Nevertheless, he highly appreciat