2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考试题库及模拟押密卷55（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题He set the engine of the car（ ）.问题1选项A.goingB.goC.to goingD.on going【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。set sth. doing表示“使开始”；set to do表示“动手干（认真开始干，争论，拳赛，殴斗）”。此处表示使车的引擎发动，因此选A。句意：他发动了汽车的引擎。2. 单选题If we dont stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the whole globe will be（ ）.问题1选项A.contaminatedB.pollutedC.annihilatedD.invaded【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项contaminate“污染，玷污，腐蚀（人的思想或品德）”；B选项pollute“污染，弄脏 ”；C选项annihilate“消灭，毁灭，彻底击败”；D选项invade“侵入，侵略”。flirt with表示“调戏，玩弄，不认真地考虑”，deathly nuclear weapons表示“致命核武器”，结合语境可知C选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：如果我们不停止玩弄那些致命的核武器，整个世界将被毁灭。3. 单选题I （ ）you that the goods will be delivered next week.问题1选项A.ensureB.assureC.confirmD.insist【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项ensure“确保，保证”，指确保某事会发生，宾语一般接物，而不是人；B选项assure“使确信，向保证”，其后宾语一搬接人；C选项confirm“（尤指提供证据来）证实，证明，确认”；D选项insist“坚决要求，坚持”。由宾语you可知选B。句意：我向你保证，这批货将于下周交货。4. 单选题Speaking two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia（痴呆）in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a childs academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilinguals brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs（痴呆）the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isnt so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brains so-called executive function. A command system directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mindlike remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle（搏斗）between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed（磨炼）by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite oftenyou may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of Pompea Fabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age, and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life.1.According to the passage, the more recent and old views of bilingualism differ mainly in（ ）.2.The fact that interference is now seen as a blessing in disguise means that（ ）.3.What is the role of Paragraph Four in relation to Paragraph Three?4.Which of the following can account for better performance of bilinguals in doing non-inhibition tasks?5.What is the main theme of the passage?问题1选项A.its practical advantagesB.perceived language fluencyC.its role in cognitionD.its role in medicine问题2选项A.its potential benefits have remained undiscoveredB.it has led to unexpectedly favorable resultsC.its effects on cognitive development have been minimalD.only a few researchers have realized its advantages问题3选项A.It provides counter evidence to Paragraph Three.B.It offers another example of the role of interference.C.It serves as a transitional paragraph in the passage.D.It further illustrates the point in Paragraph Three.问题4选项A.An ability to ignore distractionsB.An ability to monitor surroundings.C.An ability to perform with less effort.D.An ability to exercise suppression.问题5选项A.Features of bilinguals and monolinguals.B.Interference and suppression.C.Bilinguals and monitoring tasks.D.Reasons why bilinguals are smarter【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.（事实证明，双语能让你更聪明。它可以对你的大脑产生深远的影响，提高与语言无关的认知能力，甚至可以在老年时抵御痴呆症）可知C选项“它在认知中的作用”符合题意。2.推理判断题。根据题干关键词interference定位到文章第三段中，由But this interference, researchers are finding out, isnt so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.（但研究人员发现，这种干扰与其说是一种障碍，不如说是一种伪装的祝福。它迫使大脑解决内部冲突，给大脑一个加强认知肌肉的锻炼）可知B选项“它带来意外的有利结果”符合题意。3.推理判断题。文章第三段介绍干扰虽然存在，但能锻炼认知肌肉，第四段介绍研究表明双语经历能改善大脑的执行功能，接着又详细说明大脑的工作流程来证明上面的观点。故第四段进一步说明第三段的内容，因此D选项“它进一步说明了第三段的观点”符合题意。4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词 non-inhibition tasks定位到文章第五段中，由 But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition（但这种解释似乎越来越不充分，因为研究表明，即使在不需要抑制的任务中，双语者的表现也比单语者好）和第六段中的The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment.（双语者和单语者之间的关键区别可能更为基本：提高了监控环境的能力）可知B选项“监测环境的能力”符合题意。5.主旨大意题。文章首段提出双语者更聪明，尾段提出双语经验对学习第二语言的有利影响，中间内容解释了双语干扰带来能锻炼认知肌肉，双语经历能改善大脑的执行功能。因此D选项“双语者更聪明的原因”符合题意。5. 单选题The scientist has made another wonderful discovery,（ ）is of great importance to science.问题1选项A.which I thinkB.which I think itC.of which I thinkD.I think which【答案】A【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。which指代先行词discovery，在从句中作主语，I think作插入语时，引导词应放在其前面，因此选A。句意：这位科学家又有了一个了不起的发现，我认为这个发现这对科学很重要。6. 单选题The prefix Mach is used to describe supersonic speed. It was named for Ernst Mach (1838-1916), a Czech-born Austrian physicist, who contributed to the study of sound. When twice the speed of sound, it is Mach 2. When it is near but below the speed of sound, its speed can be designated at less than Mach 1, for example, Mach 0.9. Mach is defined as “the ratio of the velocity of a rocket or a jet to the velocity of sound in the medium being considered.”When a plane passes the sound barrierflying faster than sound travelslisteners in the area hear thunderclaps, but the pilot of the plane does not hear them.Sound is produced by vibrations of an object and is transmitted by alternate increase and decrease in pressure that radiate outward through a material media of moleculessomewhat like waves spreading out on a pond after a rock has been tossed into it.The frequency of sound is determined by the number of times the vibrating waves undulate（波动）per second and is measured in cycles per second. The slower the cycle of waves, the lower the frequency. As frequencies increase, the sound is higher in pitch.Sound is audible to human beings only if the frequency falls within a certain range. The human ear is usually not sensitive to frequencies of fewer than 20 vibrations per second, or more than about 20,000 vibrations per secondalthough this range varies among individuals. Anything at a pitch higher than the human ear can hear is termed ultrasonic.Intensity, or loudness, is the strength of the pressure of these radiating waves and is measured in decibels. The human ear responds to intensity in a range from zero to 120 decibels. Any sound with pressure over 120 decibels is painful to the human ear.The speed of sound is generally placed at 1.088 feet per second at sea level at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. It varies in other temperatures and in different media. Sound travels faster in water than in air, and even faster in iron and steel. It travels a mile in 5 seconds in air, it does a mile under water in 1 second, and it travels through iron in 1/3 second. It travels through ice cold vapor at approximately 4,708 feet per second; ice-cold water, 4,938; granite, 12,960; hardwood, 12,620; brick, 11,960; glass, 16,410 to 19,690; silver, 8,658; gold, 5,717.1.According to this passage, “Mach” refers to（ ）.2.Sound is produced by（ ）.3.Decibel is（ ）.4.Which of the following is a TRUE statement?5.Which of the following can serve as the best title of this passage?问题1选项A.the ratio of the air speed of an aircraft to the speed of soundB.a machineC.a Czech-born Australian physicistD.the pilot of the plane问题2选项A.vibrations of an object passing through the airB.spreading of waves after a rock being tossed into a pondC.thundersD.a flying plane问题3选项A.the frequency of radiating wavesB.the pressure of radiating wavesC.the unit for measuring the intensity of soundD.the speed of sound问题4选项A.Sound travels fastest through the hardest thing.B.Sound travels at different speed in different temperatures and in different media.C.Sound travels fastest in hottest temperature.D.Sound travels fastest in coldest temperature.问题5选项A.The Prefix Mach.B.The Speed of Sound.C.The Frequency of Sound.D.The Intensity of Sound.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.细节判断题。根据题干关键词Mach定位到文章第一段中，由Mach is defined as “the ratio of the velocity of a rocket or a jet to the velocity of sound in the medium being considered.”（马赫被定义为“在被考虑的媒介中，火箭或飞机的速度与声速的比率”）可知选A。2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Sound is produced by vibrations of an object and is transmitted by alternate increase and decrease in pressure that radiate outward through a material media of molecules（声音是由物体的振动产生的，并通过分子的物质介质向外辐射的压力的交替增加和减少而传播）可知A选项“物体通过空气的振动”符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词decibel定位到文章倒数第二段中，由Intensity, or loudness, is the strength of the pressure of these radiating waves and is measured in decibels.（强度，或响度，是这些辐射波的压力强度，以分贝为单位）可知C选项“测量声音强度的单位”符合题意。4.推理判读题。文章最后一段的“It varies in other temperatures and in different media.（它在其他温度和不同的介质中变化）”中的it指的是前句中的“the spend of sound（声音的速度）”，然后介绍了在不同介质中传播的速度不同，因此B选项“声音以不同的速度在不同的温度和不同的介质中传播”符合题意。5.主旨大意题。A选项仅适合文章第一段的主题；C选项仅适合第四段和第五段的主题；D选项仅适合第六段的主题。文章首段与尾段都提到了声音的速度，中间也有提到，因此B选项“声音的速度”符合题意。7. 单选题Of the great variety of opinions concerning “marriage for money”，the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money. Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development, but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all. The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives does not exist in simpler cultures. The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons.For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive), in so far as society does not insist upon the couples equal social status a condition, however, that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests. In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom, irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring. This is because where the constitutions, state of health, temperament, internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group, the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society. It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection. Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare.The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due, in part, to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves. Yet we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction. But, happiness is a purely personal matter, decided upon entirely by the couple themselves, and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading particularly in the higher strata, whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results, it remains true that, with reference to procreation, love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection. In fact, in this respect, it is the only right and proper thing.Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species. In the case of marriage for money, the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong togetherand it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important. This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individual relationships.1.According to the text, what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and stability in simpler cultures?2.Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are more likely not to be camouflaged in what strata of society?3.The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because（ ）.4.How is the question of race in relation to marriage similar to the question of money?5.Panmixia is said to（ ）.问题1选项A.Personal dignityB.Economic declineC.Monetary considerationsD.Financial growth问题2选项A.UpperB.MiddleC.LowerD.Lowest问题3选项A.we demand too much of our partnersB.partners dont give complimentsC.people are too differentiated sociallyD.the economic disparity in many regions is growing问题4选项A.They fuel mutual instinctual attraction.B.They inspire individual responsibilities.C.They deflect superficial relationships.D.They prohibit suitable marriages.问题5选项A.aid the selection processB.complement individualizationC.inspire positive resultsD.set up biological decline【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development, but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all.（完全基于经济动机的婚姻不仅存在于所有时期和发展的所有阶段，而且在原始群体和根本不构成犯罪的条件下尤其普遍）可知经济因素影响婚姻的兼容性和稳定性，因此C选项“货币因素”符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading particularly in the higher strata, whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts（官方坚持至少假装爱可能会误导人，这是没有说服力的理由的尤其是在高层，他们复杂的环境常常阻碍最纯粹本能的发展）可推测以金钱愿望为动机的婚姻在社会的高层，更可能伪装，相反，在社会的最低层，最不可能伪装，因此选D。3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due, in part, to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves.（在高度文明的文化环境中随处可见的结婚率下降的部分原因是，高度分化的人很难找到一个完全与符合自己的互补）可知结婚率下降的部分原因是很难找到与自己互补的人，说明人们之间的差异大，因此C选项“人们在社会上的差异太大”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的In the case of marriage for money, the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together（在为钱而结婚的情况下，一对夫妇的结合是由一个与种族适当性完全无关的因素决定的，就像对金钱的重视常常会使真正属于一对夫妇的人分开一样）可知D选项“他们阻止合适的婚姻”符合题意。5.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species.（为钱而结婚直接造成了一种无差别的情况不分个人素质的不分青红皂白的配对生物学已经证明，这种情况是导致人类物种最直接和最有害的退化的原因）可知D选项“引发生物衰退”符合题意。8. 单选题Falling sales and rising overheads have obliged the company to review each customers（ ）limit.问题1选项A.creditB.currencyC.checkD.certificate【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项credit“借贷，贷款，信誉”；B选项currency“货币”；C选项check“支票”；D选项certificate“证明，证明书”。根据limit（限制，限额）可知A选项符合语境。句意：销量下降和管理费用上升迫使公司审查每个客户的信贷限额。9. 单选题Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every aspect of our life, educated people need at least some idea of its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to obtain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose knowledge of science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modem world, or independently of any course, simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead reader