2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第46期

2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Translate the following into ChineseA complex adaptive system (CAS) is a system comprised of heterogeneous agents that interact locally with each other based on local schema, such that the behavior of the system arises as a result of feedback relationships between the agents, and the system evolves as the schemata of the agents adapt based on the feedback.The actual nature of agents will depend on the kind of system under consideration. For example, in chemical systems, the agents may be molecules, while in the case of a colony of ants, the agents are the individual ants. In social systems, the agents are usually taken to be individual human beings or groups of human beings. Since the agents are able to adapt their schemata and their behaviors based on feedback through their interactions with other agents, the system has an adaptive capability.The heterogeneity of agents is important as it accentuates the diversity and plurality that make up the richness of CAS, and is especially important when applying CAS to social systems. It is important to note that no agent can understand the whole system, nor does any single agent or small group of agents direct the behavior of the system. The behavior of the system emerges from the interaction of agents through multiple, nonlinear feedback relationships.【答案】复杂自适应系统(CAS)是一个包括各种各样的要素所组成的系统，这些要素局部地基于局部模式相互作用，以致该系统的行为由于要素之间的反馈关系而出现，并且该系统随着要素模式基于反馈的改变而演化。要素的本质将取决于在考虑中的系统种类。例如，在化学系统中，要素可能是分子，而就一群蚂蚁来说，要素是单个的蚂蚁。在社会系统中，要素通常被认为是人类个体或团体。由于要素能基于通过它们与其它要素的相互作用而产生的反馈来改变它们的基模，因此该系统有一种自适应能力。要素的异质性是重要的，因为它强调构成自适应系统丰富性的多样性和多元性，且当将自适应系统用到社会系统上时，它尤其重要。需要注意的是，没有要素能够理解整个系统，或没有任何单个的要素或小的要素群体管理该系统的行为。该系统的行为来自于要素通过多个非线性反馈关系而进行的相互作用。2. 翻译题Translate tile following passage from Chinese into English历代的智慧，几个世纪以来人类一直籍以为乐的故事，所有这些都可以从书中方便而又便宜的获得。但是我必须懂得如何利用这份宝藏，懂得如何才能使它对我们最为有益。 世界上最为不幸的人，也就是那些从未体验过读好书之乐趣的人吧。我对人最为感兴趣，喜欢结识他们，喜欢了解他们。我认识的一些非凡之人，首先存在于作者的想象之中，然后表现在作品的字里行间，最后在我的想象中重新显现。我在书中找到了新的朋友，新的社会，还有新的语言。把你的一部分空闲时光用来培养阅读好书的爱好吧。爱读书的人从好书中不但得到乐 趣，他们从中获得的那种精神粮食，从其它地方是很难得到的。尽管他们未必有意识地想到读书是为了提高才智。在不知不觉中，他们从书中吸取的知识积累起来，经过想象力的加工，对将来大有用处。【答案】All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books. But we must know how to avail ourselves of this treasure and how to get the most value from it. The most unfortunate people in the world are those who have never experienced the joy of reading a good book.I am most interested in people, in meeting them and finding out about them. Some of the remarkable people Ive met existed only in writers imagination, then on the pages of his book, and then again, in my imagination. I have found new friends, new society and new words in books .Devote some of your leisure to cultivating a love of reading good books. From good books, moreover, they draw much besides entertainment. They gain mental food such as few companions can supply, albeit they may not be deliberately reading to improve their mind. All unconsciously the ideas they derive from the printed paged are stored up, to be worked over by the imagination for future profit.3. 问答题Many governments are growing increasingly determined to stamp out that has been referred A B Cto as the “corruption eruption”. D【答案】试题答案：C; what【解析】考查关系代词。that不能充当宾语从句中的主语，分析句子可知从句中缺少主语，因此将that改为what。4. 问答题This competition is good for the overall development of Chinas long-monopolizing banking Aindustry and is expected to intensify by the end of the year or early next year as more private B C Dbanks are established.【答案】试题答案：A; monopolized【解析】考查非谓语动词。banking industry与monopolize的关系是被动的，故用其过去分词做定语修饰。5. 填空题An earlier attempt (1) blunting, which made it illegal to (2) American-made components to Huawei, including advanced computer chips (3) which the Chinese firm relies, was not the knock-out blow the White (4) hoped it to be. Chipmakers were able to keep shipping Huawei semiconductors from factories outside America. So on May 15th the Trump administration extended its restrictions from chips to the tools used to make themmany of which come from America. So (5) as big microprocessor producers, like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, use American-made equipment, they will no longer be able to forge Huawei-designed chips anywhere in the world.【答案】1.at2.sell3.on4.House5.long【解析】1.考查固定搭配。Attempt at表示“企图，努力；尝试”，这里句意为：早先美国试图。2.考查上下文语义。句意：在之前，美国将出售美国制造的组件（包括中国公司依赖的高端电脑芯片）给华为的行为定义为非法行为，但这次尝试并没有达到白宫预期的效果。3.语法题。此空所在句是一个定语从句，先行词是advanced computer chips（高端电脑芯片），后面的定语从句中，应该是介词on与rely构成搭配，表示“依赖”。4.考查上下文语义。本段讲的是关于美国限制向华为出售高端电脑芯片组件的行为，因此此处应该填House,表示“白宫”。5.考查固定搭配。So long as表示“只要”。此处句意为：只要诸如像台积电（TSMC）之类的大型半导体供应商，使用美国制造的工具，他们就不能在世界任何地方制造华为定制芯片。6. 问答题Amid the multiple violent incidents, a crackdown on terrorism in all forms has been added to A BChinas top priorities. The government called on improved intelligence collection, integrated Cprevention and control measures, and better early-warning and emergency response capabilities Dso as to leave no loopholes for terrorists to exploit.【答案】试题答案：D; controlling【解析】考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语动词且and连接的为并列成分，需用一个形容词来修饰名词measures，因此用control的现在分词形式controlling作定语。7. 单选题There was （ ）that we were in a fix, as we had no food in the coach and no water.问题1选项A.no denyingB.not denyingC.not to be deniedD.no denial【答案】A【解析】考查固定句型。there is/was no doing sth. .意为“无法，不能”。句意：不可否认我们陷入了困境，因为车上没有食物也没有水。8. 问答题The costs of watching the film is that it takes up 120 minutes of your time - time which could A B Cbe spent in bed asleep. The benefit is the enjoyment gained from each extra minute viewed. D【答案】试题答案：A; cost【解析】考查主谓一致。谓语动词is用的是单数形式，故主语也需要用单数形式。9. 问答题But career planning should help you to (A) approach and cope better with new problems, such as deciding whether or not (B) enter educational or training programs, change jobs, and (C) analyze the difficulties you are having (D) with a situation or a person.【答案】C；“analyze” 改为 “analyzing”。【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：但是职业规划应该帮助你更好地处理新问题，比如决定是否参加教育或培训项目，是否换工作，以及分析你正面临的与某种情况或某人有关的困难。根据句子结构，“and”连接并列的宾语成分，共同作“such as”的宾语，所以“deciding”和“analyze”构成并列结构，在形式上须保持一致。所以将“analyze”改为“analyzing”。10. 单选题Hardly he had entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his wallet. A B C D问题1选项A.Hardly he hadB.the officeC.thatD.had forgotten【答案】A【解析】考查部分倒装。当含有否定意义的副词位于句首时，其后要采用部分倒装结构，即将助动词或情态动词移至主语之前。试题答案：A; hardly had he11. 问答题AS the planet warms, floods, storms, rising seas and drought will uproot millions of people and with dire wider consequences. Barack Obama, collecting his Nobel peace prize, said that climatic change “will fuel more conflict for decades”. He took the analysis not from environmental scaremongers but from a group of American generals.The forecast is close （1）becoming received wisdom. A flurry of new books with titles such as “Global Warring” and “Climatic Conflict” offer near-apocalyptic visions. Cleo Pascal, at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London, predicts those floods, storms, the failure of the Indian monsoon and agricultural collapse will bring “enormous mad specific geopolitical, economic and security consequences for all of us.the world of tomorrow looks chaotic and violent”. Jeffrey Mazo of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, also in London, calls climatic change an “existential threat” and fears it could usher （2） “state failure and internal conflict” in exposed places, notably Africa.Yet surprisingly few facts support these alarming assertions. Widely touted forecasts such asfor 200m climatic refugees in fire next few decades seem to have been plucked （3） the air.Little or no academic research has looked at questions such as whether Bangladeshis displaced by a rising sea would move a series of short distances over a long period, or (more disruptively) a greater distance immediately.So scientists preparing the fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, due in 2013, are for the first time including a chapter on threats to human security. An early effortcame at a conference last month in Norway,（4） the auspices of the Peace Research Institute in Oslo.One idea is to find previous occasions when big environmental changes came（5） social,political and military shifts. Droughts in the Central Asian steppe, for example, led to mass westward migration and the “barbarian” invasions that helped topple the Roman Empire. Hunger and drought led to the collapse of Mayan civilization a millennium ago. Sudden cooling wiped out an early European settlement on Greenland. The Dust Bowl of the 1930s forced over 2m people to migrate within the United States.Those examples may be relevant in Africa, where in many countries around three-quarters of the population survive by cultivating a few varieties of crops watered directly by rain, the form offarming most vulnerable（6） climatic change. Africa has warmed by 0.5C on average in thepast half century, and may heat by 1.5-4C more this century. Heat hits cereal yields (specially maize), perhaps by 10-20% for a 1 *C rise. Rainfall patterns will also shift.The hardest evidence for a link so far comes from a team led by Marshall Burke of the University of California, which studied African wars from 1980 to 2002 and found that rising temperatures arc indeed associated with crop failure, economic decline and a sharp rise in the likelihood of war. It predicted a “50% increase” in the chance of civil war in Africa by 2030.But that claim is now heavily revised, since researchers redid their sums to take account of the more peaceful period of 2002-08. Others say that political and other factors such as ethnic conflict and outside intervention are far better indicators of the likelihood of fighting.Take the widely cited case of the war in Darfur, the western region of Sudan. Ban Ki-moon,the UN secretary-general, described it as “an ecological crisis, arising at least（7）part fromclimate change”. Environmental problems have probably worsened the Darfurs dreadful plight, offering grist to those who call climate change a “threat multiplier5，. Average rainfall in the region fell abruptly (by a third or more) in the early 1970s and Darfur repeatedly suffered droughts. Clashes over grazing and then displacement of villagers were followed, from 2003, by horrific war.Yet the connection is elusive. Roughly three decades elapsed between the rain stopping and war starting. Many other factors political, ethnic, demographic and economic conspired to stoke violence. Those were specific to Darfur, whereas the sharp drop in rainfall hit the whole Sahel, without intensifying conflict elsewhere.Another commonly cited example is violent competition for scarce grazing between nomadic herdsmen in the Hom of Africa. Yet a study of fighting among pastoralists on the border between Kenya and Somalia in the past 60 years (presented at the conference) showed instead that conflict worsened when grazing was abundant and fell（8） droughts. Hungry people ware too busy staying alive, or too exhausted, to fight. By contrast, when rains made herdsmens lives easier, they could release surplus young labor for the violent sport of raiding other groups.Other researchers look at the political or military consequences of phenomena unrelated to weather, such as rapid urbanization, migration or earthquakes. Yet the evidence here too is mixed（9 ） best. Where natural disasters do show predictable political outcomes, they are very slight.A study of the short-term impact of hurricanes on Haiti and the Dominican Republic from 1850-2007, for example, suggests that the storms have grown more intense (if not more frequent), but their arrival is not associated with mom political violence. Another study showed that natural disasters usually produced short-term economic pain but no sign of increased political violence. Earthquakes, too, tend to produce mixed outcomes. A Mexican quake in 1985 may have stoked an insuiency. But the tsunami of 2005 offered a moment for secessionists in Aceh and the central Indonesian government to co-operate Climate change could indeed cause woes aplenty. That is all the more reason to be precise（10） them.Fill in each blank in the article with an appropriate preposition (介词).Read the article carefully and explain the meaning of the words according to the context.scaremonger (in paragraph 1)apocalyptic (in paragraph 2)tout (in paragraph 3)topple (in paragraph 5)intervention (in paragraph 8)elapse (in paragraph 10)stoke (in paragraph 10)intensify (in paragraph 10)grazing (in paragraph 11)woe (in paragraph 13)The above article mentioned the widely cited ease of the war in Darfur, (the western region of Sudan. Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, described it as “an ecological crisis.” Why? Some people call climatic change a “threat multiplier”. What does that mean?【答案】1.考查介词搭配。此处表示这个预言几乎被视为至理名言。be close to意为“接近，靠近”。试题答案：to2.考查介词搭配。此处表示气候变化引来的影响。usher in意为“引入，引领”。试题答案：in3.考查介词搭配。pluck from the air意为“空穴来风，无中生有”。试题答案：from4.考查介词搭配。under the auspices意为“在的赞助下”。试题答案：under5.考查介词搭配。此句意为：观点之一是寻求历史上环境改变与伴随之的政治、经济、军事变革的联系。come alongside意为“随之而来”。试题答案：alongside6.考查介词搭配。vulnerable to意为“易受，易于”。试题答案：to7.考查介词搭配。in part意为“在某种程度上，部分地”。试题答案：in8.考查介词搭配。during意为“在期间”。试题答案：during9.考查介词搭配。at best意为“至多，充其量”。试题答案：at10.考查介词搭配。about意为“关于”。试题答案：aboutscaremonger (in paragraph 1)1.试题答案：危言耸听的人，制造恐慌的人apocalyptic (in paragraph 2)2.试题答案：世界末日的tout (in paragraph 3)3.试题答案：吹捧，吹嘘topple (in paragraph 5)4.试题答案：推翻，打倒intervention (in paragraph 8)5.试题答案：介入，干涉elapse (in paragraph 10)6.试题答案：消逝stoke (in paragraph 10)7.试题答案：煽动，激起intensify (in paragraph 10)8.试题答案：增强，加剧grazing (in paragraph 11)9.试题答案：牧场，草场woe (in paragraph 13)10.试题答案：灾难Because the climate change, to some degree, resulted in the war in Darfur. The average rainfall in Darfur fell sharply, which caused the clashes over grazing, displacement of villages and eventually resulted in the horrific war.It means that climate change has intensified the threaten of Darfur, because Environmental problems have probably worsened the Darfurs dreadful plight.12. 问答题Many people are (A) naturally distrustful of ambition, feeling that it represents (B) something intractable in human nature. Thus John Dean entitled his book about his involvement in the Watergate affair during the Nixon administration Blind Ambition, as if ambition (C) were to be blamed for his ignoble actions, and not the constellation of qualities that (D) make up his rather shabby character.【答案】C；改成were to blame for his ignoble actions. to blame 用主动形式表被动意义。13. 单选题It was once thought that air pollution affects only the area immediately around large cities with factories and/or heavy automobile traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide. On several occasions over the past decade, a heavy cloud of air pollution has covered the entire eastern half of the United States and led to health warnings even in rural areas away from any major concentration of manufacturing and automobile traffic. In fact, the very climate of the entire earth may be affected by air pollution. Some scientists feel that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the air resulting from the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil) is creating a “greenhouse effect” holding in heat reflected from the earth and raising the worlds average temperature. If this view is correct and the worlds temperature is raised only a few degrees, much of the polar ice cap will melt and cities such as New York, Boston, Miami, and New Orleans will be under water.Another view, less widely held, is that increasing particular matter in the atmosphere is blocking sunlight and lowering the earths temperature a result that would be equally disastrous. A drop of just a few degrees could create something close to a new ice age, and would make agriculture difficult or impossible in many of our top farming areas. At present we do not know for sure that either of these conditions will happen (though one recent government report prepared by experts in the field concluded that the greenhouse effect is very likely). Perhaps, if we are very lucky, the two tendencies will offset each other and the worlds temperature will stay about the same as it is now.1.As pointed out at the beginning of the passage, people used to think that air pollution （ ）.2.As far as the greenhouse effect is concerned, the author（ ）.3.The word “offset” in the second paragraph could best be replaced by（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the passage tha（ ）.5. This passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.问题1选项A.caused widespread damage in the countrysideB.affected the entire eastern half of the United StatesC.had damaging effects on healthD.existed merely in urban and industrial areas问题2选项A.shares the same view with the scientistsB.is uncertain of its occurrenceC.rejects it as being ungroundedD.thinks that it will destroy the world soon问题3选项A.slip intoB.make up forC.set upD.catch up with问题4选项A.raising the worlds temperature only a few degrees would not do much harm to life on earth.B.lowering the worlds temperature merely a few degrees would lead many major farming areas to disaster.C.almost no temperature variations have occurred over the past decade.D.the worlds temperature will remain constant in the years to come.问题5选项A.greenhouse effectB.he burning of fossil fuelC.the potential effect of air pollutionD.the likelihood of a new ice age【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段第一句“It was once thought that air pollution affects only the area immediately around large cities with factories and/or heavy automobile traffic.”人们曾经认为，空气污染只会影响那些有工厂和/或交通严重的大城市周围的地区。因此D选项“只存在于城市和工业区”符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据文章第二段中“At present we do not know for sure that either of these conditions will happen.”目前，我们不确定这两种情况是否会发生，可知作者对温室效应会产生哪种情况是不确定的，因此选B。3.词义题。slip into 意为“滑进”；make up for 意为“补偿”；setup 意为“建立”；catch up with 意为“追上”。单词“offset”位于文章第二段最后一句中“Perhaps, if we are very lucky, the two tendencies will（也许，如果我们幸运的话，这两种趋势将相互） offset each other and the worlds temperature will stay about the same as it is now（世界气温将保持目前的水平）.”根据单词前后的句意再结合选项意思，可知A选项最为恰当，offset意为“抵消，补偿”。4.细节事实题。根据文章第二段中“. blocking sunlight and lowering the earths temper