2022年考博英语-东华大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第69期

2022年考博英语-东华大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题I didnt say anything like that at all. You are purposely _ my idea to prove your point.问题1选项A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项revise“修正、复习、校订”；B项contradict“反驳、否定”；C项distort“扭曲、曲解”；D项distract“转移、分心”；句意：我根本没有那样说，你故意曲解我的观点以证明你的论点。因此该题C项正确。2. 单选题Before he started the work, I asked the builder to give me an _ of the cost of repairing the roof.问题1选项A.assessmentB.estimateC.announcementD.evaluation【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项assessment“估计、评定”；B项estimate“估价、判断”；C项announcement“公告、宣告”；D项evaluation“评价”；句意：在他开始工作之前，我请建筑工人给我估计一下修理屋顶的费用。因此该题B项正确。3. 单选题_ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy actually is.问题1选项A.To giveB.GivenC.GivingD.Having given【答案】B【解析】考查given的用法。A项to give不定式；B项given 过去分词作介词放句首，表“考虑到”；C项giving现在分词；D项having given现在完成时；句意：考虑到有关德国经济实力的说法，德国经济实际上是相对较小的，这多少有些令人惊讶。因此该题B项正确。4. 单选题This is but a_ of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored.问题1选项A.frictionB.fractionC.factionD.fracture【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“friction”，意为“摩擦力，摩擦”，B选项“fraction”，意为“分数，部分”；C选项“faction”，意为“派别，小集团”，D选项“fracture”，意为“破裂，断裂”，句意：这只是青少年所储存的全部信息的一小部分。因此，B选项符合句意。5. 单选题After deliberating for seven hours, the jury reached a majority_ of 10 to 3 in favor of the defendant.问题1选项A.declarationB.conclusionC.opinionD.verdict【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“declaration”，意为“公告；宣告；申报（单）”；B选项“conclusion”，意为“结论；结局；推论”；C选项“opinion”，意为“意见；想法；（群体的）观点，信仰”；D选项“verdict”，意为“（陪审团的）裁定，裁决，裁断”。句意：经过7个小时的商议，陪审团以10比3的多数_裁定_被告胜诉。本句表示“由陪审员经过商议后得出的结论，所以应该是裁定、裁决”。因此D选项符合题意。6. 单选题Faced with the _ difficulties, they are determined to carry on their program.问题1选项A.satisfactoryB.attributableC.innocentD.intangible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项satisfactory“满意的”；B项attributable“可归于的、可归属的”；C项innocent“无辜的、无罪的”；D项intangible“无形的、触摸不到的”；句意：面对无形的困难，他们决心把计划进行下去。因此该题D项正确。7. 单选题A drunk man walked in, _ in appearance.问题1选项A.repulsiveB.reluctantC.reproachfulD.reputed【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项repulsive“可憎的、排斥的”；B项reluctant“不情愿的”，常与to搭配构成不定式；C项reproachful“责备的、指责的”；D项reputed“享有声望的”；句意：一个醉汉走了进来，面目可憎。因此该题A项正确。8. 单选题The rise of multinational corporations, global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR.Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, the U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries. Ten years ago, for example, the worlds top five public relations agencies were American-owned. In 1991, only one was. The British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate planning activities, compared to about one third of U.S. companies. It may not be long before London replaces New York as the capital of PR.Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts in knowing a second language. Less than 5 percent of Burson-Marshalls U.S. employees know two languages. Ogilvy and Mather has about the same percentage. Conversely, some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language. Finally, people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs. In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read the Wall Street Journal. Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and the Economist, publications not often read in this country.Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN (Cable News Network). Turner recently announced that the word “foreign” would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts. According to Turner, global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such thing as foreign.41. According to the passage, U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened because of_.42. London could soon replace New York as the center of PR because_.43. The word “provincial” (Line 2, Para.3) most probably means “_”.44. We learn from the third paragraph that employees in the American PR industry_.45. What lesson might the PR industry take from Ted Turner of CNN?问题1选项A.an unparalleled increase in the number of public relations companiesB.shrinking cultural differences and new communications technologiesC.the decreasing number of multinational corporations in the U.S.D.increased efforts of other countries in public relations问题2选项A.British companies are more ambitious than U.S. companiesB.British companies place more importance on PR than U.S. companiesC.British companies are heavily involved in Planning activitiesD.Four of the worlds top public relations agencies are British-owned问题3选项A.limited in outlookB.like people from the provincesC.rigid in thinkingD.interested in world financial affairs问题4选项A.speak at least one foreign language fluentlyB.are ignorant about world geographyC.are not as sophisticated as their European counterpartsD.enjoy reading a great variety of English business publications问题5选项A.American PR companies should be more internationally-minded.B.The American PR industry should develop global communications technologies.C.People working in PR should be more fluent in foreign languages.D.People involved in PR should avoid using the word “foreign”.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】事实细节题。题干问的是美国在公共关系业中的领袖地位受到威胁的原因是什么，根据关键词leadership定位到文章首句“The rise of multinational corporations, global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR.”可得知，选项A、C以及D所提及的三点都是公共关系业迅速发展的原因，与题干原意相反。选项B,，根据第二段首句可得知选项B符合原意。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。题干问的是不久伦敦就会代替纽约成为公共关系业的中心的原因是什么，根据关键词London,， replace可定位到文章第二段的最后一第四句，“The British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate planning activities, compared to about one-third of U. S. companies.” 这句话的意思是英国的公司比美国的公司更强调公共关系的重要性， 由此可见选项A为正确答案。3.【试题解析】：语义推测题。根据题干所选单词定位到原文第三段，“Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. ”这个国家的世界地理知识从来就不强可得知他们对于世界地理的了解限制了，比较狭隘。由此，答案A为正确选项。4.【试题解析】：事实细节题。根据原文定位到第三段的 “Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country.”可得知，为选项B的同义替换。选项A与原文的第二点相反。选项C和选项D原文中没有涉及。因此，选项B为正确答案。5.【试题解析】：判断推理题。根据原文定位到最后一段的前两句“Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN (Cable News Network). Turner recently announced that the word “foreign would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts.”可得知要避免使用“foreign”这个单词。因此，答案为D。9. 单选题_ conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.问题1选项A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.Contrary【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项continuous“连续不断的”，指整个事发的过程都没有中断；B项continual“持续不断的”，指一再的、频繁的、反复发生的；C项constant“不变的、恒定的”；D项contrary“相反的、对立的”；句意：城邦国家之间频繁的冲突导致希腊文明最终衰落。因此该题B项正确。10. 单选题This is one of the few jobs you can do in this place and _being completely drunk.问题1选项A.contribute toB.get away withC.make forD.try on【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“contribute to”，意为“有助于，促成，捐献”，B选项“get away with”，意为“侥幸成功，侥幸逃脱”，C选项“make for”，意为“有助于，促进，导致”，D选项“try on”，意为“试用，试穿”，句意：这是你在这里能做的为数不多的工作之一，而且还能避免喝醉。因此，B选项符合句意。11. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment. The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is centralusually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources inAmerican companies?2. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3. The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to_.4. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firms competition advantage is_.5. What is the main idea of the Passage?问题1选项A.They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skill.B.They see the gaining of skills as their employees own business.C.They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.D.They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B.His post is likely to disappear when new technologic are introduced.C.He is directly under the chief financial executive.D.He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.问题3选项A.workers who can operate new equipmentB.technological and managerial staffC.workers who lack basic background skillsD.top executives问题4选项A.the introduction of new technologiesB.the improvement of workers basic skillsC.the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD.the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees问题5选项A.American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.B.Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C.The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firms hierarchy.D.The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是哪一个符合美国公司的人力资源管理。可定位到文章首段中的第二句，本句提到美国的人力资源管理“is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States”。第三句说到“Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility”，技能获取被认为是一种个人责任，与B选项“他们把技能的获得看作是员工自己的事”符合，因此B 选项正确。A选项“他们以最低成本雇佣员工，而不考虑他们的技能”来自第四句“Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment”，可知劳动力与原材料或设备一样，只是以尽可能低的成本租用，但本句并未提到忽视员工技能这一点，可排除；C和D选项在原文中未提及，可排除。“Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys materials or equipment.”，这句话的意思是美国的企业是以最低的成本去雇佣劳动力，就跟购置材料和设备一样。由此可知，选项C以及选项D的说法错误，而选项B原文并没有提及，为无关选项。因此，答案为A。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是人力资源管理管理负责人在美国的企业中的地位，根据关键词“the head of human-resource management”定位到原文第一段的“The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy.， The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).”可得知，人力资源管理者处理企业中的边缘位置，在做重大决策前，从来没有人会咨询人力资源管理者。因此，答案为选项D。3.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是美国的企业用于培训的资金主要在哪个方面。根据关键词training、money定位到原文第二段的“The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees.”，因此答案为选项B。选项A和C,，根据原文中的“And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.”可得知，美国企业在缺乏基本技能以及能操作新设备的员工培训方面花费的资金非常少。选项D原文并没有提及，为无关选项。因此，答案为B。4.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是保持公司竞争力优势的决定性因素是什么，根据关键词decisive factor, competition advantage定位到文章首句，“If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem.”可推断出员工技能对于公司竞争力优势很重要。因此，正确答案为选项B。选项A新工艺的引进，文章虽然有提到，但并无依据表明它可以保持公司竞争力优势。选项C文章并没有提及，为无关选项。选项D文章末尾虽有提到bottom half的群体技能可能会影响优势群体的工资，但与公司竞争力优势并无关系。5.【试题解析】主旨大意题。本文的主题是什么，从文章首段首句可知，如果可持续的竞争优势取决于员工的技能，那么美国企业是有问题的，下文也有提到美国企业对于人力资源管理缺乏重视，从而影响了竞争力。 由此可知，答案为选项D。选项A说的是美国的人力资源管理和日本、德国是不同的，这两个选项的说法都符合原文，但比较片面不足以概括全文。选项B说的是广泛的再培训对于有效的人力资源管理来说是必不可少的，这两个选项的说法都符合原文，但比较片面不足以概括全文；选项C说的是“人力资源管理的主管必须处于公司级别的中心位置”，说法太过于绝对。12. 单选题For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science by going where no scientists had gone before. Today Mars looms as humanitys next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiments that only human could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space?With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions the bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite (陨石) from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.1. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explores in going to unknown place in the past was_.2. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is_.3. What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars?4. By saying “With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been”, the author means that_.5. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would _.问题1选项A.to display their countrys military mightB.to accomplish some significant scienceC.to find new areas for colonizationD.to pursue commercial and state interests问题2选项A.international cooperationB.nationalistic reasonsC.scientific researchD.long-term profits问题3选项A.tTo find out if life ever existed there.B.tTo see if humans could survive there.C.tTo prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures.D.tTo show the leading role of science in space exploration.问题4选项A.with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures.B.in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very highC.in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever beforeD.with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue问题5选项A.make clear the complex chemistry in the development of lifeB.confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteoriteC.reveal the kind of conditions under which life originatesD.provide an explanation why life is common in the universe【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】：事实细节题。根据explorers go to unknown定位到全文首句。首句中提到，几个世纪以来，出于或多或少的经济原因及国家主义原因，探险家冒着生命危险深入到未知领域。本题是询问主要目的，所以reasons的定语从句中的内容即为答案“for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic”，由此可知答案为D。2.【试题解析】: 判断推理题。题目的意思是说促使各个国家大规模的太空探险的主要诱因是什么，定位到第2段，“it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface.”可得知去太空探险是为了留下人类的痕迹也就是为了科学的探索，因此，答案为C。3.【试题解析】:判断推理题。根据main goal这一个关键词定位到第23段第43句。定位到原文，可得知在以往探险中一直扮演次要角色的科学这一次终于注定是主角了吗？?说明在以往探险中，一直被认为不重要的就是科学，由此可知那么这次最重要的就是科学，因此答案为D。4.【试题解析】: 事实细节题。根据引用的这句话可以定位到原文的“A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life.”可得知，这次的探险可以获得了很多前所未有的珍贵资料，因此，答案为BA。5.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目询问文章告诉我们火星上有生命的证据表明了什么，可定位到原文的最后一段“A more conclusive answer about life on Mars,， past or present,， would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life.” (（就火星上过去或现在的生命问题提供一个更具结论性的答案，将会给研究者提供宝贵的资料，使他们了解在何种条件下，一个行星体能够产生复杂的化学反应，导致生命的出现）)，因此，答案为C。13. 单选题When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animal