2022年考博英语-扬州大学考试题库及模拟押密卷25（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-扬州大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or - independently of any course - simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of I he values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldnt take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.1.According to the passage, scientific subculture means（ ）.2.We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because（ ）.3.The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who（ ）.4.According to this passage,（ ）.5.This passage most probably is（ ）.问题1选项A.cultural groups that arc formed by scientists.B.people whose knowledge of science is very limited.C.the scientific community.D.people who make good contribution to science.问题2选项A.it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists.B.Science affects almost every aspect of our life.C.Scientists live in a specific subculture.D.It is easier to understand general characteristics of science.问题3选项A.are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.B.are good at producing various gadgets.C.work in a storehouse of dried facts.D.want to have a superficial understanding of science.问题4选项A.English is a sexist language.B.only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly.C.women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language.D.male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.问题5选项A.a book review,B.the preface of a book.C.the postscript of a book.D.the concluding part of a book.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.语义推断题。根据关键词“scientific subculture”可定位到第三段的内容“我们试图在这本书中呈现一个准确和最新的有关科学社区和居住在其中的人们的图片。近年来，这一群体中的女性越来越多。女性在科学亚文化中的这种日益增加的作用不是一个独特的事件”由此可以看出，科学亚文化就是科学社区，所以选项C正确。2.细节事实题。根据第一段的第二句“Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. 由于它几乎涉及我们生活的方方面面，受过教育的人至少需要对它的结构和运作有所了解。”由此可知，选项B符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据第二段的第一句“This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; 这本书是为那些对科学了解不多的聪明学生或非专业人士而写的。”选项A是对原文的同义表达，所以正确。4.判断推理题。选项A“英语是一门具有性别歧视的语言”不正确，性别歧视的语言指的是用男性名词或代词来指代未指明的个体，并不是英语这一门语言；选项B“只有在科学界，女性的作用在迅速增加”表达过于绝对；选项C“女性为消除我们语言的不足做出了重大贡献”不正确，原文说的是越来越多的女性进入了传统上由男子主导的领域并作出了重大贡献，并不是消除语言的不足；选项D“男性名词或代词不能用来指科学家”符合原文，应该尽可能使用复数名词和代词，必要时，他和她交替使用。所以本题选D。5.判断推理题。A选项a book review“书评”；B选项the preface of a book“前言，序言”；C选项the postscript of a book“附录，后记”；D选项the concluding part of a book“结尾语”。原文提及这本书是为那些对科学了解不多的聪明学生或非专业人士而写，试图呈现的是一个准确和最新的有关科学社区以及居住在其中的人们的图片，并且努力使这本书既具有知识性又具有娱乐性，这些都是在对这本书的性质和内容进行大致的讲解，一般放在书的前言部分，所以选项B正确。2. 单选题In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence .Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologist, geologist, and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing, wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminably without them.Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the vaccines created by doctors, disease such as polio measles, hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these disease may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease.In addition, science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring, vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine, our world could exist, but the convenience brought into life by the computer are unparalleled.Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations, it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance, the light bulb, electricity, the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society; however, they were not present until scientists discovered them.Because of the contribution of scientist, our world is ever metamorphosing, and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprise our society, whether our society is cognizant of this or not.1.In the first paragraph the author implies that we（ ）.2.The author uses health care and vaccines to illustrate（ ）.3.Nothing，according to the author ,can match the invention of the computer in term of （ ）.4.The author seems to be unhappy about（ ）.5.The authors tone in the passage is （ ）.问题1选项A.would not survive without scienceB.take the amenities of science for grantedC.could have raised the standards of living with scienceD.would be free of disease because of scientific advances问题2选项A.how science has been developedB.what science means to societyC.what the nature of science isD.how disease affects society问题3选项A.powerB.noveltyC.benefitsD.complexity问题4选项A.peoples ignorance of their cultureB.peoples ignoring the amenities of scienceC.peoples making no contributions to societyD.peoples misunderstanding of scientific advances问题5选项A.criticalB.cognizantC.appreciativeD.paradoxical【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】第1题:1.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。第一段指出：Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologist, geologist, and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline (没有化学家、物理学家、生物学家、地质学家和其他勤奋的科学家所取得的巨大进步，我们的生活水平就会下降)，由此推断C项“有了科学，我们的生活水平才得以提高”正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】判断推理题。第二段开头指出：Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances(医疗保健是社会的一个方面，它将我们与古老的祖先区分开来，它完全建立在科学发现和进步的基础上)，后面又以疫苗为例，其实是为了论证本文主题：科学对社会的重要性。故选B项。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】细节事实题。第三段指出：此外，科学已经发明出也许是世界历史上最令人敬畏、最重要的发明计算机。没有这台机器，世界的确可以存着，但是计算机给生活带来的便利是无与伦比的。因此C项“益处，用处”正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。倒数第二段开头指出：尽管如今的创新者和科学家奉献了他们的伟大成就和成果，但我们有必要审查（重视）科学带来的便利，这在我们的文化中往往是被公然漠视的。后面作者又举例说明是科学家们发明了灯泡、电、电话等必需品。因此，B项“人们忽视了科学带来的便利”正确。5.【试题答案】C【试题解析】观点态度题。作者通篇都在强调科学对我们的意义和重要性，通过“science is the essence of our existence”以及“ Because of the contribution of scientist, our world is ever metamorphosing”等字眼可以看出，作者的语气是感激的，欣赏的。故选C。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:3. 单选题Hilter committed one of the most（ ）crimes in history.问题1选项A.violentB.venturousC.viciousD.virus【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。violent“暴力的，猛烈的”；venturous“不顾一切的，好冒险的”；vicious“恶毒的，恶意的，凶残的”；virus“病毒”。句意：Hilter犯下了历史上最暴力的行径之一。A项符合题意。4. 单选题Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流行病） of sleepiness in the nation“I cant think of a single study that hasnt found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. DavidEven people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more restThe beginning of our sleep-deficit（lack）crises can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century agoFrom diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night“The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock“People cheat in their sleep, and they dont even realize theyre doing it,” says Dr. David“They think theyre okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally energetic. ”Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the dayWhenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programs“In our society, youre considered dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours sleepIf youve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition”To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier“Weve found that if youre in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says DrDavid“Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate”1.People in the 18th and 19th centuries slept about 9.5 hours a night because they had（ ）2.According to Dr. David, Americans（ ）.3.Many Americans believe that（ ）.4.The word “ subjects”（first sentence, last paragraph）refers to（ ）.5.It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to（ ）.问题1选项A.no drive and ambitionB.no electric lightingC.the best sleep habitsD.nothing to do in the evening问题2选项A.are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of lifeB.often neglect the consequences of sleep deficitC.do not know how to relax themselves properlyD.can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep问题3选项A.sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busyB.they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday lifeC.to sleep is something one can do at any time of the dayD.enough sleep promotes peoples drive and ambition问题4选项A.the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficitB.special branches of knowledge that are being studiedC.people whose behaviors or reactions are being studiedD.the psychological consequences of sleep deficit问题5选项A.improve ones memory dramaticallyB.be considered dynamic by other peopleC.maintain ones daily scheduleD.feeling energetic and perform adequately【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第二段“The beginning of our sleep-deficit（lack）crises can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago“The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark. 我们的睡眠不足危机可以追溯到一个世纪前灯泡的发明。“最好的睡眠习惯曾经是我们被迫养成的，那时我们晚上在农场里无所事事，而且很黑。”可知18世纪和19世纪人们每晚睡9.5小时的主要原因是没有电灯。故B项正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“People cheat in their sleep, and they dont even realize theyre doing it,” says Dr. David“They think theyre okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally energetic. 人们会在睡觉这方面欺骗自己，而且他们自己都没有意识到。”大卫博士说。“他们认为自己没问题，因为他们可以工作6.5个小时，而实际上他们需要7.5、8个小时甚至更多的时间才能感到精力充沛。”可知David认为美国人忽视了自己的睡眠问题。故B项正确。3.细节事实题。由第三段“Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programs每当来自工作、家庭、朋友和社区的压力增加时，许多人都认为睡觉是他们生活中最廉价的事情。”可知美国人很忙时会首先牺牲睡眠时间。故A项正确。4.词义题。由最后一段“To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, 为了确定睡眠不足的后果，研究人员对受试者进行了一系列心理和表现测试，”可知subject指代研究中受试者的心理反应和其他表现。故A项正确。5.推理判断题。本文第二段提到了由于睡眠不足导致的精力不充沛，最后一段的实验指出睡眠不足的人各方面的表现也不好。故充足睡眠才能保证体力充沛，表现良好。故D项正确。5. 单选题The international situation has been growing（ ）difficult for the last few years.问题1选项A.invariablyB.presumablyC.increasinglyD.dominantly【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项invariably“不变地”；B选项presumably“大概，推测起来”；C选项increasingly“越来越多地”；D选项dominantly“有统治权地”。句意：最近几年里，国际形势日益严峻。选项C符合句意。6. 单选题Investors are being encouraged to continue ploughing their savings into the stock market after shares in London recovered all the losses incurred since September 11. The advice comes despite Americas Dow Jones industrial average tumbling on Friday after a case of anthrax was diagnosed in New York. Consumer spending in America also slumped by more than three times economists predictions in September, pushing share prices back below pre-attack levels.The FTSE 100 index of Britains largest companies closed on Friday at 5,145 up 112 points on its September 10 close. The Dow in New York rallied late on to close at 9,344, down 66 points. Although most experts are predicting further volatility in the coming months, they remain cautiously optimistic that the FTSE 100 will begin a sustained, if rocky, rally towards 5,500 by the end of the year. The immediate economic outlook is still bleak. Some commentators predict that America will endure a recession lasting six months. They also expect Britain to suffer a sharp slowdown. But analysts say the market is well placed to absorb any further bad news.Sharp economic downturns can, perversely, be good for the market because they force firms to be more cost-efficient. Therefore, any announcements about rising unemployment or corporate streamlining could have a positive effect on shares. Of more concern to private investors is the impact that another terrorist attack would have on shares. If this were to happen, the market would almost certainly slump again. But history suggests that it would, once again, make up any lost ground within weeks.Experts are therefore urging private investors not to repeat their past mistakes, when they waited for a sustained rally before feeling confident enough to invest. Cross said, “Its peculiar that investors feel its safer to invest after the market has risen by 25% than when it has fallen by 25%. Common sense suggests that the opposite would be more appropriate.” Mike Lenhoff of Gerrard, the stockbroker, said that if the market hit 5 500 and remained around that level for some weeks, it would be a sign that further, sustained gains were imminent. He said, “Getting back to 5 500 would be important, because if the index stayed at that level, the psychology of the market would change substantially. Defensive shares would become too expensive and big investors would start moving into value stocks, which are the type of firms that do well in an economic recovery.”But private investors could be forgiven for their pessimistic mood, as nearly all Isa buyers have suffered big losses. But investors can take some comfort from the fact that the next three months are traditionally the best-performing period of the year for the stock market. David Schwartz, the stock-market historian, said the index almost always rose in the period between November and April. Since 1974, the market went up on 24 occasions between November and April, by an average of 15%, and dropped only three times. Schwartz said, “Its no guarantee for this year, but history is on our side.”1.We learn from the first paragraph that（ ）.2.The reason why some experts remain cautiously optimistic about the FTSE is that they believe that（ ）.3.In the present situation, corporate downsizing may（ ）.4.Experts advise private investors to avoid their past mistakes by（ ）.5.From the last sentence of the passage, we may infer that Schwartz believes that（ ）.问题1选项A.FTSE 100 index fell immediately after September 11B.Dow Jones industrial index is now beginning to pick upC.Consumer spending is having a positive effect on the stock marketD.Share prices in America have risen contrary to most predictions问题2选项A.the American economy will be able to resist further downturnB.the Dow Jones index in New York will stop tumbling soonC.the market will absorb any further shock from bad newsD.the economic situation in Britain and America will take an upturn in 6 months问题3选项A.sharp economic downturnB.produce a positive effect on sharesC.cause the market to slump againD.enable the market to regain any lost ground问题4选项A.withholding any investment until the market has risen by 25%B.investing when the FTSE rallies back to 5 500C.investing only in those firms which show signs of recoveryD.investing when the stock market shows signs of upturn问题5选项A.the market will be most likely to go up between November and AprilB.the market will drop by an average of 15% between November and AprilC.the market will not likely go up in the next three monthsD.it is quite rational to take a pessimistic altitude towards the stock market【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段的内容，在伦敦股市收复了9.11以来的全部损失后，投资者被鼓励继续将他们的储蓄投入股市。尽管美国道琼斯工业平均指数在纽约被诊断出炭疽病例后在周五暴跌，该建议还是出现了。九月份，美国的消费支出也下跌了超过经济学家预测的三倍，将股价推回到袭击前的水平之下。由此可知，“911”事件后，英国富时100指数立即下跌，选项A符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据第二段最后两句“Some commentators predict that America will endure a recession lasting six months. They also expect Britain to suffer a sharp slowdown. But analysts say the market is well placed to absorb any further bad news. 一些评论家预测，美国将经历长达6个月的经济衰退。他们还预计英国经济将急剧放缓。但分析师表示，市场已经做好准备，可以消化任何进一步的坏消息。”A选项“美国经济将能够抵御进一步的衰退”和B选项“纽约的道琼斯指数将很快停止下跌”在文中没有提及，选项D“英国和美国的经济形势将在6个月内好转”不符合原文。选项C“市场将消化任何进一步的坏消息”符合原文3.细节事实题。根据第三段第二句“any announcements about rising unemployment or corporate streamlining could have a positive effect on shares. 任何有关失业率上升或公司裁员的消息，都可能对股价产生积极影响。”所以选项B正确。4.判断推理题。题干意思是“专家建议私人投资者避免过去的错误，在