2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第51期

2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The expedition has left for the Andes and there is no（ ）when it will return.问题1选项A.informingB.reportingC.knowingD.advising【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意：探险队已出发前往安第斯山脉，但没有通知何时返回。故选A。2. 单选题The Supreme Court（ ）the judgment of the lower court.问题1选项A.amplifiedB.affirmedC.ascendedD.applauded【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意：最高法院 下级法院的判决。amplify扩大，详述；affirm断定，确认，批准，支持；ascend上升；applaud鼓掌。因此，B项符合句意。3. 写作题In the current job market, university graduates are having a hard time finding jobs while many employers are complaining about the shortage of work hands. Write an essay of no less than 200 words analyzing the phenomenon. Your essay should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.【答案】Why Are University Graduates Having a Hard Time Finding Jobs?4. 单选题Childhood memoirs often gain their poignancy through a sense of displacement: each lesson is accompanied by a loss of（ ） .问题1选项A.perspectiveB.innocenceC.permissionD.veracity【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：童年记忆经常由于取代感而更加哀伤，每一次教训都伴随着 的丢失。perspective 洞察力，看法；innocence 纯洁，纯真；permission 允许，许可；veracity 诚实，真实。故选B。5. 单选题As has always been the case when tragedy has struck our community, the people of our town feel the obligation, and rightly so, to（ ） in support of the victim and his family.问题1选项A.entrenchB.rallyC.disseminateD.apologize【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。句意：当社会内有悲剧事情发生时，我们镇的居民感到有义务， （ ） 以支持受害者和他的家人。 entrench保卫、防护；rally重整、团结；disseminate散播、宣传；apologizes道歉。B项rally in意为 “举行集会”符合句意。6. 单选题Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographers temperament, discovering itself through the cameras cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as an observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photographys means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to the powers of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing”. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the wok of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.1.According to the passage, interest among photographers in each of photographys two ideals can be described as（）2.The author is primarily concerned with（）3.The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of（）4.According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ primarily in the（）5.Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately follow-ing the passage?问题1选项A.rapidly changingB.cyclically recurringC.steadily growingD.unimportant to the viewers of photographs问题2选项A.establishing new technical standards for contemporary photographyB.analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-takingC.tracing the development of camera technology in the twentieth centuryD.describing how photographers individual temperaments are reflected in their work问题3选项A.how a controlled ambivalence toward photographys means can produce outstanding picturesB.how the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentiethC.the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth centuryD.the relationship between photographic originality and technology问题4选项A.value that each places on the beauty of the finished productB.emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished productC.degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographerD.way in which each defines the role of the photographer问题5选项A.Photographers, as a result of their heightened awareness of time, are constantly trying to cap-ture events and actions that are fleeting.B.Thus the cult of the future, the worship of machines and speed, is firmly established in spiteof efforts to the contrary by some photographers.C.The rejection of technical knowledge, however, can never be complete and photography can-not for any length of time pretend that it has no weapons.D.The point of honor involved in rejecting complex equipment is, however, of no significance to the viewer of a photograph.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.第二段最后一句提到两种理想拍照方式中总会有一种在某段时间内被重新发现并占主要地位。所以说拍摄者的兴趣在两种理想模式间是循环往复的，故B项正确。2.作者最后说明了两种拍照理念对于摄影发展的影响。所以B项“分析拍摄理念对于摄影的影响”符合文意，B项正确。3.根据题干关键词定位至第三段：Whatever the claims that photography might . The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke”。作者以Harold Edgerton为例，说明了摄影师和机器设备之间的关系。D项正确。4.第二段第一句话 :“ These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in taking a picture. ”。这两种对立的观念主要在于摄影师和旁观者在摄影时是否扮演着积极的角色。D项正确。5.题干问的是 “文章接下来将会讨论什么？”最后一句话为：Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness（摄影师和旁观者似乎需要质疑自己对摄影的认知）。由此可推测，文章接下来将会继续讲解与拍照认知有关的内容。所以C项正确。 7. 翻译题Bacteria（细菌）, like people, can be divided into friend and foe. 81.Inspired by evidence that the friendly sort may help with a range of ailments（疾病）, many people consume bacteria in the form of yogurts and dietary supplements. Such a smattering of artificial additions, however, represents but a drop in the ocean. There are at least 800 types of bacteria living in the human gut. And research by Steven Gill of the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, and his colleagues, published in this weeks Science, suggests that the collective genome of these organisms is so large that it contains 100 times as many genes as the human genome itself.Dr Gill and his team were able to come to this conclusion by extracting bacterial DNA from the faeces （粪便）of two volunteers. 82.Because of the complexity of the samples, they were not able to reconstruct the entire genomes（基因组）of each of the gut bacteria, just the individual genes. But that allowed them to make an estimate of numbers.What all these bacteria are doing is tricky to identifythe bacteria themselves are difficult to cultivate. 83.So the researchers guessed at what they might be up to by comparing the genes they discovered with published databases of genes whose functions are already known.84.This comparison helped Dr Gill identify for the first time the probableenzymatic（酶（性）的）processes by which bacteria help humans to digest the complexcarbohydrates in plants. The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human lifeincluding two B vitamins and certain essential amino acidsalthough the team merely showed that these metabolic pathways exist rather than proving that they are used. Nevertheless, the pathways they found leave humans looking more like ruminants: animals such as goats and sheep that use bacteria to break down otherwise indigestible matter in the plants they eat.The broader conclusion Dr Gill draws is that people are superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of human and microbial attributes. The notion ofa superorganism has emerged before, as researchers in other fields have come to view humans as having a diverse internal ecosystem. 85.This, suggest some, will be crucial to the success of personalised medicine, as different people will have different responses to drugs, depending on their microbial flora.（微生物群落） Accordingly, the next step, says Dr Gill, is to see how microbial populations vary between people of different ages, backgrounds and diets.Another area of research is the process by which these helpful bacteria first colonize the digestive tract. Babies acquire their gut flora as they pass down the birth canal and take a gene-filled gulp of their mothers vaginal and faecal flora. It might not be the most delicious of first meals, but it could well be an important one.Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.【答案】81. 有益菌可以帮助人们治疗多种疾病，受此启发，很多人通过使用酸乳食品和各种补品的办法吸收细菌。然而，这种人为补充细菌的做法是极其肤浅的。82. 由于样本的复杂性，吉尔博士及其研究组人员还不能构建出肠道内细菌的完整基因组，而只能构建出单体基因。不过，这也可以使他们对整体数量作出估算。83. 因此，研究人员只能将发现的基因和那些功能已经研究清楚的基因的公开数据库进行比较，从而猜测可能得到的研究结果。84. 这种比较帮助吉尔博士第一次确定了可能存在的细菌借以帮助人体消化从植物体摄入的复杂碳水化合物的酶催化反应的过程。85. 有人认为，这一点对个性化药物的成功开发是至关重要的，因为不同的人具有不同的微生物群落，对不同的药物有不同的反应。8. 单选题To compensate for the substantial decline in the availability of fossil fuels in future years, we will have to provide at least（ ）alternative energy source.问题1选项A.an anticipatedB.an officialC.an equivalentD.a redundant【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意：为了弥补未来几年中矿物燃料供应量的大幅度下降，我们不得不提供一种至少是 （ ）的替代能源。anticipated预期的，期望的；official官方的，正式的，公务的；equivalent等价的，相等的；redundant多余的，过剩的。C选项“相等的”符合句意。9. 单选题Mr. Smith became very（ ）when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.问题1选项A.ingeniousB.empiricalC.objectiveD.indignant【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：当史密斯先生被暗示犯了一个错误时，他变得非常（ ） 。ingenious灵敏的，聪明的；empirical以事实为依据的；objective客观的；indignant愤怒的。故选D。10. 单选题When he realized he had been（ ）to sign the contract by intrigue, he threatened to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.问题1选项A.elicitedB.excitedC.deducedD.induced【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意：当他意识到自己上当欺骗，被 签约时，他威胁说要通过法律程序终止协议。elicit引出，探出；excite为感到兴奋；deduce推论，演绎；induce引诱，诱导。A项elicited虽然语义上符合句意，但是elicited形容主语时一般为主动形式，这里是被动，所以排除。11. 单选题Although most dreams apparently happen（ ）, dream activity may be provoked by external influences.问题1选项A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.homogeneouslyD.instantaneously【答案】A【解析】副词辨析。句意：尽管大多数的梦明显是（ ）出现的，梦境活动也可能受到外界的影响。spontaneously 自然地，不由自主地；simultaneously 同时地；homogeneously 同样地；instantaneously即刻，突如其来地。因此，A项spontaneously 符合句意。12. 单选题The rain （ ）our spirits because we were planning to go for a picnic.问题1选项A.decreasedB.dampenedC.moistenedD.hampered【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意:下雨 我们的热情，因为我们本来要去野餐。Decreased 降低，减少；dampened 使.受挫；moistened 弄湿；hampered 妨碍。我们本来想去野餐，但是下雨妨碍了我们去野餐的热情。故选D。13. 单选题Each workday, the workers followed the same schedules and rarely（ ） from this routine.问题1选项A.deviatedB.disconnectedC.detachedD.distorted【答案】A【解析】句意：每个工作日，工人们遵循着同样的日程表，很少 常规。A选项deviated脱离，偏离；B选项disconnected切断；拆开；C选项detached分离，拆开；D选项distorted歪曲，扭曲，deviate from意为“背离，偏离”，应选A。14. 单选题Though sometimes（ ）all too often technology is seen as a panacea for the great economic, social, and political challenges facing the nation as it embarks on the path of modernization.问题1选项A.expensiveB.effectiveC.ignoredD.calamitous【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意：尽管技术有时（ ），但常常被视为应对高速经济发展和现代化道路中面临的政治挑战的灵丹妙药。expensive 昂贵的；effective 有效的；ignored 被忽视的；calamitous 灾难的。因此，C项符合句意。15. 单选题All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olympic games had a unique Australian flavor, （ ）of their multicultural communities.问题1选项A.noticeableB.indicativeC.conspicuousD.implicit【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。noticeable明显的；indicative表示的，象征的；conspicuous明显的，惹人注目的；implicit不言明的，含蓄的，无疑问的。句意：2000年奥运会所有的仪式都带有一种独特的澳大利亚风情， （ ） 他们是多元文化的社会。B选项indicative在此符合句意,意为 “表明他们是多元文化的社会”。16. 单选题There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the （ ） from fall to winter.问题1选项A.transitionB.transmissionC.transformationD.transfer【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。transition转变，过渡，变迁；transmission传播；transformation变化，转换；transfer转移。句意是：我很喜欢四季的交替，但我最喜欢秋到冬的 （ ） 。因此，A选项transition符合句意。17. 单选题Japan is a（ ）society of one nationality and a few underrepresented minority groups，such as the ethnic Chinese and Koreans.问题1选项A.spontaneousB.simultaneousC.homogenousD.instantaneous【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意：日本是一个 （ ）单民族社会，由一个民族和一些代表性不足的像中国人和韩国人这样的少数群体组成。spontaneous自发的；simultaneous同时存在的；homogenous 同源的，纯系的；instantaneous瞬间的。C选项homogenous符合句意。18. 单选题As one of the youngest professors in the university，Miss King is certainly on the（ ）of a brilliant career.问题1选项A.edgeB.porchC.thresholdD.course【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意：作为这所大学最年轻的教授之一，金女士当然是站在事业辉煌的 。edge边缘，优势；porch走廊，门槛；threshold门槛，入口；course路线，航线。因此，C项threshold符合句意。19. 单选题We are writing to the manager（ ）the repairs recently carried out at the above address.问题1选项A.with the exception ofB.with the purpose ofC.with reference toD.with a view to【答案】C【解析】短语辨析。句意：我们正在给经理写信， 近期在上述地址开展的维修工作。with the exception of 除以外；with the purpose of 目的是；with reference to 关于；with a view to 为了。因此，C项符合句意。20. 单选题More than two hundred years ago the United States （ ）from the British Empire and became all independent country.问题1选项A.got offB.pulled downC.broke awayD.drop off【答案】C【解析】短语辨析。句意：200多年以前，美国从大英帝国中 出来，成为完全独立的国家。get off 下来；pull down 推翻；break away 脱离；drop off 减少。因此，C项符合句意。