2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第23期

2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题_ Steve said: “I will be coming back and if conditions do not worsen so unexpectedly I hope to meet you again.”问题1选项A.CrypticallyB.DeservedlyC.ExceedinglyD.Excessively【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。A项cryptically“隐秘地，意义含糊地”，B项deservedly“理所当然地，应得报酬地”，C项exceedingly“非常，极其，极度地”，D项excessively“过分地，极度”。由双引号内的句意“我会回来的，如果情况不会如此出乎意料地恶化，我希望能再次见到你”可知，四个选项中把A项代入进去最符合句子的语境。句意：史蒂夫含糊其词地说：“我会回来的，如果情况不会如此出乎意料地恶化，我希望能再次见到你。”因此，该题选择A项正确。2. 单选题Over the centuries both the Nile and the desert sands imperceptibly shifted, and this temple was lost to the world until 1813, when it was accidentally rediscovered by the Swiss explorer Jean Louis Burckhardt.问题1选项A.enormouslyB.unstablyC.progressivelyD.unnoticeably【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项enormously“巨大地；非常地”；B选项unstably“不稳定地”；C选项progressively“渐进地；日益增多地”；D选项unnoticeably“不引人注意地；不显著地”。句意：几个世纪以来，尼罗河和沙漠的沙子都变化着，这座寺庙直到1813年才被世人所知，后来它被瑞士探险家偶然地发现。根据寺庙所发现的时间可知，尼罗河和沙漠的沙子移动的非常缓慢，以至于寺庙是在之后的一大段时间才展露出来。因此D选项符合题意。3. 单选题The training of human intelligence must include the simultaneous development of the empathetic capacity.问题1选项A.simulatedB.coincidentC.instantaneousD.similar【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。simultaneous表示“同时的，联立的，同时发生的”；A项simulated“模拟的，模仿的，仿造的”，B项coincident“一致的，符合的，同时发生的”，C项instantaneous“瞬间的，即时的，猝发的”，D项similar“相似的”。句意：人类智力的训练必须包括移情能力的同时发展。根据句意可知，B项的意思符合句子。因此，该题选择B项正确。4. 单选题Managers who are permitted to trade on inside information have an _ to acquire or develop value information, which involves risks.问题1选项A.incentiveB.orientationC.argumentD.identity【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项incentive“动机，刺激”，B项orientation“方向，定向，适应”，C项argument“论证，论据，争吵”，D项identity“身份，同一性，一致”。由are permitted to trade on inside information“被允许内幕信息交易”和to acquire or develop value information“获取或发展有价值的信息”可知，“动机”符合语境。句意：被允许利用内幕信息进行交易的经理人有获取或开发价值信息的动机，这涉及到风险。因此，该题选择A项正确。5. 单选题Even if the genes themselves are not initially hazardous, you do not know how they are going to evolve.问题1选项A.partiallyB.originallyC.ultimatelyD.fundamentally【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项partially“部分地；偏袒地”；B选项originally“最初，起初；本来”；C选项ultimately“最后；根本”；D选项fundamentally“根本地，基础地”。ultimately和fundamentally都有根本的意思，前者侧重于就结果方向而言，而后者侧重于从源泉方向讲。句意：即使基因本身没有危险，你也不知道它们将如何进化。Even if引导让步状语从句。由后面的关键信息you do not know how they are going to evolve.“你不知道它们将如何发展”，是在说基因之后的发展，所以按照逻辑关系，刚开始基因本身是没有危险的，但是之后经历过一些变化后就难以保证了。因此B选项符合题意。6. 单选题Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines; the Bug-Eyed Monster embodying every feature that most people find repulsive. This is unfortunate because it demeans and degrades a worthwhile and even important literary endeavor. The basic interest of science fiction lies in the relation between man and his technology and between man and the universe. Science fiction is a literature of change and a literature of the future, and while it would be foolish to claim that science fiction is a major literary genre at this time, the aspects of human life that it considers make it well worth reading and studyingfor no other literary form does quite the same things.The question is: what is science fiction? And the answer must be, unfortunately, that there have been few attempts to consider this question at any length or with much seriousness; it may well be that science fiction will resist any comprehensive definition of its characteristics. To say this, however, does not mean that there are no ways of defining it nor that various facets of its totality cannot be clarified. To begin with, the following definition should be helpful: science fiction is a literary subgenre which postulates a change (for human beings) from conditions as we know them and follow the implications of these changes to a conclusion. Although this definition with necessarily be modified and expanded, and probably changed, in the course of this exploration, it covers much of the basic groundwork and provides a points of departure.The first pointthat science fiction is a literary subgenreis a very important one, but one which is often overlooked or ignored in most discussions of science fiction. Specifically, science fiction is either a short story or a novel. There are only a few dramas which could be called science fiction, with Karel Capeks RUR (Rossums Universal Robots) being the only one that is well known; the body of poetry that might be labeled science fiction is only slightly large. To say that science fiction is a subgenre of prose fiction that is to say that it has all the basic characteristics and serves the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in generalthat is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.Everything that can be said about prose fiction in general applies to science fiction. Every piece of science fiction, whether short story or novel, must have a narrator, a story, a plot, a setting characters, language, and theme. And like any prose, the themes of science fiction are concerned with interpreting mans nature and experience in relation to the world around him. Themes in science fiction are constructed and presented in exactly the same ways that themes are dealt with in any other kind of fiction. They are the result of a particular combination of narrator story, plot, character, setting, and language. In short, the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction, and the ways of studying and analyzing it, are basically the same as they would be for any other story or novel.1. Science fiction is called a literary subgenre because _.2. The view of science fiction encouraged by pulp magazines, while wrong, is nevertheless _.3. An appropriate title for the passage would be _.4. The authors definition suggests that all science fiction deals with _.5. One implication of the final sentence in the passage is that _.问题1选项A.it is not important enough to be a literary genreB.it cannot be made into a dramatic presentationC.to call it a “genre” would subject it to literary jargonD.it shares characteristics with other types of prose fiction问题2选项A.popularB.derangedC.elegantD.accurate问题3选项A.On the Inaccuracies of Pulp MagazinesB.Man and the UniverseC.Toward a Definition of Science FictionD.A Type of Prose Fiction问题4选项A.the same topics addressed by novels and short storiesB.the unfamiliar or unusualC.Karel Capeks well-known postulateD.the conflict between science and fiction问题5选项A.there are reasons for enjoying science fictionB.the reader should turn next to commentaries on general fictionC.there is no reason for any reader not to like science fictionD.those who can read and analyze fiction can also do so with science fiction【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“科幻小说之所以被称为文学流派分支是因为”。根据第三段最后一句To say that science fiction is a subgenre of prose fiction that is to say that it has all the basic characteristics and serves the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in generalthat is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.（科幻小说是散文小说的一个分支，也就是说，它具有一般散文小说的所有基本特征和基本功能，即它与其他所有的小说和短篇故事有很多共同之处）可知，D项“它与其他类型的散文小说有共同的特点”正确；根据第一段Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazinesThis is unfortunate because it demeans and degrades a worthwhile and even important literary endeavor.（许多人似乎认为科幻小说以一些老式低俗杂志的封面为代表这是不幸的，因为它贬低了一个值得的，甚至是重要的文学努力）可知，科幻小说是重要的文学努力，A项“它还不够重要去成为一种文学体裁”错误；根据第三段中的There are only a few dramas which could be called science fiction（只有少数戏剧可以被称为科幻小说）可知，科幻小说可以以戏剧形式出现，B项“不能以戏剧的形式表演”错误；根据第三段第一句The first pointthat science fiction is a literary subgenreis a very important one（科幻小说是文学的一个分支，这一点非常重要）可知，科幻小说就是属于文学流派分支，C项“称其为体裁会使它从属于文学流派”也不符合原文。因此，该题选择D项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“被低俗杂志推崇的科幻小说这一的观点尽管是错误的，然而它却是”。根据第一段Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines.（许多人似乎认为科幻小说以一些老式低俗杂志的封面为代表）可知，这种观点是非常普遍的，A项“流行的，普遍的”正确；B项“疯狂的”、C项“优雅的”和D项“准确的”表述都不够准确。因此，该题选择A项正确。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章恰当的标题应该是”。通读全文可知，文章主要是阐述科幻小说的定义，即它和散文小说有共同的特点，属于文学流派的分支，故C项“科幻小说的定义”最能概括全文；A项“关于低俗杂志的不准确性”和D项“散文小说的一种类型”都只是部分提及；B项“人与宇宙”没有提到。因此，该题选择C项正确。4.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者的定义表明，所有科幻小说都涉及”。根据第三段最后一句it has all the basic characteristics and serves the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in generalthat is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.（它具有一般散文小说的所有基本特征和基本功能，即它与其他所有的小说和短篇故事有很多共同之处）以及最后一段中的Themes in science fiction are constructed and presented in exactly the same ways that themes are dealt with in any other kind of fiction.（科幻小说中的主题的构建和呈现方式与其他任何类型的小说的主题处理方式完全相同）可以推断，A项“与小说和短篇故事一样的主题”是正确的；B项“不常见的或者是不寻常的事物”和D项“科学和小说间的冲突”在文中没有根据；C项“Karel Capek著名的假设”，文中第三段只提到了There are only a few dramas which could be called science fiction, with Karel Capeks RUR (Rossums Universal Robots) being the only one that is well known（只有少数戏剧可以被称为科幻小说，其中Karel Capek的Rossums Universal Robots是唯一著名的），可知C项无中生有。因此，该题选择A项正确。5.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“文章最后一个句子的含义是”。文章最后一句话是In short, the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction, and the ways of studying and analyzing it, are basically the same as they would be for any other story or novel.（简而言之，阅读和欣赏科幻小说的原因，以及研究和分析科幻小说的方式，基本上与阅读其他故事或小说的方式相同）可知，阅读和欣赏科幻小说的原因以及分析它的方式基本和其他故事或小说的方式基本相同，因此可以反推，能够阅读和分析小说的人也能读科幻小说，故D项“那些能读和分析小说的人也能读科幻小说”符合题意；A项“喜欢科幻小说是有原因的”只是句子的一段信息，并不是该句的含义；B项“读者应该求助于一般小说的评论”和C项“读者没有理由不喜欢科幻小说”在本句没有提到。因此，该题选择D项正确。7. 翻译题“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct the meaning of the word has never been clear. (1) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed toit was not designed for such purposes. (2) To criticize it for such failure is roughly, comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is/that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair. (3) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do ones best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it (4) The first two must be equal for all who being compared) if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Is value lies of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than children of this age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”. (5)On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude/towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared; and only if he was not punished by lack, of relevant information which they possessed.【答案】1.人们对与智能有关的各种行为，比对这些行为如何进行解释和分类，看法更不一致。2.批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。3.既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。4.如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。5.总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的其他孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而被扣分。8. 单选题Janes attic room has a poor _ system and in summer it becomes unbearably stuffy.问题1选项A.ventilationB.manipulationC.mitigationD.allocation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项ventilation“通风设备，空气流通”，B项manipulation“操纵，操作，处理”，C项mitigation“减轻，缓和，平静”，D项allocation“分配，配置，安置”。由unbearably stuffy“闷热的难以忍受”可知，“空气流通”符合语境。句意：简家阁楼的通风系统很差，一到夏天就变得闷热得令人难以忍受。因此，该题选择A项正确。9. 单选题Research shows that many voters who havent yet made up their minds are _ towards the Democrats.问题1选项A.tiltingB.skiddingC.transferringD.sliding【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项tilt“倾斜，翘起，俯仰（摄影机）”，B项skid“刹住，使减速，滚滑”，C项transfer“转让，转接，移交”，D项slide“滑动，平稳地走，悄悄移动”。根据句子意思“研究表明，许多尚未做出决定的选民都向民主党”可知，tilt符合语境，tilt towards表示“偏向，向倾斜”。句意：研究表明，许多尚未下定决心的选民正倾向于民主党。因此，该题选择A项正确。10. 单选题Franks remark that he was “slightly bruised” in the accident is a/an _; he suffered two fractured ribs.问题1选项A.synecdocheB.metonymyC.understatementD.personification【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A项synecdoche“提喻法”，B项metonymy“转喻”，C项understatement“保守的陈述，不充分的陈述”，D项personification“人格化，化身，拟人法”。根据he suffered two fractured ribs“他两根肋骨骨折”可知，Franks remark that he was “slightly bruised” in the accident is a/an _表示的是“弗兰克说他在事故中有轻微擦伤只是保守的陈述”。句意：弗兰克说他在事故中有“轻微瘀伤”是轻描淡写的；他两根肋骨骨折。因此，该题选择C项正确。11. 单选题Sadly, the Giant Panda is one of the many species now in danger of _.问题1选项A.extinctionB.immigrationC.distinctionD.extraction【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项extinction“灭绝，消失，消灭”，B项immigration“外来移民，移居”，C项distinction“区别，差别，特性”，D项extraction“取出，抽出，拔出”。由Sadly“悲哀地”和the Giant Panda“大熊猫”可知，in danger of _表示“濒临灭绝”。句意：遗憾的是，大熊猫是许多濒临灭绝的物种之一。因此，该题选择A项正确。12. 单选题Negative data surprises have forced many to downgrade their forecasts for growth and policy implications, especially in the US.问题1选项A.rejectB.reduceC.reformD.reserve【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项reject“拒绝；排斥；抵制”；B选项reduce“减少；降低”；C选项reform“改革；革新”；D选项reserve“储备；保留；预约”。句意：出人意料的负面数据迫使许多人了对增长和政策影响的预测，尤其是在美国。由逻辑关系可知，主语Negative data surprises“出人意料的负面数据”会降低人们forecasts for growth and policy implications“对增长和政策影响的预测”。因此B选项符合题意。13. 单选题Womens minds work differently from mens. At least, that is what most men are convinced of. Psychologists view the subject either as a matter of frustration or a joke. Now the biologists have moved into this minefield, and some of them have found that there are real differences between the brains of men and women. But being different, they point out hurriedly, is not the same as being better or worse.There is, however, a definite structural variation between the male and female brain. The difference is in a part of the brain that is used in the most complex intellectual processesthe link between the two halves of the brain.The two halves are linked by a trunk line of between 200 and 300 million nerves, the corpus callosum. Scientists have found quite recently that the corpus callosum in women is always large and probably richer in nerve fibers than it is in men. This is the first time that structural difference has been found between the brains of men and women and it must have some significance. The question is “What” and if this difference exists, are there others? Research shows that present-day women think differently and behave differently from men. Are some of these differences biological and inborn and a result of evolution? We tend to think that it is the influence of society that produces these differences. But could we be wrong?Research showed that these two halves of the brain had different functions, and that the corpus callosum enabled them to work together. For most people, the left half is used for word-handling, analytical and logical activities; the right half works on pictures, patterns and forms. We need both halves working together. And the better the connections, the more harmoniously the two halves work. And, according to research findings, women have the better connection.But it isnt all that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis. In schools throughout the world girls tend to be better than boys at “language subjects” and boys better at maths and physics. If these differences correspond with the differences in the hemispheric trunk line, there is an unalterable distinction between the sexes.We shant know for a while, partly because we dont know of any precise relationship between abilities in school subjects and the functioning of the two halves of the brain, and we cannot understand how the two halves interact via corpus callosum. But this striking difference must have some effect and, because the difference is in the parts of the brain involving intellect, we should be looking for differences in intellectual processing.1. According to the passage, brain differences are caused by _ factors.2. Which of the following best describes the psychologists attitude towards the issue that womens minds are different from mens?3. “These differences” in Paragraph 5 refers to those in _.4. In the last paragraph, the author suggests more work on _.5. What is the main purpose of the passage?问题1选项A.biologicalB.psychologicalC.mentalD.social问题2选项A.They used to consider the issue uninteresting and not worth researching.B.They find that the difference is attributed to the influence of the society.C.They have already given up finding out the real cause of the difference.D.They study the issue from a perspective different from that of the biologists.问题3选项A.activities carried out by the brainB.the brain structure of men and womenC.the performance on school subjectsD.the skills of men and women问题4选项A.the brain structure as a wholeB.the differences between men and womenC.the functioning of parts of the brainD.the effects of the trunk line10. What is the main purpose of the passage?问题5选项A.To propose new fields in brain research.B.To outline the research findings on the brain structure.C.To discuss the various causes of structural differences in brain.D.To explain the relationship between gender and brain structure.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据文章，大脑的差异是由因素造成的”。第三段提到We tend to think that it is the influence of society that produces these differences. But could we be wrong?（我们倾向于认为是社会的影响造成了这些差异。但我们可能错了吗？），联系后文并没有否定这个认为，因此D项“社会”符合题意；A项“生理”、B项“心理”和C项“精神”在文中都没有明确提到是其因素。因此，该题选择D项正确。2.【试题答案】C【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“以下哪一个最好地描述了心理学家对女性的思想不同于男性这一问题的态度？”。根据第一段中的Womens minds work differently from mens. At least, that is what most men are convinced of. Psychologists view the subject either as a matter of frustration or a joke.（女性的思维方式与男性不同。至少，大多数人是这么认为的。心理学家认为，这个主题要么是一件令人沮丧的事情，要么就是一个笑话）可推断，心理学家对于男女思维方式不同这个话题的态度是他们已经不在乎造成这个差异的真正原因了，C项“他们已经放弃了找出差异的真正原因”正确；A项“他们过去认为这个问题无趣，不值得研究”文章未提及；B项“他们发现这种差异是由于社会的影响”不是心理学家的观点；D项“他们从不同于生物学家的角度研究这个问题”与原文意思相反。因此，该题选择C项正确。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第五段中的这些差异指的是这些在上的差异”。根据题干定位到文章第五段，倒数第二句提到In schools throughout the world girls tend to be better than boys at “language subjects” and boys better at maths and physics.（在世界各地的学校里，女孩往往比男孩在“语言科目”上表现更好，而男孩在数学和物理方面表现更好），接着就提到了If these differences correspond with the differences in the hemispheric trunk line, there is an unalterable distinction between the sexes.（如果这些差异与半球主干道上的差异相一致，那么两性之间就存在着不可改变的区别），可知，these difference指的就是女性和男性在学业表现上的差异，C项“学业课程的表现”正确；A项“由大脑进行的活动”、B项“男人和女人的大脑结