2022年考博英语-南京大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第98期

2022年考博英语-南京大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Hunting is thought to be（ ） for the extinction of some wildlife.问题1选项A.responsibleB.blamedC.chargedD.denounced【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。responsible “负责任的”，词组be responsible for “承担责任”，to be blame for “应受责备”，be charged with “”被控告”， denounce “公然抨击”，句意：野生动物灭绝的原因应该归咎于狩猎。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题If we accept that we cannot prevent science and technology from changing our world, we can at least try to（1 ）that the changes they make are in the right directions. In a democratic society, this means that the public needs to have a basic understanding of science（2 ） it can make informed decisions and not （3 ） them in the hands of experts. At the moment, the public has a rather ambivalent attitude（4 ） science. It has come to expect the steady increase in the standard of（5 ） that new developments in science and technology have brought to continue, but it also distrusts science because it doesnt understand it. This distrust is evident in the cartoon （6 ） of the mad scientist working in his laboratory to produce a Frankenstein. It is also an important （7 ） behind support for the Green parties.What can be done to（8 ）this interest and give the public the scientific background it needs to make informed decisions on subjects like acid rain, the greenhouse effect, nuclear weapons, and genetic engineering? Clearly, the basis must lie in what is taught in schools. But in schools science is often（9 ） in a dry and uninteresting manner. Children learn it by rote to pass examinations, and they dont see its（10 ）to the world around them. Moreover, science is often taught in terms of equations. Although equations are a concise and accurate way of describing mathematics ideas, they frighten most people.问题1选项A.assessB.discernC.ensureD.anticipate问题2选项A.becauseB.so thatC.despite thatD.though问题3选项A.clutchB.leaveC.fabricateD.nurture问题4选项A.aboutB.withC.uponD.toward问题5选项A.livingB.lifeC.survivalD.lives问题6选项A.literatureB.personC.artD.figure问题7选项A.roleB.conceptC.elementD.index问题8选项A.constrainB.harnessC.fosterD.extinguish问题9选项A.presentedB.conductedC.portrayedD.utilized问题10选项A.meaningB.contributionC.applicationD.relevance【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A第6题:D第7题:A第8题:C第9题:C第10题:B【解析】（1）名词词义辨析。assess “评估”;discern “辨别”; ensure “确保”;anticipate “预期”。句意：我们不能阻止科学和技术改变我们的世界，我们至少可以努力确保这些改变是正确的。选项C符合题意。（2）逻辑推理。根据文意，在民主社会中，公民需要对科学有一个基本的了解，以便于他们可以自己做出明智的决定。选项B符合题意。（3）动词词义辨析。clutch “抓住”;leave “留给”;fabricate “编造”;nurture “养育”。句意：人们可以做出明智的决定，而不会把问题都留在专家手中。选项B符合题意。（4）短语搭配。attitude towards “对的态度”，选项D符合题意。（5）短语搭配。根据文意，人们想要提高生活水平，故 “standard of living” 生活水平符合题意。选项A符合题意。（6）根据文意，人们对科学的不信任，体现在动画中塑造的那些科学家卡通人物，他们在实验室制造科学怪人。选项D符合题意。（7）名词词义辨析。role “角色，任务”； concept “概念，想法” ；element “要素” ；index “指数”。句意：这个在支持绿党中发挥着重要作用。选项A符合题意。（8）动词词义辨析。constrain “强迫”；harness “利用”；foster “ 培养”；extinguish “ 熄灭”。句意：为了让公众们做出明智的决定，我们应该怎么做去培养他们的兴趣以及给他们提供科学背景呢？选项C符合题意。（9）动词词义辨析。present “提出”；conduct “指挥，管理”，portray “描绘” ；utilize “利用”。句意：但是在学校，科学往往是以一种枯燥无味的方式描绘出来的。选项C符合题意。（10）名词词义辨析。meaning “ 含义”；contribution “ 贡献”；application “应用”；relevance “相关性”根据文意，孩子们学习科学只是为了通过考试，不了解科学对他们周围的世界带来的好处。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题Can you （ ）the truth of his statement?问题1选项A.denyB.refuseC.declineD.reject【答案】A【解析】近义词辨析。deny “否认”，否认事实的真实性，refuse “拒绝”，decline “婉拒”，语气没那么强，reject “拒绝，排斥”，语气更强，不采纳别人的意见。句意：你能否认这个陈述的真实性吗？选项A符合题意。4. 单选题Although this theory was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned（ ） the opposing view.问题1选项A.in favor ofB.in place ofC.instead ofD.in terms of【答案】A【解析】介词词组辨析。in favor of “赞同，支持”；in place of “代替”；instead of “代替，而不是”；in terms of “在方面”。句意：尽管这一理论没有被严格地被反驳过，但是教条会被抛弃，而转向它的对立面。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题We will see（ ） the children are properly educated.问题1选项A.to themB.to thatC.to it whetherD.to it that【答案】D【解析】考查语法。see to it that “确保，务必”，句意：我们必须确保孩子们是被正确地教育的。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题They are no longer on speaking terms because she（ ）his confidence.问题1选项A.exposedB.destroyedC.provedD.betrayed【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。expose“揭露，曝光”;destroy“毁灭，破坏”;prove“证明，检验，显示”;betray“背叛，出卖”。句意：他们不再和睦相处了，因为她背叛了他的信任。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题With the severe shortage of energy supply, we are facing the （ ） of a very hard winter.问题1选项A.expectationB.prospectC.promiseD.damage【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。expectation “预料” ; prospect “前景”；promise “承诺”;damage “毁坏”。句意：因为能源供应的严重短缺，我们将面临一个艰难的冬天。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the （1 ）half of the 19th century; most of（2 ）were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U. S. , the day-nursery movement received great（3 ）during the First World War, when（4 ）of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries, nurseries were established（5 ） in munitions plants, under direct government sponsorship. （6 ）the number of nurseries in the U. S. also rose（7 ）, this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, （8 ）, Federal State and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control（9 ）the day nurseries, chiefly by（10 ） them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.问题1选项A.latterB.otherC.lateD.first问题2选项A.thoseB.themC.whoseD.which问题3选项A.impetusB.inputC.imitationD.initiative问题4选项A.sourcesB.abundanceC.shortageD.reduction问题5选项A.hardlyB.entirelyC.onlyD.even问题6选项A.BecauseB.AsC.SinceD.Although问题7选项A.unanimouslyB.sharplyC.predominantlyD.militantly问题8选项A.thereforeB.consequentlyC.howeverD.moreover问题9选项A.overB.inC.atD.about问题10选项A.formulatingB.labelingC.patentingD.licensing【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D第6题:D第7题:B第8题:C第9题:A第10题:A【解析】（1）上下文语义题。根据上文中提到1954年，时间应该为19世纪后期，故选项A符合题意。（2）代词词义解析。本句为一个独立的简单句，所以课排除关系代词whose 和which，those意思是他们的形容词性物主代词，选项B符合题意。（3）名词词义解析。impetus “推动”；input “输入”；imitation “模仿”；initiative “主动权”。句意：日托所运动在一战期间受到了极大的推动力。选项A符合题意。（4）上下文语境题。sources “来源”；abundance “丰富：充裕”；shortage “短缺”；reduction “减少”。此句的意思应该表示男性劳动力的短缺，选项C符合题意。（5）逻辑关系考查题。根据上下文，这里是对建立日托所运动的一个进一步说明。所以用even甚至这个单词。选项D符合题意。（6）逻辑关系考查题。文章中的“without government aid of any kind” 与“under direct government sponsorship” 存在鲜明对比，意思完全相反，所以有转折意思。选项D符合题意。（7）考查副词。unanimously “无异议地”；sharply “急剧地”；predominantly “支配地” ；militantly “好战地”。句意：在美国，托儿所的数量急速增长，政府并未给予援助。选项B符合题意。（8）逻辑关系考查。根据上下文，此句存在转折意义。选项C符合题意。（9）固定短语考查。考查介词搭配，control over “控制”，选项A符合题意。（10）动词词义辨析。formulating “规范”；labeling “贴标签”；patenting “取得的专利权”；licensing “批准”。选项A符合题意。9. 单选题He studied at a famous college when he was young, （ ） contributed to his success in later life.问题1选项A.whichB.itC.thatD.what【答案】A【解析】复合句语法知识。对定语从句的考查。题目为非限制性定语从句。选项A符合题意。10. 单选题Until men invented ways of staying underwater for more than a few minutes, the wonders of the world below the surface of the sea were almost unknown. The main problem, of course, lies in air. How could air be supplied to swimmers below the surface of the sea? Pictures made about 2, 900 years ago in Asia show men swimming under the surface with air bags tied to their bodies. A pipe from the bag carried air into the swimmers mouth. But little progress was achieved in the invention of diving devices until about 1490, when the famous Italian painter, Leonardo da Vinci, designed a complete diving suit.In 1680, an Italian professor invented a large air bag with a glass window to be worn over the divers head. To “clean” the air a breathing pipe went from the air bag, through another bag to remove moisture, and then again to the large air bag. The plan did not work, but it gave later inventors the idea of moving air around in diving devices.In 1819, a German, Augustus Siebe, developed a way of forcing air into the head-covering by a machine operated above the water. Finally, in 1837, he invented the “hard-hat suit” that was to be used for nearly a century. It had a metal covering for the head and an air pipe attached to a machine above the water. It also had small openings to remove unwanted air. But there were two dangers to the diver inside the “hard-hat suit”. One was the sudden rise to the surface, caused by a too great supply of air. The other was the crushing of the body, caused by a sudden diving into deep water. The sudden rise to the surface could kill the diver; a sudden dive could force his body up into the helmet, which could also result in death.Gradually the “hard-hat suit” was improved so that the diver could be given a constant supply of air. The diver could then move around under the ocean without worrying about the air supply.During the 1940s diving underwater without a special suit became popular. Instead, divers used a breathing device and a small covering made of rubber and glass over parts of the face. To improve the swimmer s speed another new invention was used： a piece of rubber shaped like a giant foot, which was attached to each of the divers own feet. The manufacture of rubber breathing pipes made it possible for divers to float on the surface of the water, observing the marine life underneath them. A special rubber suit enabled them to stay in cold water for long periods, collecting specimens of animal and vegetable life that had never been obtained in the past.The most important advance, however, was the invention of a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, which is called a “scuba”.Invented by two Frenchmen, Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan, the scuba consists of a mouth-piece joined to one or two tanks of compressed air which are attached to the divers back.The scuba makes it possible for a diver-scientist to work 200 feet underwater or even deeper for several hours. As a result, scientists can now move around freely at great depths, learning about the wonders of the sea.1.The main progress mentioned in this passage was （ ）.2.An invention of an Italian professor（ ） .3.Siebes invention was not a perfect one, because（ ） .4.The word “scuba” is（ ） .问题1选项A.an Italian professor invented a large air bagB.men invented the best diving devicesC.an Italian painter designed a complete diving suitD.an air bag问题2选项A.worked out very wellB.can “clean” the airC.inspired later inventionsD.was used to remove moisture问题3选项A.too small a supply of air could result in a sudden rise to the surfaceB.a sudden dive into deep water could cause the crushing of the bodyC.the air pipe attached to a machine could be above the surfaceD.both A and B问题4选项A.a certain divers nameB.an original English wordC.named by the inventorD.an acronym【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D【解析】1.信息推断题。根据文中的单词“invented, developed, improved” 以及 “the most important advance” 可以知道，文章一直在阐述潜水装备的发展进程。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据“it gave later inventors the idea” 这一句得知选项C最符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段的第三句，“But there were two dangersOne wasThe other was,”选项B最符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“self-contained underwater breathing apparatus” ，可知scuda是首字母缩略词，选项D符合题意。11. 单选题The company made more profit in that one month than it made in the whole of the （ ） year.问题1选项A.previouslyB.proceedingC.precedingD.unpreceding【答案】C【解析】形近异义词辨析。previously “以前”；proceeding “程序，诉讼”；preceding “在前的，先前的”；unpreceding “空前的，前所未有的”。句意：公司在那一个月创造的收益比整个前年的多。选项C符合题意。12. 单选题As computer security systems become even more advanced, （ ）the methods of those who try to break into them illegally.问题1选项A.so much doB.so too doC.as much asD.as well as【答案】A【解析】语法知识题。空格的句子为主句，C和D选项句子不完整，A选项是倒装句。句意：随着电脑安全系统的越来越先进，也出现越来越多先进的方法非法闯入系统。选项A符合题意。13. 单选题The teacher role is not simply to（ ）knowledge to student; he should also set a good example for them.问题1选项A.provideB.impartC.shareD.stretch【答案】B【解析】动词词义解析。provide “提供”；impart “传授，给予”；share“分享，分担”，stretch“伸展，消耗”。句意：教师的责任不仅仅是给学生传授知识，也应该树立起一个好的榜样。选项B符合题意。14. 翻译题There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfactions we get from a lifetime depend on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “The pleasure of taking pains. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.Happiness is never more than partial. There are no pure states of mankind. Whatever else happiness may be, it is neither in having not in being, but in becoming. What the Founding Fathers declared for us as an inherent right, we should do well to remember, was not happiness but the pursuit of happiness. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is the cardinal fact that happiness is in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, which is to say, in the idea of becoming.【答案】只有我们承担生活中的种种困难，生活才会相应的充满快乐。正如叶芝所言，除了那些不可能的事，我们从生活中得到的满足感取决于我们对待困境的态度。罗伯特弗罗斯特在谈到 “吃苦的乐趣” 时也拥有同样的看法。广告中有一种错误的宣传，致命的是它们宣称快乐是很容易获得的。 幸福从来都不是片面的。人们没有纯粹的状态。无论快乐是什么，不在于我们是否拥有它，是否存在，而在于是否可以成为一种快乐。开国先驱曾将宣称这是我们与生俱来的权利，然而我们应该牢记，我们的权利不是幸福，而是对幸福的一种追求。去追求人生究竟是什么，并且会给我们带来什么样的启迪，也就是追求快乐的过程。 15. 单选题Most readers underestimate the amount of rewriting it usually takes to produce a spontaneous reading. This is a great disadvantage to the student writer, who sees only a finished product and never watches the craftsman who takes the necessary step back, studies the work carefully, returns to the task, steps back, returns, steps back, again and again. Anthony Burgess, one of the most productive writers in the English speaking countries, admits, “I might revise a page twenty times.” Ronald Dahl, the popular childrens writer, states, By the time Im nearing the end of a story, the first part will have been reread and changed and corrected at least 150 times. Good writing is essentially re-writing. I am positive of this. Rewriting isnt something that ought to be done. It is simply something that most writers find they have to do to discover what they have to say and how to say it. It is a condition of the writers life.There are，however，a few writers who do little formal rewriting，primarily because they have the capacity and experience to create and review a large number of invisible drafts in their minds before they approach the page. And some writers slowly produce finished pages, performing all the tasks of revision，page by page. But it is still possible to see the sequence followed by most writers most of the time in rereading their own work.Most writers can scan their draft first，reading as quickly as possible to catch the larger problems of subject and form, then move in closer and closer as they read and write, reread and rewrite.1.What does the student writer fail to do?2.What do we know about Anthony Burgess?3.Why do some writers do little formal rewriting?4.What do most writers have in common?问题1选项A.To have enough time to devote to writing.B.To find his disadvantage in writing.C.To see his works complete.D.To observe other writers rewrite.问题2选项A.He is the first person to find the disadvantage of the student writer.B.He is a craftsman who always regrets what he has done and therefore redoes it.C.He has published many literary works.D.He enjoys writing on the same page many times.问题3选项A.Because they can do the mental rewriting.B.Because they are not positive of what they have to say or how to say it.C.Because they believe rewriting is not worthwhile.D.Because they have to find their pages first before they write.问题4选项A.Spending a great deal of time plotting and drafting.B.Performing all the tasks of revision at once.C.Spending most of their time reading others works.D.Rereading and rewriting their works.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句，学生们只注重成品，而不会去回过头进行修改，不会后退去做更多的研究工作，作者认为这是学生作者的缺陷。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据第一段对Anthony Burgess的介绍, “one of the most productive writers in the English speaking countries, admits, I might revise a page twenty times.”，可以看出他说英语的国家中是一为多产的作家，而且很注重作品的修改细节。选项A符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据第二段，“ primarily because they have the capacity and experience to create and review a large number of invisible drafts in their minds before they approach the page.”，主要是因为这些作家有能力和经验在写作之前，在脑海中完成草稿的创作和审查。选项A符合题意。4.主旨题。根据文章最后一段，大部分作家首先会扫描自己的作品，以最快的速度阅读，检查出形式和主题方面的问题，然后通过不停地重读和重写进行修改，使其更加完美。选项D符合题意。16. 单选题The international Olympic Games, regarded as the world s most prestigious athletic competition, take place once every the four years.问题1选项A.regardedB.prestigiousC.take placeD.the four years【答案】D【解析】固定短语错误，选项D应该是every four years “每四年”，句意：国际奥林匹克运动会，被认为是最著名的运动竞赛，每四年举办一次。选项D符合题意。17. 单选题What percentage of the population in a modem technological society is, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers? At a guess I would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.Technology and the division of labor have done two things： by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which changes as often as possible in the economic interest of certain people. Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase “getting ones teeth into a problem”.1.According to the passage, the writer believes the majority of the population（ ）2.According to the passage, technology and division of labour have done all of the following EXCEPT（ ）3.What can be inferred from the passage about special strength and skill?4.According to the passage aristocracy dealt with boredom by（ ）5.Which of the following is one of the amusements of the masses?问题1选项A.are unhappy with what they do.B.will get bigger in their number in the future.C.agree with him on his classification.D.are in the fortunate position of being workers.