2022年考博英语-中南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷45

2022年考博英语-中南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which can be of four different types. Two of the possible basesadenine and guanine are purines, and the other two thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines. So are as is known, the sequence of bases along the chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide.The first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two. These two chains are both coiled around a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that since there was only one chain in the chemical formula there would only be one in the structural unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two.The other biologically important feature is the manner in which the two chains are held together. This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single base from the other. The important point is that only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for example, there could not be room for it.We believe that the bases will be present almost entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true, the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are: adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain; but when it does, its partner on the other chain must always be thymine.The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a long molecule many different permutations are possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise sequence of bases is the code which carries the genetical information. If the actual order of the bases on one of the pair of chains were given, one could write down the exact order of the bases on the other one, because of the specific pairing. Thus, one chain is, as if were, the complement of the other, and it is this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule might duplicate itself.1.The authors use the word “backbone” (underlined in 1th and 5th paragraphs) to indicate that （ ）.2.In the second paragraph, what do the authors claim to be a feature of biological interest?3.Based on the passage, the authors statement “If a pair consisted of two purines, for example, there would not be room for it” (italicized) implies that pair（ ）.4.The authors9 use of the words “exact,” “specific,” and “complement” blackened in the final paragraph functions mainly to（ ）.问题1选项A.only very long chains of DNA can be taken from an organism with a spinal columnB.the main structure of a chain in a DNA molecule is composed of repeating unitsC.a chain in a DNA molecule consists entirely of phosphate groups or of sugars.D.nitrogenous bases form the main structural unit of DNA问题2选项A.DNA consisting of two chains.B.The common fiber axis.C.The X-ray evidence.D.The chemical formula of DNA问题3选项A.of purines would be larger than the space between a sugar and a phosphate groupB.of purines would be larger than a pair consisting of a purine and a pyrimidineC.of pyrimidines would be larger than a pair of purinesD.consisting of a purine and a pyrimidine would be larger than a pair of pyrimidine问题4选项A.confirm that the nucleotide sequences are known for most molecules of DNAB.counter the claim that the sequences of bases along a chain can occur in any orderC.support the claim that the phosphate-sugar backbone of the authors model is completely regularD.emphasize how one chain of DNA may serve as template to be copied during DNA replication【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。由第一段中 The molecule is a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. DNA 分子是一个非常长的链条，其支柱由糖和磷酸基有规律的交替组合构成。与第五段中The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of bases can fit into the structure. 我们人类的DNA分子模式的磷酸糖支柱完全是有规律的，不过成对的含氮碱基的任何排序都可以纳入该结构。可知与B选项对应。2.细节事实题。定位到第二段中的 “The first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two.”在生物学研究方面我们人类 DNA结构令人感兴趣的第一个特征是它由两个链条而不是一个链条组成。可知与A项对应。3.判断推理题。从第三段中 “The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single base from the other. The important point is that only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains.” 这些碱基成对地联结在一起，一条链上的一个碱基与另一条链上的一个碱基氢键连接。重要的一点是，只有某些对碱基才能适合这个结构。一对中的一个成员必须是嘌呤，另一个是嘧啶，以架起两个链之间的沟通桥梁。可知B项“由嘌呤和嘧啶组成的比一对嘧啶大”正确。4.推理判断题。A项“证实大多数DNA 分子的核苷酸序列是已知的”；B项“反对这样一种说法，即沿着链的碱基序列可以以任何顺序出现”；C项“支持作者模型的磷酸盐-糖骨架是完全规则的这一说法” ；D项“强调一条DNA链是如何在DNA复制过程中作为模板被复制的”定位到最后一段中 “.it is this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule might duplicate itself.正是这种特征表明脱氧核糖核酸分子（DNA）可以自我复制。”可知D项正确。2. 单选题The atmosphere is a mixture of several gases. There are about ten chemical elements which remain permanently in gaseous form in the atmosphere under all natural conditions. Of these permanent gases, oxygen makes up about 21 percent and nitrogen about 78 percent. Several other gases, such as argon, carbon dioxide: hydrogen, neon, kiypton and xenon, comprise the remaining one percent of the volume of dry air. The amount of water vapor and its variations in amount and distribution is of extraordinary importance in weather changes. Atmospheric gases hold in suspension great quantities of dust, pollen, smoke, and other impurities which are always present in considerable, but variable amounts.The atmosphere has no definite upper limits but gradually thins until it becomes imperceptible. Until recently it was assumed that the air above the first few miles gradually grew thinner and colder at a constant rate. It was also assumed that upper air had little influence on weather changes. Recent studies of the upper atmosphere, currently being conducted by earth satellites and missile probing, have shown these assumptions to be incorrect. The atmosphere has three well-defined strata.The layer of the air next to the earth, which extends upward for about ten miles, is known as the troposphere. On the whole, it makes up about 75 percent of all the weight of the atmosphere. It is the warmest part of the atmosphere because most of the solar radiation is absorbed by the earths surface which warms the air immediately surrounding it. A steadydecrease of temperature with increasing elevation is a most striking characteristic. The upper layers are colder because of their greater distance from the earths surface and rapid radiation of heat into space. The temperatures within the troposphere decrease about 3.5 degrees per 1,000 feet increase in altitude. Within the troposphere, winds and air currents distribute heat and moisture. Strong winds, called jet streams, are located at the upper levels of the troposphere. These jet streams are both complex and widespread in occurrence. They normally show a wave-shaped pattern and move from west to east at velocities of 150 mph, but velocities as high as 400 mph have been noted. The influences of changing locations and strengths of jet streams upon weather conditions and patterns are no doubt considerable. Current intensive research may eventually reveal their true significance.Above the troposphere to a height of about 50 miles is a zone called the stratosphere. The stratosphere is separated from the troposphere by a zone of uniform temperatures called the tropopause. Within the lower portions of the stratosphere is a layer of ozone gases which filters out most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun. The ozone layer varies with air pressure. If this zone were not there, the full blast of the suns ultraviolet light would burn our skins, blind our eyes, and eventually result in our destruction. Within the stratosphere, the temperature and atmospheric composition are relatively uniform.The layer upward of about 50 miles is the most fascinating but the least known of the three strata. It is called the ionosphere because it consists of electrically charged particles called ions, thrown from the sun. The northern lights (aurora borealis) originate within this highly charged portion of the atmosphere. Its effect upon weather conditions, if any, is as yet unknown.1.A jet plane will usually have its best average rate of speed on its run from （ ）.2.At the top of Jungfrau, which towers 12,000 feet above the town of Interlaken in Switzerland, the temperature is usually （ ）.3.Life as we know it exists on the earth because the atmosphere（ ）.4.The troposphere is the warmest part of the atmosphere because it（ ）.5.Studies of the atmosphere may reveal（ ）.问题1选项A.New York to San FranciscoB.Los Angeles to New YorkC.London to Washington D .C .D.Bermuda to New York问题2选项A.about 75 degrees colder than in InterlakenB.about 42 degrees colder than on the groundC.warmer than in InterlakenD.affected by the ionosphere问题3选项A.contains a layer of ozone gasesB.contains electrically charged particlesC.carries the ultraviolet rays of the sunD.provides the changes in weather问题4选项A.contains electrically charged particlesB.radiates heat into spaceC.has winds and air current that distribute the heatD.is warmed by the earths heat问题5选项A.the source of the suns energyB.its true effect upon the earths weatherC.the nature of the aurora borealisD.how to control ultraviolet rays【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。定位到第三段中“They normally show a wave-shaped pattern and move from west to east at velocities of 150 mph, but velocities as high as 400 mph have been noted. 它们通常呈波浪状，以150英里每小时的速度从西向东移动，但也有人注意到速度高达400英里每小时。再由地理知识“洛杉矶位于美国西海岸，纽约位于美国东部海岸” 可知B项从洛杉矶到纽约正确。2.判断推理题。由第三段中The layer of the air next to the earth, which extends upward for about ten miles, is known as the troposphere.以及 the temperatures within the troposphere decrease about 3.5 degrees per 1,000 feet increase in altitude. 地球层旁边的空气，向上延伸大约10英里，被称为对流层。对流层的温度每上升1000英尺，就会下降3.5度。题干中高度为12000英尺，故温度应为 （12,000/1000）3.5=42度。3.细节事实题。定位到第四段中 “If this zone were not there, the full blast of the suns ultraviolet light would bum our skins, blind our eyes, and eventually result in our destruction. 如果没有这个区域（臭氧层），太阳紫外线的强烈照射会灼伤我们的皮肤，使我们失明，最终导致我们的毁灭。”可知与A项相符。4.细节事实题。定位到第三段中 “It is the warmest part of the atmosphere because most of the solar radiation is absorbed by the earths surface which warms the air immediately surrounding it.它（即对流层）是大气层中最暖和的，因为大多数的太阳辐射被地球表面吸收，而地球表面对其周围的大气进行加热。可知对流层因吸收地表热量成为大气层中最暖和的。D项正确。5.细节事实题。定位到第三段中 “The influences of changing locations and strengths of jet streams upon weather conditions and patterns are no doubt considerable.“依据天气状况和模式来改变急流的位置和强度的影响无疑是相当大的。及最后一段中“Its effect upon weather conditions, if any, is as yet unknown. 它对天气状况的影响，如果有的话，也是未知的。”可知B项“对地球天气的真正影响”正确。3. 单选题In an age without radio or recordings, an age （ ）by print, fiction gained its greatest ascendancy.问题1选项A.decimatedB.dominatedC.denigratedD.emphasized【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。decimate “大批杀害”；dominate “支配；占优势”；denigrate “诋毁；玷污”；emphasize “强调”。在一个没有收音机或唱片的受印刷品支配的时代，小说有最大优势。由without radio or recordings与print可知“支配”符合语境，故B项正确。4. 单选题Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation to be a product of selection at the level of populations; recent studies of evolution, however, have found no basis for this （ ）view of selection.问题1选项A.controversialB.pervasiveC.unchallengedD.renowned【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项controversial“有争议的”；B选项pervasive“普遍的；到处渗透的”；C选项unchallenged“不成问题的；未引起争论的”；D选项renowned“著名的；有声望的”。句意：大约在1960年以前，几乎所有的进化理论都认为适应性是种群水平上的选择的结果；然而，对于这种 的选择观点，进化论的最新研究却没有找到任何依据。前部分提到“几乎所有进化理论都认为 ”，可知这种观点是“普遍的”，B选项正确。5. 单选题That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture. Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons; it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States; while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940, it was only after 1945 when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women.By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work. “For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail.”Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and the Merzbau of Schwitters. Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century. Nevelson says, “I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind.”Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, blit then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.1.The passage focuses primarily on which of the following?2.Which of the following statements is supported by information given in the passage?3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about Nevelsons sculptures?4.Which of the following statements about Nevelsons sculptures can be inferred from the passage?问题1选项A.A general tendency in twentieth-century artB.The work of a particular artistC.The artistic influences on women sculptorsD.Critical responses to twentieth-century sculpture问题2选项A.Prior to 1945 there was little major sculpture produced by men or women sculptors working in the United States.B.Since 1950 sculpture produced in the United States has been the most original and creative sculpture produced anywhere.C.From 1900 to 1950 women sculptors in Europe enjoyed more recognition for their work than did women sculptors in the United States.D.Prior to 1945 there were many women sculptors whose work was ignored by critics.问题3选项A.They show the influence of twentieth-century architecture.B.They do not have qualities characteristic of sculptureC.They are mysterious and awe-inspiring, but not beautiful.D.They suggest religious and symbolic meanings.问题4选项A.They are meant for display outdoors.B.They are often painted in several colors.C.They are sometimes very large.D.They are built around a central wooden object.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。由第一段中第一句“That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture.”提出“路易丝奈维尔森(Louise Nevelson)被许多评论家认为是20世纪最伟大的女雕刻家”及随后段落讲述“路易丝奈维 尔森的艺术作品特点，评论家对她的评论等”可知本文主要讲一个特殊的艺术家的作品。B项符合题意。A项“二十世纪艺术的普遍趋势”；C项“对女性雕塑家的艺术影响”；D项“对二十世纪雕塑的批判回应”。2.细节事实题。定位第一段中 “.while there had been a few talented sculptors in theUnited States before the 1940, it was only after 1945 when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women. 尽管1940年前美国只有很少的有才华的雕刻家，直到1945年,当纽约迅速成为世界艺术之都主要的雕塑是在美国生产的。其中最好的一些是女性的作品。”可知A项“在1945年之前，美国很少有由男性或女性雕塑家创作的大型雕塑作品。”正确。3.细节事实题。定位最后一段中“Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. 尽管她否认自己的作品 中具有任何象征性的或宗教的意图，但她作品的三维立体的恢宏气势以及它们的 标题，如天庭大教堂以及黑夜大教堂等都暗示了如此的含义。”可知D项“它们暗示着宗教和象征意义”正确。答案D。4.判断推理题 由Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes.她非常自由地创作，没有素描，她把物体粘在一起，钉在一起，把它们涂成黑色，或者很少涂成白色或金色，然后把它们放在盒子里。” 可推知A项“它们是用来在户外展示的。”及B项“它们经常被漆成几种颜色”不正确；D项“它们经常围绕一个中心的木制物体而被建造”在文中没有提到；由最后一段中“ These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere.这些装配艺术品、墙操，甚至整个 的环境艺术品营造出一种神秘的、几乎是引人恐惧的氛围。”可推知“路易丝奈 维尔森(Louise Nevelson)的一些作品有时是非常大的”，故C项正确。6. 单选题We cant hope to compete with other big companies （ ）we have inferior equipment in our installation lines and training of our workforce.问题1选项A.neverthelessB.unlessC.ifD.on condition【答案】C【解析】考查连词词义和词组辨析。nevertheless 然而；不过；unless 除非，如果不；if如果；即使；on condition 只要。根据前后句意推断C项符合题意，答案C。句意：如果我们在安装线上的设备和职工培训方面是较差的，那么我们就不能指望去与其他大公司竞争。7. 单选题Although Johnsons and Smiths initial fascination with the fortunes of those jockeying for power in the law firm （ ）after a few months, the two paid sufficient attention to determine who their lunch partners should be.问题1选项A.revivedB.persistedC.intensifiedD.flagged【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。revive “复兴；苏醒”；persist “坚持”； intensify “增强，变激烈”；flag “减 退”。 句意：几个月后，尽管Johnson 和Smith对律师事务所中那些运用手段图谋权力的人的最初着迷减退了，但是这两个人对于确定谁应该是他们的午餐伙伴的问题上非常重视。由Although和initial fascination可知空格处所填单词应与initial fascination形成对比，故D项“减退”正确。8. 单选题The need for solar electricity is clear. It is safe, ecologically sound, efficient, continuously available, and it has no moving parts. The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress has been made toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic devices. The larger part of research fu