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Eight Types of FallacyDicto simpliciter 绝对判断Hasty generalization 草率结论Post hoc 牵强附会第1页/共16页Contradictory premises 矛盾前提Ad misericordiam 文不对题False analogy 错误类比Hypothesis contrary to fact 与事实相反的假设Poisoning the well 井下放毒第2页/共16页Dicto simpliciter 绝对判断Exercise is good，so everybody should exercise.No!第3页/共16页Dicto simpliciter 绝对判断Exercise is good，so everybody should exercise.No!It means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. 即将普遍规则运用于有特殊情况发生的个别情形之中。第4页/共16页Hasty generalization 草率结论Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves.No!第5页/共16页Hasty generalization 草率结论Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves.No! It applies a special case to general rule.由个别情形来推断普遍规则.第6页/共16页Post hoc 牵强附会McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.No!第7页/共16页Post hoc 牵强附会McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.No!The cause has no connection with the result.原因和结果没有必然联系第8页/共16页He decided to give up all his decisions.No!Contradictory premises 矛盾前提When the premises of an argument contradicteach other, there can be no argument. 当论证的前提相互矛盾时，这立论便不能成立。第9页/共16页We hope youll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it. No!The answer has no connection with the question.Ad misericordiam 文不对题第10页/共16页Young children are like flowers-flowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.No!Making an analogy between different things.False analogy 错误类比第11页/共16页No!rawing any supportable conclusion from a hyperthesis that is not ture.Hypothesis contrary to fact 与事实相反的假设第12页/共16页.Poisoning the well 井下放毒My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say.No!第13页/共16页.Poisoning the well 井下放毒My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say.No!Poisoning the Well, or speaking “against the man” rather than the issue , in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false.第14页/共16页Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!第15页/共16页感谢您的观看！第16页/共16页
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