2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第73期

2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your translation on the Answer Sheet II.The hypothesis of natural selection may not be a complete explanation, but it led to a greater thing than itself an acceptance of the theory of organic evolution, which the years have but confined. Yet at first some naturalists joined the opposition. To the many, who were unable to judge the biological evidence, the effect of the theory of evolution seemed incredible as well as devastating, to run counter to common sense and to overwhelm all philosophic and religious landmarks. Even educated man, choosing between the Book of Genesis and the Origin of Species, proclaimed with Disraeli that he was “on the side of the Angels”.【答案】自然选择的假说可能不是一个完整的解释，但它引出了一个比它本身更伟大的东西对有机进化理论的接受，这一理论多年来一直受到限制。然而，起初有些博物学家加入了反对阵营。对许多无法判断生物学证据的人来说，进化论的影响似乎难以置信，而且是毁灭性的，它与常识背道而驰，压倒了所有哲学和宗教的里程碑。即使是受过教育的人，在创世纪和物种起源中做出选择时，也会和迪斯雷利一起宣称自己“站在天使一边”。2. 单选题There were no tickets（ ）for Fridays performance.问题1选项A.preferableB.possibleC.considerableD.available【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项preferable“更好的，更可取的；更合意的”；B选项possible“可能的；合理的；合适的”；C选项considerable“相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的”；D选项available“可获得的；可购买的；可找到的；有空的”。句意：周五的演出已没有票可购买。根据句中“There were no tickets没有票”可知“可购买的”符合语境，因此D选项正确。3. 单选题Light is less vital to animals than it is to plants; （ ） most animals tend to shun the light rather than to welcome it.问题1选项A.for instanceB.indeedC.that isD.therefore【答案】B【解析】考查副词和词组辨析。A选项for instance“例如”；B选项 indeed“的确；事实上；甚至”；C选项that is“即；就是说；换言之”；D选项therefore“因此；所以”。句意：光对动物的重要性不如对植物；事实上，大多数动物倾向于回避光明，而不是欢迎它。空格后的内容“most animals tend to shun the light rather than to welcome it大多数动物倾向于避开光明而不是欢迎它”是对空格前句子的进一步说明，因此“事实上”符合语境，因此B选项正确。4. 单选题Tax increases were introduced on a wide range of goods and services to help alleviate the projected budget.问题1选项A.relieveB.receiveC.deceiveD.conceive【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。alleviate“减轻，缓解”；A选项relieve“解除，缓解；使不单调乏味”；B选项receive“收到；接待；接纳”；C选项deceive“欺骗；行骗”；D选项conceive“怀孕；构思”。句意：对大量商品和服务增税，以帮助减轻预算。题干指出“Tax increases增税”与“projected budget预期的预兑”，可知alleviate在这里有“缓解”的意思，因此A选项正确。5. 单选题In some societies, when people exchange gifts, the giver will say his gift is of less value, while the receiver _its value.问题1选项A.magnifiesB.manipulatesC.abandonD.abbreviate【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“magnifies”意为“放大；赞美；夸大”；B选项“manipulates”意为“操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改”；C选项“abandon”意为“遗弃；离开；放弃；终止；陷入”；D选项“abbreviate”意为“缩写，使省略；使简短”。句意：在某些社会中，当人们交换礼物时，送礼者会说他的礼物价格低廉，而收礼的人会夸大礼物的价值。由题干可知，while表示前后构成了对比关系，前文说送礼者贬低价格，那么收礼者就是夸大价格。因此A选项符合题意。6. 单选题He does nothing that violates the interests of the collective.问题1选项A.runs forB.runs againstC.runs overD.runs into【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。violate“违反；侵犯，妨碍”，A选项run for“竞选；匆匆去取；赶紧去请”；B选项“run against 撞上；偶遇；违反”；C选项“run over 辗过；匆匆看；复查”；D选项“run into 遭遇，陷入；撞到；偶然遇见”。句意：他不做任何违背集体利益的事。根据句中“the interests of the collective集体的利益”可知violate在这里的意思为“违反”，因此B选项正确。7. 单选题During the summer holiday season there are no （ ）rooms in this seaside hotel.问题1选项A.emptyB.blankC.desertedD.vacant【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项empty“空的；无意义的；无知的；徒劳的”，一般指可容纳人或者物的容器还未容纳进去；B选项blank“空白的；空虚的；单调的”，一般指表面无字迹的；C选项deserted“荒芜的；被遗弃的；无人居住的”；D选项vacant“空的；空缺的；空闲的”，多侧重于指某个位置没有人居住或者占用导致空闲的。由本句关键词“rooms”（房间）可知，这里是指没有空余的房间，所以与vacant相对应。句意：在夏季假期期间，这家海滨旅馆没有空房了。因此D选项正确。8. 单选题He must not allow this unusual barrier to stop him from fighting against the enemy.问题1选项A.interiorB.obstacleC.interruptionD.interference【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。barrier“障碍，屏障；界线”；A选项interior“内部；内饰”；B选项obstacle“障碍，干扰”；C选项interruption“中断；干扰”；D选项interference“干扰，干涉”。句意：他不能让这个不寻常的障碍妨碍他同敌人作战。根据句中“stop him阻止他”可知barrier在这里的意思为“障碍”，因此B选项正确。9. 单选题The nasty language of local officials makes them seem very ignorant and rude.问题1选项A.artificialB.indecentC.humorousD.lively【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。nasty“下流的；脾气不好的；险恶的”；A选项artificial“人造的；虚伪的；非原产地的”；B选项indecent“下流的；不礼貌的；不得体的”；C选项humorous“诙谐的，幽默的；滑稽的，可笑的”；D选项lively“活泼的；生动的；真实的”。句意：地方官员的脏话使他们显得非常无知和粗鲁。根据句中“makes them seem very ignorant and rude让他们显得非常无知且无礼”可知nasty在这里的意思为“下流的”，因此B选项正确。10. 单选题One（ ）needed when making a cake is flour, another is sugar.问题1选项A.containerB.ingredientC.contentD.equivalent【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项container“集装箱；容器”；B选项ingredient“原料；要素；组成部分”；C选项content“内容，目录；满足；容量”；D选项equivalent“等价物，相等物”。句意：制作蛋糕所需的一种原料是面粉，另一种原料是糖。根据句中“making a cake制作蛋糕”可知“原料”符合语境，因此B选项正确。11. 不定项选择题Over the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage seniors from feathering their own nests at expense of their shareholders. The three most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent, linking bosses pay to various performance measures, and giving bosses share options, so that they have the same long-term interests as their shareholders.These reforms have been widely adopted by Americans larger companies, and surveys suggest that many more companies are thinking of following their lead. But have they done any good? Three papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Boston this week suggest not. As is usually the case with boardroom tinkering, the consequences have differed from those intended.Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, dismissing the bosss friends from the board and replacing them with outsiders looks a perfect way to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the conclusion of a study by Professor James Westphal. Instead he found that bosses with a boardroom full of outsides spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsiders.All too often, these seductions succeed. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable degree, “independent” boards pursue strategies that are likely to favor senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performance.To assess the impact of performance related pay, Mr. Westphal asked the bosses of 103 companies with states of over $1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to earnings per share. But the researchers big discovery was that bosses attend to measures that affect their own incomes and ignore or play down other factors that affect a companys overall-success.In short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things. Here is a paradox for the management theorists: any boss who cannot beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having.1. What is the purpose of the large companies in recruiting outsiders and putting them on the board of directors?2. What does Professor James Westphals study suggest?3. The word “seduction” (Line 1, Para. 4) probably means（ ）.4. Which of the following statements is true?5. How does the author feel about the efforts to control senior executives?问题1选项A.To diversify the business of the corporation.B.To enhance the cooperation between the senior managers and the board directors.C.To introduce effective reforms in business management.D.To protect the interests of the shareholders.问题2选项A.Boardroom reforms have failed to achieve the desired result.B.Outside board directors tend to be more independent.C.With a boardroom full of outsiders, senior managers work more conscientiously.D.Cooperation between senior managers and board directors suffered from the reforms.问题3选项A.efforts to conquerB.attempts to win overC.endeavors to increase profitsD.exertions to understand问题4选项A.Corporate executives in general are worth the high pay they receive.B.The income of corporate executives is proportional to the growth of corporate profits.C.Corporate executives tend to take advantage of their position to enrich themselves.D.The performance of corporate executives affects their own interests more than those of the shareholders.问题5选项A.DoubtfulB.OptimisticC.PositiveD.Approving【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由recruiting outsiders定位到文章第一段第一、二句“Over the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage seniors recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent”，即美国的公司采用了三种方法来保护股东的利益。聘用更多外部人员也是方法之一。A选项“To diversify the business of the corporation”意为“使公司的业务多样化”，原文并未提及；B选项“To enhance the cooperation between the senior managers and the board directors”意为“加强高层管理者与董事会的合作”，原文并未提及；C选项“To introduce effective reforms in business management”意为“推行有效的企业管理改革”，这是手段不是目的；D选项“To protect the interests of the shareholders”意为“保护股东的利益”。因此D选项符合题意。第2题:事实细节题。由Professor James Westphals study定位到文章第三段第二、三句“On the face of it, dismissing But that is not the conclusion of a study by Professor James Westphal”，从表面上看，从董事会解雇老板的朋友，用外部人士取代他们似乎是一个使高级经理更负责任的完美方法。但这并不是詹姆斯威斯特法尔教授研究得出的结论。由此可知，实际情况没有达到预期。A选项“Boardroom reforms have failed to achieve the desired result”，意为“董事会的改革没有达到预期的结果”，原本改革是为了保护股东的利益，但现在股东需要拉帮结派，收拢外聘者，所以没有达到预期的效果；B选项“Outside board directors tend to be more independent”意为“外部董事往往更加独立”，一开始这些股东是独立的，但后来老板们就会建立联盟，从而董事变得不再独立；C选项“With a boardroom full of outsiders, senior managers work more conscientiously”意为“由于董事会里全是外聘者，高级经理们工作起来更加认真”。但这只是On the face of it（表面上），实际上这不是教授得出的结论；D选项“Cooperation between senior managers and board directors suffered from the reforms”意为“高层管理人员与董事会的合作因改革受到了影响”，原文并未提及高层管理人员和董事会的合作。因此A选项符合题意。第3题:语义推测题。由seduction定位到文章第四段第一句“All too often, these seductions succeed”，这些诱惑往往会成功。由原文可知，these seductions指代的是前文“bossesspend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsiders”即老板们花了大量的时间建立联盟，做私人恩情，取悦外人。而这些都是为了把外聘者拉拢过来，加入自己的阵营。A选项“efforts to conquer”意为“努力去战胜”，原文并没有说要战胜谁；B选项“attempts to win over”意为“企图争取过来”，符合题意；C选项“endeavors to increase profits”意为“努力提高收益”，前文并没有提及提高收益；D选项“exertions to understand”意为“努力去理解”，前文没有理解的相关内容。因此B选项符合题意。第4题:判断推理题。结合选项定位到文章最后一段第一句“In short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things”总之，经理们很快就将每个可想象的公司治理制度转变成对自己有益的制度而这可能是他们成为管理人员的原因。由此可推测，高层管理人员可能利用了自己的职位来获利。A选项“Corporate executives in general are worth the high pay they receive”意为“一般来说，公司高管的高薪是值得的”，与原文不符，高管们可能通过职位谋取私利所以他们的高薪是否值得不能肯定；B选项“The income of corporate executives is proportional to the growth of corporate profits”意为“公司高管的收入与公司利润的增长成正比”，原文并未提及高管的收入与公司利润的关系；C选项“Corporate executives tend to take advantage of their position to enrich themselves”意为“公司高管往往会利用他们的职位来获利”，与原文相符；D选项“The performance of corporate executives affects their own interests more than those of the shareholders”意为“公司高管的绩效对其自身利益的影响大于对股东利益的影响”，原文并未提及高管的绩效对股东利益的影响。因此C选项符合题意。第5题:观点态度题。定位到文章最后一段第一句“In short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things”总之，经理们很快就将每个可想象的公司治理制度转变成对自己有益的制度而这可能是他们成为管理人员的原因。由此可推测，高层管理人员可能利用了自己的职位来获利。这说明作者对控制高管所做的努力持怀疑态度，因为高管仍有可能谋取私利。A选项“Doubtful”意为“怀疑的”，符合题意；B选项“Optimistic”意为“乐观的”，与原文不符；C选项“Positive”意为“肯定的”，与原文不符；D选项“Approving”意为“赞成的”，与原文不符。因此A选项符合题意。12. 单选题These two firms are so big and powerful that they monopolize between them the production and sale of cigarettes in this country.问题1选项A.governB.influenceC.superviseD.dominate【答案】D【解析】考查副词辨析。横线单词monopolize意为“垄断；独占；拥有的专卖权”；A选项“govern”意为“管理；支配；统治；控制”；B选项“influence”意为“影响；改变；支配”；C选项“supervise”意为“监督；管理；指导；主管”；D选项“dominate”意为“控制；支配；占优势；在中占主要地位”。句意：这两家公司势力巨大，垄断了这个国家香烟的生产和销售。由题干可知，These two firms are so big and powerful（两家公司势力巨大）所以可推测出这两家公司在这个国家的香烟生产和销售中占据主导地位。由此可知，monopolize在此处最可能是“垄断”的意思，四个选项中dominate具有“在中占主要地位”的意思，与此相近。因此D选项符合题意。13. 不定项选择题Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, “the streets would be littered with people lying here and there”.Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plants weight is made up of natural pesticides. Says he, “Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare.” And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: “Were got far worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made.”Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink. To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain from fields to processing plants to kitchens.1. What does the author think of the Americans view of their food?2. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because（ ）.3. By saying “they employ chemical warfare” (Paragraph 2, Line 4), Bruce Ames means （ ）.4. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on （ ）.5. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passage?问题1选项A.They overstate the governments interference with the food industry.B.They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.C.They overestimate the hazards of their food.D.They overlook the risks of the food they eat.问题2选项A.no food is free from pollution in the environmentB.pesticides are widely used in agricultureC.many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicalsD.almost all foods have additives问题3选项A.plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseasesB.plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growthC.farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plantsD.farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases问题4选项A.the governmentB.the processorC.the consumerD.the grower问题5选项A.Eating and drinking have become more hazardous than before.B.Immediate measures must be taken to improve food production and processing.C.Health food is not a dream in modern society.D.There is reason for caution but no cause for alarm with regard to food consumption.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段第一句“Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. 许多美国人对围绕食品的大多数风险持有严重扭曲和夸大的看法。”可知C项“他们高估了食物的危害。”与原文相符；A项“他们夸大了政府对食品工业的干预”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“他们对食品的安全性过于乐观。”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“他们忽略了他们所吃食物的风险。”，原文并没有相关表达。因此C选项正确。第2题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第二段第二句“up to 10% of a plants weight is made up of natural pesticides. 高达植物重量10%的成分是天然杀虫剂。”可知A项“没有一种食物是不受环境污染的”与原文相符。B项“农药在农业中被广泛使用”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“许多蔬菜包含危险的天然化学物质”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“几乎所有的食品都含有添加剂”，原文并没有相关表达。因此A选项正确。第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第三句“Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves. 因为植物没有颌或牙齿来保护自己”可知这里的“they employ chemical warfare 它们使用化学武器”代指“植物产生某些化学物质来对抗虫害和疾病”，由此知A项“植物产生某种化学物质来对抗病虫害”与原文相符。B项“植物吸收有用的化学物质来促进它们的生长”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“农民使用人造化学物质溶解植物中的天然化学物质”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“农民使用化学药品保护植物免受病虫害”，原文并没有相关表达。因此A选项正确。第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句“Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. 也许最重要的是，消费者将不得不更好地学习如何正确处理和烹饪食物。”可知C项“消费者”正确。A项“政府”；B项“加工者”；D项“种植者”。因此C选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段第二句“While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. 虽然美国人没有理由害怕坐在餐桌前吃饭，但他们完全有理由要求显著改善食品和水安全。”可知D项“关于食物消费，有理由谨慎，但没有理由惊慌。”与原文相符。A项“饮食变得比以前更危险。”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“必须立即采取措施改善食品生产和加工。”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“健康食品在现代社会不再是一个梦。”，原文并没有相关表达。因此D选项正确。14. 单选题On this barren place on Aikhanom Hill, overlooking fields peppered with land mines, soldiers come to lay a stone or say a prayer for friends lost in years of war.问题1选项A.infertileB.disastrousC.plausibleD.impeccable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词barren意为“贫瘠的；不生育的；无益的”；A选项“infertile”意为“不肥沃的；不毛的；不结果实的”；B选项“disastrous”意为“灾难性的；损失惨重的；悲伤的”；C选项“plausible”意为“看似可信的；花言巧语的；貌似真实的”；D选项“impeccable”意为“无瑕疵的，完美的；不会犯罪过的”。句意：在Aikhanom山上这个贫瘠的地方，可以俯瞰布满地雷的田野，士兵们前来为在多年战争中失去的朋友们放置石块或祈祷。由题干可知，fields peppered with land mines（布满地雷的田野）还有士兵前来悼念自己逝去的朋友，可以推测出这里曾经是一个战场。被战争摧残过的土地应该是荒芜贫瘠的。由此可推知，barren在此处是“贫瘠的”的意思。因此A选项符合题意。15. 单选题I must go now.（ ）, if you want that book Ill bring it next time.问题1选项A.IncidentallyB.AccidentallyC.OccasionallyD.Subsequently【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项incidentally“顺便说一句；偶然地；附带地”；B选项accidentally“意外地；偶然地”；C选项occasionally“偶尔；间或”；D选项subsequently“随后，其后；后来”。句意：我现在必须离开了。顺便说一句，如果你想要那本书，那么我下次将把它带来。根据句中“I must go now我现在必须离开了”可知“顺便说一句”符合语境， 因此A选项正确。16. 单选题Henry was the only one who knew how to cook because he had _in the kitchen when he was a boy.问题1选项A.helped aboutB.helped outC.helped withD.helped up【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项“helped about”意为“就帮忙”；B选项“helped out”意为“帮助摆脱困难；帮忙”；C选项“helped with”意为“帮某人做；在某方面帮助”；D选项“helped up”意为“把（某人）扶起来，帮助（某人）往上搬东西”。句意：亨利是唯一会做饭的人，因为他小时候在厨房里帮过忙。由题干可知，Henry was the only one who knew how to cook（亨利是唯一会做饭的人），所以可以推测出亨利小时候在厨房帮过忙。因此B选项符合题意。17. 单选题New mineral resources may be discovered during the forthcoming Antarctic（ ）.问题1选项A.excursionB.executionC.extractionD.expedition【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项excursion“远足；短程旅行；游览”；B选项execution“执行；完成；死刑”；C选项extraction“取出；拔出；抽出物”；D选项expedition“探险；探险队；考察”。句意：新的矿产资源可能在即将来临的南极探险期间被发现。根据句中“Antarctic南极的”可知“探险”符合语境，因此D选项正确。18. 单选题They are meticulous in work, well aware a careless mistake will cost the company millions of pounds.问题1选项A.rather casualB.pretty slowC.very carefullyD.really considerate【答案】C【解析】考查形容词和词组辨析。meticulous“小心翼翼的；A选项rather casual“非常随便的”；B选项pretty slow“相当慢的”；C选项very carefully“非常小心地”；D选项really considerate“确实体贴的”。句意：在工作中，他们小心翼翼，很清楚一个粗心的错误将花费公司数百万英镑。由题干中的“well aware很清楚”可知meticulous在这里为“小心翼翼的”的意思，因此C选项正确。19. 不定项选择题Much of the worlds electronic waste is being shipped to China for recycling and the cottage industry that has sprung