2022-2023年考博英语-西南大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第38期

2022-2023年考博英语-西南大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 翻译题赢家不会让他们的生命局限在自己“理当”成为何种人的观念中。事实上，他们顺应天性行事。所以，他们不会费尽心思地装模作样，故作姿态、玩弄他人。他们十分清楚爱与装爱，傻与装傻，真才实学与故作高深之间的差别。赢家没有必要藏在面具后面掩饰自己。赢家不害怕独立思考和运用自身的知识，他们既懂得辨别事实与想法，又不会装作通晓一切。他们倾听他人的意见，衡量他人的言论，最后得出自己的判断。尽管赢家懂得尊重和敬佩他人，却不会彻底为他人所限制、摧垮、束缚或吓倒。【答案】Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be. In fact, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretense, and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate from opinions and dont pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others; evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them.2. 单选题The Du Pont Company, the 13th largest employer in the U.S.，routinely gives pre-employment blood tests to all blacks who apply for jobs to determine who might be a carrier of the trait for sickle-cell anemia, even though the trait is regarded as largely harmless. Although there are other genetically transmitted blood diseases and metabolic disorders that predominate in racial or ethnic groups, blacks are the only ones to be identified with a disease and examined for it at Du Pont. In a three month study of genetic screening in the American workplace, the New York Times found no other instance of an ethnic or racial group singled out in an organization or company. Du Pont officials emphasize that the sickle trait tests do not represent discrimination and are only an effort to help them avoid potentially harmful exposure to certain chemicals. Yet the officials can offer no firm evidence that the trait not the disease, but only a single abnormal gene makes blacks more vulnerable. Du Pont, which employs well over 100,000 workers, is in the vanguard of American companies doing genetic screening and thus is at the center of the debate over this area of science, debate so intense, so broad, that even medical directors from other companies who believe the possibilities of genetic screening want no part of it. At least, now the officials at Du Pont Company, a leader in the chemical industry with annual gross sales of more than $ 10 billion, feel they have the money and the scientists to turn the distrust into achievement. If some chemicals are highly toxic and the workplace is less than pure, company officials reason, it is only logical to try to determine why some workers get sicker faster and why others seem to have more tolerance for industrial poisons. And so the company is looking beyond the skills and loyalty of its workers to genetic structure.The sickle-cell trait is not the same as sickle-cell anemia. The anemia is rare but debilitating disorder found in fewer than 50,000 American blacks, about two-tenths of a percent of the black population. Perhaps two million other blacks are carriers of the trait they are heterozygous. Virtually all the carriers can lead very active lives and show no symptoms of the disease.1.What does the author say about Du Pont?2.What do Du Pont officials say?3.What is true about genetic screening?4.The underlined word toxic in the third paragraph probably means （ ）.5.What can we learn about the carriers of sick-cell trait?问题1选项A.It examined the blood of some blacksB.It examined some blacks for their knowledge of blood.C.It discovered that some blacks have blood illness.D.It discovered the blood of some blacks containing industrial chemicals.问题2选项A.They are trying to protect blacks form health threats.B.They can prove that blacks are likely to have health problems.C.They regard the skills of workers as the most important matter.D.They hope that other companies can follow their example.问题3选项A.It often aims at black employees.B.Its focus is often on sickle-cell anemia.C.Some companies do not want to do it.D.The US government strongly supports it.问题4选项A.powerfulB.complexC.thickD.poisonous问题5选项A.Their number is about 50,000.B.They usually seem to have normal lives.C.They include over half of the black populationD.They do not seem to be affected by industrial chemicals.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.文章第一段提到Du Pont公司对来应聘的黑人进行血液检测（gives pre-employment blood tests to all blacks who apply for jobs），选项A符合题意。2.文章提到Du Pont公司官方发言人强调这种做法不是歧视，而是在帮助他们避免潜在的疾病威胁（Du Pont officials emphasize that the sickle trait tests do not represent discrimination and are only an effort to help them avoid potentially harmful exposure to certain chemicals），选项A符合题意。3.文章提到Du Pont公司是美国做基因筛查的先锋（Du Pont, which employs well over 100,000 workers, is in the vanguard of American companies doing genetic screening），所以可以推测出一些公司并不想做这个筛查。选项C符合题意。4.题干中的 toxic 是“有毒的”的意思。powerful 有力的；complex 复杂的，thick 浓的；厚的；poisonous有毒的。选项D符合题意。5.文章最后一句Virtually all the carriers can lead very active lives and show no symptoms of the disease提到实际上很多携带者可以很积极地生活并且不会有任何症状。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题A （ ）statement will very likely be one that appears to be convincing on the surface, but which, upon closer examination, is not so.问题1选项A.reasonableB.plausibleC.crediblD.laudable【答案】B【解析】考察形容词词义辨析。reasonable “合理的”；plausible “貌似可信的”；credible “可靠的”；laudable “值得称赞的”。句意：一个貌似可信的陈述很有可能表面看是可信的，但仔细分析后，是不正确的。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题Steel is not as as （ ）cast iron; it does not break as easily问题1选项A.elasticB.brittleC.adaptableD.flexible【答案】B【解析】考察形容词词义辨析。elastic “有弹性的;灵活的;易伸缩的”； brittle“易碎的，易断裂的”；adaptable “适合的; 能适应的”；flexible “灵活的；易弯曲的”。句意：钢不像铸铁那样脆，不容易断裂。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题One motivational analyst who became curious to know there had been such a great rise in impulse buying at supermarkets was James Vicary. He suspected that some special psychology must be going on inside the women as they shopped in supermarkets. His suspicion was that perhaps they underwent such an increase in tension when confronted with so many possibilities that they were forced into making quick purchases. He set out to find out if this were true. The best way to detect what was going on inside the shopper was through the use of a galvanometer or lie detector. That obviously was impractical. The next best thing was to use a hidden motion-picture camera and record the eye-blink rate of the women as they shopped. How fast a person blinks his eyes is a pretty good index of his state of inner tension. The average person, according to Mr. Vicary, normally blinks his eyes about 32 times a minute. If he is tense, he blinks them more frequently; and, under extreme tension, he may blink up to 50 or 60 times a minute. If he is notably relaxed, on the other hand, his eye-blink rate may drop to a subnormal twenty or less.Mr. Vicary set up his cameras and started following the ladies as they entered the store. The results were startling, even to him. Their eye-blink rate, instead of going up to indicate mounting tension, went down and down, to a very subnormal fourteen blinks a minute. The ladies fell into what Mr. Vicary calls a hypnoidal trance, a light kind of trance that, he explains, is the first stage of hypnosis. Mr. Vicary has decided that the main cause of the trance is that the supermarket is packed with products which in former years would have been items only kings and queens could have afforded and here in this fairyland they were available to all. Mr. Vicary theorizes: Just within this generation, anyone can be a king or queen and go through these stores where the products say buy me buy me”.1.Vicarys curiosity was aroused by the fact that（ ）.2.According to the article, eye-blink rate is an indication of （ ）.3.Mr. Vicarys test（ ）.4.After his tests, Mr. Vicary concluded that（ ）.5.The article implied but not stated（ ）.问题1选项A.there was a decrease in sales in supermarketsB.women were showing strong resistance to products in supermarketsC.there seemed to be no logic in womens buying habitsD.women were shopping very carefully问题2选项A.the truth or falsity of a statementB.the mental ability of a personC.blood pressureD.the emotional state of a person问题3选项A.proved his original hypothesis to be trueB.proved that the tension of a woman shopper, after entering store, decreased rather than increasedC.nullified the eye-blink rate as a measurement of tensionD.showed that a womans reaction to the products in a supermarket is impossible to determine.问题4选项A.shopping was apt to create serious nervous disordersB.a supermarket is fantastic placeC.women are entranced by the many wonderful items available in supermarketsD.women develop an inferiority complex when in supermarkets问题5选项A.Quick purchases are the result of inner tensionB.The first stage of hypnosis is a light tranceC.Research conducted by motivation analysis can disprove their original premisesD.Supermarkets seeking a fairyland atmosphere should install hidden movie cameras【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.文章第一段提到Vicaiy对女性冲动购物越来越好奇，从而想去探究一番，选项A “超市上销量减少”，选项B “女性对超市产品表现出强烈的抵制”，选项D “女性购物很谨慎”，这三个都不是引发这位研究者好奇心的原因，选项C符合题意。2.文章第一段How fast a person blinks his eyes is a pretty good index of his state of inner tension提到眨眼睛的频率可以反映一个人内心的紧张程度，选项D符合题意。3.文章第二段提到Vicary拿起了隐藏的摄像机，进入了商店。通过实践得知，并没有像他预想的那样，女性进入商店后，她们的眨眼率没有增加，而是减少了(their eye-blink rate, instead of going up to indicate mounting tension, went down and down, to a very subnormal fourteen blinks a minute)，选项B符合题意。4.文章第二段提到女性进入商店后，进入了一种Vicarys称之为催眠的状态。Vicary认为超市中摆满了在以前只有王室才用得起的商品，而现在一般人都可以用，而这就是使女性进入催眠的缘由，选项C “女性为超市里那些商品着迷”符合题意。5.题干的要求是文章暗含了但是没有写出来的是什么。文章讲述了Vicary出于对女性冲动购物的好奇而用影藏摄像机在超市进行跟拍，想根据女性购物使眨眼的次数来判断她们购物时的紧张程度。但是跟他预期不同的是，她们眨眼的次数不但没有上升，反而下降了，原因是女性在购物的时候，全身放松，非常舒坦。所以这个结果推翻了原来的结论，选项C符合题意。6. 单选题Tests of reaction times seemed to back up the notion that the two hemispheres differed in their processing styles. Researchers used to believe that an image goes to one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the brain. If the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match up, then the person can respond slightly more quickly and accurately in identifying the local or global image.Still more startling, researchers found that the same appeared to hold for the brains of chimps and perhaps other primates. The assumption has always been that handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits-part of the great brain reorganization that allowed our ancestor to use tools, speak and perhaps even think rationally. But handedness is now widely claimed for primates and even birds, amphibians and whales. And in the past few years, some psychologists have tested chimps and baboons and suggested their two hemispheres also differ in processing style.Now researchers have come to see the distinction between the two hemispheres as a subtle one of processing style, with every mental faculty shared across the brain, and each side contributing in a complementary, not exclusive, fashion. A smart brain became one that simultaneously grasped both the foreground and the background of the momentThe next problem was to work out exactly how the brain manages to produce these two contrasting styles. Many researchers originally looked for the explanation in a simple wiring difference within the brain. This theory held that neurons in the left cortex might make sparse, short-range connections with their neighbors, while cells on the other side would be more richly and widely connected The result would be that the representation of sensations and memories would be confined lo smallish, discrete areas in the left hemisphere, while exactly the same input to a corresponding area of the right side would form a sprawling even impressionistic pattern of activity.Supporters of this idea argued that these structural differences would explain why left brain language areas are so good at precise representation of words and word sequences while the right brain seems to supply a wider sense of context and meaning. A striking finding from some people who suffer right-brain stokes is that they can understand the literal meaning of sentences-their left brain can still decode the wordsbut they can no longer get jokes or allusions. Asked to explain even a common proverb, such as a stitch in time saves nine, they can only say it must have something to do with sewing. An intact right brain is needed to make the more playful connections.1.The local or global image is more quickly and accurately identified in the brain if（ ）.2.Handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits, as is shown in （ ）.3.According to the text, a smart brain has all the following characteristics EXCEPT（ ）.4.What is the problem of the people who suffer right-brain strokes?5.The best title for the text may be（ ）.问题1选项A.tests of reaction times back up the notion of the two hemispheresB.an image goes to one hemisphere n:st, and then to the opposite side of the brainC.the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match upD.the person can match the image with an object问题2选项A.the brains of chimps and perhaps other primatesB.the fact that the great brain reorganization allowed our ancestor to use toolsC.the fact that human beings alone can use tools, speak and think rationallyD.the two brain hemispheres of chimps and baboons问题3选项A.with different processing styleB.with shared mental facultyC.each side contributing in a complementaryD.grasping the foreground and the background of the moment问题4选项A.They can hardly understand the literal meaning of sentences.B.Their left brain can still decode the words.C.They do not understand the common proverb a stitch in time saves nine.D.They cannot grasp the meaning of jokes or allusions.问题5选项A.Left Brain, Right BrainB.The Local of Global ImageC.Human Brain and Animal BrainD.The Smart Brain【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.根据文章第一段最后一句If the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match up, then the person can respond slightly more quickly and accurately in identifying the local or global image可知选项C符合题意。2.文章原句The assumption has always been that handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits-part of the great brain reorganization that allowed our ancestor to use tools, speak and perhaps even think rationally提到了左撇子和大脑不对称被认为是人类独有的特性，主要是因为能够赋予我们祖先实用工具、说话甚至理性思考的能力。因此选项C符合题意。3.文章第三段提及了一个聪明大脑应该具备的条件，根据原文可知选项B、C、D都在该段提及，选项A 与原文“as a subtle one of processing style”不一致，因而符合题意。4.文章最后一段A striking finding from some people who suffer right-brain stokes is that they can understand the literal meaning of sentences-their left brain can still decode the wordsbut they can no longer get jokes or allusions提到如果一个人的右脑瘫痪，他还是能够理解句子的字面意思，但是无法理解笑话和典故。选项D符合题意。5.文章主要介绍了人脑两个半球的运行方式以及各自的作用。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题It is a （ ）that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people who could hardly keep their body and soul together.问题1选项A.hypothesisB.paradoxC.conflictD.dispute【答案】B【解析】考察名词词义辨析。 hypothesis “假设，假说”； paradox “自相矛盾的人或事”；conflict “冲突，斗争”；dispute “争端”。句意：如此富有的一个国家，竟然有这么多贫穷的人难以生存，这是多么的矛盾。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题We work to make money, but it is （ ）a that people who work hard and long often do not make the most money.问题1选项A.dilemmaB.conflictC.prejudiceD.paradox【答案】D【解析】考察名词词义辨析。 dilemma “困境；进退两难”；conflict “冲突，矛盾”； prejudice “偏见；侵害”；paradox “悖论；似非而是的论点；自相矛盾的人或事”。句意：我们工作时为了挣钱，但是矛盾的是，工作努力并且时间长的人通常并不是挣钱最多的。选项D符合题意。9. 单选题Doing research will be much easier if you have someone to bounce ideas off and to give you（ ）in the entire process.问题1选项A.rewardB.insuranceC.interestD.feedback【答案】D【解析】考察名词词义辨析。reward “报酬”；insurance “津贴”；interest “兴趣；利息；利益”；feedback “反馈”。句意：如果有人能够给你出主意，并给你反馈，那么研究起来就容易多了。选项D符合题意。10. 翻译题Translate the following short paragraphs into English理性的、勤劳的、有用的人可以分为两类：对第一类人而言，工作就是工作，娱乐 就是娱乐；对第二类人而言，工作和娱乐是相结合的。前者占多数。他们可以得到相应的报酬。在办公室或工厂里长时间的工作，不仅能够带给他们维持生计的金钱，还带给他们一种渴求娱乐的强烈欲望，哪怕这种娱乐消遣是以最简单、最单纯的方式进行的。 而第二类人则是命运的宠儿，他们的生活自然而和谐。在他们的眼里，工作时间永远不够多，每天都是假期；而真正的假日到来时，他们总会抱怨自己有趣的休假被强行中断。事实上，有一些东西对于这两类人来说都十分必要，那就是变换一下角度，改变一下环境，尝试做点不同的事情。实际上，那些把工作看作娱乐的人可能需要以某种方式将工作不时地从自己的大脑里赶出去。【答案】Rational, industrious and useful man can be classified into two groups: for the first group, work is work and entertainment is entertainment; for the second group, work and entertainment are one. The former group are the majority. They have their corresponding payment. The long hours in the office or the factory bring enough money to support family, as well as a strong desire to obtain pleasure, even in its simplest and more modest forms. The second group are Fortunes favored children. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and when ordinary holidays come, they always complain that their interesting holidays are interrupted forcibly.In fact, it is essential for both two groups to change the outlook, atmosphere and environment and try something different. Indeed, those who regard work as entertainment should banish work from their minds in some way.11. 单选题The scientific method is the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the identification of a problem, the collection of relevant data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses that aim to solve the problem. Ever since the scientific method became a way of learning about nature, including ourselves, some people have hailed science as the only way to comprehend natural phenomena, while others have questioned whether it is an appropriate road to knowledge. As science and technology have grown, the questioning has deepened and expanded.This is not to say that so-called scientific evidence is not a good way to vouchsafe truth. Scientists testimonies are used to endorse everything from toothpaste to nuclear power; however, they are also used to challenge the very same things. And this is where it gets tricky: “Scientific” support can now be elicited on all sides of every question, so that the public is constantly forced to decide which scientists to believe.Where then is the vaunted objectivity of science? People are realizing that they must either develop criteria on which to make these decisions (and to do so for each important issue) or decide to disbelieve all scientific explanations and look for other ways of knowing. Incidentally, these other ways are sometimes no less empirical than the scientific ones. The decision to disbelieve all scientific explanations is not to be sneered at. The volume, contradictoriness, and limited comprehensibility of much scientific information leave most people bewildered.I am reminded of the comment Virginia Woolf attributes to the time-traveling character in her novel Orlando, who mused as she enters an elevator at Marshall and Snelgroves department store in London in 1928: “The very fabric of life now. is magic. In the eighteenth century, we knew how everything was done; but here I rise through the air; I listen to voices in America; I see men flying - but how its done, I cant ever begin to wonder. So my belief in magic returns.”Not only the general public is ill at ease. Uneasy questions are being asked