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Lesson13 Britannia Rues the WavesI . 1)Britain is sorry that she has lost her dominance on the high seas. Britain was proud of being the lord of the sea for along time, but now she regrets that she no longer enjoys a naval supremacy. 2)Shipping is a major successful industry in Britain because it makes over l 000 million a year in foreign exchange earnings, which is of vital importance for the country. The reasons for the success are that the British ship-owners have put in big investment and that there has been a conference fixing prices to avoid cut-throat competition. 3)The stiff foreign competition comes from two main directions: from the Russians and the Eastern bloc countries who are massively expanding their merchant navies and doing their best to step into the international shipping trade by severely undercutting Western shipping companies, and from the merchant fleets of the developing countries, who are struggling to take over a big share of the trade between Europe and Africa, Asia and the Far East-routes over which Britain used to have a total dominance. 4)A conference is in fact a cartel, whose role is to fix prices for all the member nations and companies. 5)The oil-tanker fleets. 6)Because freight liners carry all sorts of different cargoes, so if there is a slump in one particular industry, they may depend on others and survive. 7)The Third World countries regard a merchant navy as a symbol of their national power and have expanded their fleets at an incredible rate. Yes, they are. 8)They turn to high-technology investment. Yes, they are for the time being. 9)On one hand, Russia wants to earn hard currencies, on the other, a deeper motive is that it desires to increase its sphere of influence in the world. 10)The major problems are the Soviet Unions massive expansion of its merchant navy and undercutting of Western shipping companies, and UNCTAD, which guarantees the developing countries a major slice of the shipping trade. The problems also show that the capitalist world is divided rather than united as one. 1)cutting their way into the international shipping trade by charging much less freight rate than the Western shipping companies 2)who are determined to take the biggest share of the trade 3)Britain has important interests in these trade routes. 4) They make it more difficult to make a large amount of money when economic conditions are favorable. 5)But they make it easier to survive when economic conditions are unfavorable. 6)More and more oil tankers the world over lay idle. 7)Much of the fleet carries goods between foreign countries. 8)British companies are doing much business on the line between Japan and Australia. 9)Developing countries consider a merchant navy very important because it is a sign of their economic power, so after they have set up a national airline, the next thing they would like to have is a merchant fleet. 10)Neither the growth in Russias trade nor that in world trade would demand such a rapid development of Russias cargo-liner fleet. 11)These ships would certainly make it possible for she Soviet Union to exert its influence on countries far away from its territory. 12)When these smaller shipping companies go bankrupt, a big part of the few old industries that have been doing well and earning huge profits will close down. See the translation of the text.IV. 1)NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织(北约) 2)OASOrganization of American States美洲国家组织 3)OAUOrganization of African Unity非洲统一组织(非统) 4)ASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations东南亚国家联盟(东盟) 5)OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织 6)SALTStrategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈 7)UNESCOUnited Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization联合国教科文组织 8)MIT-Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院 9)BBCBritish Broadcasting Corporation英国广播公司 10)VIP-very important person重要人物 11)GMTGreenwich mean time格林威治平均时 12)GNPgross national product国民生产总值 13)KGBKomite Gossudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti(Committee of State Security)国家安全委员会(克格勃)(苏联) 14)ICBMintercontinental ballistic missile洲际弹道导弹 15)radarradio detecting and ranging雷达 16)laserlight amplification by stimulated emission of radiation激光V 1)the sea and shipping：merchant navy，merchant fleet, sea routes,the high seas，tonnage，shipowners，shipping companiesmerchant ships，shipping managers，sailing-shipssteam-ships，shipowners，shipping conference, shipbuilding boomshipping industry，oil-tanker fleet, charter rates，tankers，bulk carriers，dry cargo，bulkcarrier fleetshipping sectors，freightliner services，liner freight vessels，agreed routes，ports, shipment, liner ship，freight rate，cargoliner fleet，sealanes，shipping fleet，shipping lines 2)economy and trade：foreign exchange，balance of payments，in deficit，shipping trade，undercut，invest，grant tax concessions，competition，oil prices，depression。crisis，demand，slump，bankruptcy，customer，manufactured goods，crosstraders，profitable，foreign currency hightechnology investment，investment，container service, warehouse，a code number，trading partners。revenue，liner trade，seaborne trade，profit，hard currency imports，payment，trading ties，international business 1)grab the headlines 2)were being elbowed out 3)the lions share 4)cash in on 5)made a big killing 6)having weathered7)is around the corner 8)the pinch of poverty 9)big lO)throw in the towel 11)made up 12)a slump 1)peril常暗指近在眼前的危险，而且很可能造成损失或伤害；danger是常用词，表示危险，但不一定迫在眉睫或不可避免。 2)grants指补贴给的钱；loans指借的钱。 3)sophisticated指不仅现代而且复杂，含有高精尖端技术等意；modern按时间划分，包括现在的和刚刚过去的，时间跨度可能相当长，也可能很短。 4)ruin意为“毁灭”；affect仅指产生不良影响。 5)depression指(经济)萧条；crisis指(经济)危机，比前者严重得多。 6)influence常用以表示无形的力量，指看不见的影响；affec常指看得到的影响。 7)lease指租赁，租借；charter是包租。 8)ratify指正式批准；pass指一般的通过。 9)invention指首次发明的东西；discovery指原本存在，现被发现的东西。 10)ability 能力。指能力，常常指能把事情干好；capability指潜在的。 1)mercantile 2)fleet，shipping，marine 3)significant，key 4)ships 5)vital 6)freight 7)slump 8)grow, increase 9)lines 10)plus 11)to drive 12)coordinated 1)Oil is considered the lifeline of industry 2)The Soviet Union has already carved its way into the trade with the African countries 3)The recession is biting deeply into the auto industry. 4)They tried to cash in on the internal conflict of the country 5)Admiral Jellicoe said that if something was not done promptly to stop the losses，the Allies would have to throw in the towel before the end of the year 6)They were elbowed out 0f the competition. 7)Big trouble lies just around the corner 8)Officials insist that the country will be able to weather the boycottX 1)Oil is the vital lifeline of the national economy in many Middle Eastern countries 2)The Third World countries are bent on developing their industries independently 3)Some Western countries were afraid that the oilproducing countries would drive them out of business by undercutting them 4)The British government promised to put up the money needed to solve the problem 0f unemployment 5)Saudi Arabias proved reserves of on are by far the greatest in the world 6)The Chinese people stood the test of the Cultural Revolution 7)These veteran soldiers have all weathered the test of many battles during the Second World War. 8)We are still a long way from the goal of the four modernizations. 9) Many scientists and technicians are out to learn foreign languages so as to be able to read first-hand reference materials. ll)A new telegraph building will be completed and put into service soon. 12)Iraqs expansionism was under attack from the press all over the World. 13)The military expenditures of that country increase at a rate of 4% to 5% every year. XI. first, were, perhaps, thousand, the, Navy, coal, in, switch, which, all, to, of, tons |growth, automobile, wars, surge, these, and, determined, by, shortest, oil, East, western | closure, following, Egypt, after, 1967, a, known, crudeXII. Omitted.The Shipping Industry in China Since the founding of the Peoples Republic of China is1949, its shipping industry has witnessed an enormous expansion. In the last thirty years and more, the shippment of passengers and freight has increased by over 1600%, passenger turnover by over nine times, and freight turnover by round about ninety times. The total tonnage of ships and barges has risen by over fifty times, and the volume of freight handled at ports and harbours both along the coastline and on the Yangtze River has become more than twenty times larger. As for navigational engineering, ships and harbours, machine-production industry, communications navigation, shippment monitoring, succouring and salvaging, and the research and education involved, all these sectors have developed at a rapid rate. In the total volume of freight turnover of all means of transportation, the shipping industry ac-counts for over 40% in the early 1980s, which is high above its share of less than 20% in the 1950s. As for the foreign trade freight, the shipping industry is also playing a more and more important role. At present, China s merchant navy is capable of arriving at more than 400 ports in the world. China has built up a relatively massive shipping system.
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