美国养猪业的发展趋势

Developments in US Swine Production美国养猪业的发展趋势Mike Ellis麦克艾利斯博士Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Illinois伊利诺大学动物科学系 猪肉是世界上消费量最大的肉类猪肉是世界上消费量最大的肉类美国消费者美国消费者对猪肉的爱对猪肉的爱好稳步增长，好稳步增长，自自1994年以年以来增加了来增加了20%US Livestock Slaughter(million head)美国家畜宰杀量美国家畜宰杀量( (百万头百万头) )年份年份1960 19701980 19902001Chicken鸡鸡 1,644 2,9464,132 6,0228,406Cattle牛牛26.0 35.434.1 33.434.7Sheep羊羊16.2 10.85.7 5.83.2Pigs 猪猪84.2 87.197.2 85.4101.6Per Capita Consumption of Meat, Poultry, and Fish (Retail weight, lb)肉肉, ,禽和鱼的人均消费量禽和鱼的人均消费量( (零售重零售重, ,磅磅) )年份年份1970198019901999Beef牛肉牛肉84.676.667.469.4Veal小牛肉小牛肉2.41.51.10.7Pork猪肉猪肉56.057.349.854.2Lamb 羊肉羊肉2.91.41.51.2Chicken鸡肉鸡肉 36.946.660.978.1Turkey火鸡火鸡8.110.518.417.9Fish鱼鱼11.713.415.014.5Total总和总和202.6207.3214.1236.0Top 10 US Pork Export Markets (2002)美国最大的美国最大的1010个猪肉出口市场个猪肉出口市场(2002(2002年年) )Volume (million metric tons)(百万吨百万吨) Japan 日本日本242Mexico墨西哥墨西哥 100Canada加拿大加拿大 47Russia俄罗斯俄罗斯 27Korea韩国韩国 11Taiwan台湾台湾 8Hong Kong香港香港 8China中国大陆中国大陆 6Columbia哥伦比亚哥伦比亚 3Honduras洪都拉斯洪都拉斯 3Future Demand for Pork未来对猪肉的需求 On a world basis, pork consumption per head is predicted to increase over the next two decades全全世界在未来世界在未来20年猪肉的人均消费量将增加年猪肉的人均消费量将增加 Most of that increase will occur in the developing world, particularly in Asia主要在发展中国家特别是主要在发展中国家特别是亚洲猪肉的消费量将增加亚洲猪肉的消费量将增加 This will require a major increase in the amount of pork produced这就需要增加猪肉的生产量这就需要增加猪肉的生产量 WHO WILL PRODUCE THIS PORK ?谁将生产这些猪肉谁将生产这些猪肉?Changes in the U. S. Swine Industry from 1920 to 2000美国养猪业美国养猪业1920年到年到2000年的变化年的变化Year 年份年份 1920 2000No. farms 农场数农场数 5,218,000 2,007,000No. farms with pigs养猪的农场养猪的农场 4,852,000 85,760Farms with pigs, % of total 934.3养猪的农场数占农场总数的养猪的农场数占农场总数的%Avg no. pigs/farm (inventory) 10 698平均每个农场的存栏量平均每个农场的存栏量USDA Statistics, 1920/2000 census.美国农业部美国农业部1920/2000统计结果统计结果美国肉猪场数量美国肉猪场数量(X1000)美国肉猪场美国肉猪场不同规模肉猪场数和存栏数的比例不同规模肉猪场数和存栏数的比例猪场数猪场数 存栏数存栏数猪场规模猪场规模Pork Powerhousessow growth trends 母猪变化趋势母猪变化趋势Grouping组组Year年年Sows 母猪母猪% Total比例比例 Top 5前前5 1994 559,000 Top 5前前5 20021,407,841 22.5 Top 10前前10 1994 827,000 Top 10前前10 20011,832,341 29.2 Top 25前前25 19941,069,600 Top 25前前25 2001 2,468,341 39.4 Total Inventory Sows in U.S. 6,270,000 美国母猪存栏总数美国母猪存栏总数 6,270,000 US Slaughter Capacity美国生猪宰杀量Company公司公司1997 1998 1999Feb. 2000 June 2000Smithfield72,300 80,300 77,100 80,300 80,300IBP 79,900 72,600 65,500 69,500 69,500Swift 39,400 39,400 39,400 39,400 39,400Excel 37,800 37,800 38,700 38,700 38,700Hormel 34,700 34,700 31,600 31,600 31,600Farmland33,800 33,800 33,800 33,800 22,800Seaboard8,000 15,000 15,000 16,000 16,000Indiana Pack13,000 13,000 11,000 11,000 11,000Sara Lee8,000 7,300 9,000 9,000 9,000Lundys 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000Iowa Packing7,200 7,200 8,000 8,000 8,000Total Capacity 408,520 415,520 381,920 388,620 377,620总量总量 408,520 415,520 381,920 388,620 377,620Vertically integrated U.S. pork packer-producers, 2000美国猪肉联合加工企业美国猪肉联合加工企业2000年年 # Sows母猪母猪 # SowsRank排名排名Name of Operation公司公司 Headquarters总部所在地总部所在地2000 19941Smithfield Foods Smithfield, VA 695,000 65,0002ContiGroup Co. Kansas City, MO201,000 20,0003Seaboard Corp. Shawnee Mission, KS175,000 20,0004Tysons Springfield, AR 110,0005Cargill Minneapolis, MN109,000 77,0006Farmland Industries Kansas City, MO 38,500 16,0007Hormel Austin, MN 25,000 08Clougherty Pack. Co. Los Angeles, CA 23,000 17,6009Pleasant Valley Foods Hatfield, PA 18,000 TOTALS: 总和总和 1,318,500 215,000 市场份额不断变化市场份额不断变化猪肉价格猪肉价格19861998零售价零售价零售商份额零售商份额加工商份额加工商份额生产商份额生产商份额批发批发-零售零售猪场猪场-批发批发猪场净份额猪场净份额Total Hogs & Pigs Inventory (000 head) 2000年年12月月1日日All Other States 3,92315,4009,4005,8004,2003,4003,1002,9001,5101,3601,570950 1,0406203804302,340800SOURCE: National Agriculture Statistics Service数据来源：国家农业统计服务局数据来源：国家农业统计服务局840美国肉猪和猪总存栏数美国肉猪和猪总存栏数(X1000)Historical Reasons for Swine Production in Illinois伊利诺州养猪生产的历史原因伊利诺州养猪生产的历史原因 Corn and soybeans 玉米和大豆玉米和大豆 Experienced producers and employees 有经验的猪场主和工人有经验的猪场主和工人 Available finance 有资金有资金 Population-based markets 基于规模的基于规模的市场市场Issues Restricting the Development of US Swine Production限制美国养猪业发展的问题限制美国养猪业发展的问题 Environmental Concerns环境问题环境问题 Cost Competitiveness价格竞争价格竞争 Changing Regulations法规变化法规变化 Access to Export Markets出口市场的开拓出口市场的开拓 Animal Welfare动物福利动物福利 Health Status健康问题健康问题 Food Safety食品安全食品安全 Product Quality产品质量产品质量 Traceability可追踪性可追踪性 Cost Competitiveness价格竞争价格竞争Structural Changes in the US Swine Industry美国养猪业的结构性变化美国养猪业的结构性变化 Emergence of large production companies出现大型生产公司出现大型生产公司 Vertical integration 纵向联合纵向联合 Vertical co-ordination 纵向协调纵向协调 Widespread use of contracting 广泛采用合同饲养制广泛采用合同饲养制Features of Contract Production合同饲养制的特点合同饲养制的特点 Contractor supplies 承包人提供：承包人提供： Buildings 猪舍猪舍 Land for manure 处理粪便场地处理粪便场地 Labor 劳力劳力 Contractor is paid a fixed fee per pig with bonuses for high productivity 承包人按猪的头数领取固定酬劳，并因提高生承包人按猪的头数领取固定酬劳，并因提高生产率而获奖产率而获奖 Company supplies 公司提供：公司提供： Pigs 猪猪 Feed 饲料饲料 Veterinary input, vaccines, and drugs 兽医费用，疫苗和药物兽医费用，疫苗和药物 Production system 生产体系生产体系 Access to technology 技术技术 Access to technical support 技术支持技术支持 Access to markets 销售销售Advantages of Contract Production合同饲养制的优点合同饲养制的优点 Contractor 承包人承包人 Limited/No financial risk 财务危机有限或无财务危机有限或无 Guaranteed income收入有保证收入有保证 Access to capital Company 公司公司 Limits capital requirements 减少资本需要量减少资本需要量 Production spread over multiple sites 生产地点分散生产地点分散Facility Type设施类型TypeGestation Farrowing Nursery Grow/finish类型类型 怀孕怀孕 产仔产仔 保育保育 生长肥育生长肥育Total confinement全密闭全密闭 64.283.4 81.869.9(mechanical ventln.机械通风机械通风) Open building开放式开放式 16.412.4 15.919.7(no outside access无外部通道无外部通道)Open building开放式开放式 14.72.9 1.7 9.2(outside access外部通道外部通道)Dirt Lot 泥土场地泥土场地 2.80.6 0.3 0.8Pasture牧地牧地 1.90.7 0.3 0.4Facility Management设施管理System系统系统Percent of herds群体比例群体比例Farrow to finish分娩到肥育分娩到肥育 34.4Farrow to nursery分娩到保育分娩到保育 4.5Farrow to weaning分娩到断奶分娩到断奶 5.1Nursery only 保育保育 4.1 Nursery to grow-finish保育到生长肥育保育到生长肥育6.8Grow-finish only 生长肥育生长肥育 35.5Other其它其它 9.6Source: USDA, 2001美国农业部资料美国农业部资料One-site ProductionFarrow to Finish一点式生产系统产仔到肥育一点式生产系统产仔到肥育Breeding and Gestation配种与怀孕配种与怀孕Farrowing产仔产仔Grow-Finish生长和肥育生长和肥育Nursery保育保育Two-site Production两点式生产系统两点式生产系统Breeding and Gestation配种与怀孕配种与怀孕Farrowing产仔产仔Grow-Finish生长肥育生长肥育Nursery保育保育Three-site Production三点式生产系统三点式生产系统Breeding-Gestation配种怀孕配种怀孕Farrowing产仔产仔Nursery保育保育Grow-Finish生长肥育生长肥育Pig Flow (percent pigs)生产流程生产流程(猪只比例猪只比例) Gestatn. Farrow. Nursery Grow/Finish 怀孕怀孕 产仔产仔 保育保育生长生长/肥育肥育Continuous flow81.0 17.6 11.114.9不间断的流程不间断的流程All-in/all-out:全进全出全进全出By Room 按室进出按室进出 10.4 67.0 35.314.8By Building按舍进出按舍进出6.0 11.7 43.644.4By Site按场进出按场进出0.5 0.7 8.523.4Distance from Nearest Swine Operation与最近猪场的距离英里Two-site Production两点式生产系统两点式生产系统Breeding and Gestation配种与怀孕配种与怀孕Farrowing产仔产仔Wean-to-Finish断奶断奶-肥育肥育Wean-to-Finish Production Components断奶到育肥生产系统-组成部分 Standard finishing building标准的肥育舍 Concrete slatts水泥漏缝地板 Curtain sided, tunnel ventilated侧帘和隧道式通风 Finisher feeders and waterers肥育饲槽和饮水器 Modifications for newly-weaned piglet 为新断奶仔猪提供： Zone heating 取暖区 Comfort mats 舒服的垫子 Gating for smaller pigs小猪的通道Wean-to-Finish Production Proposed Advantages断奶到育肥生产系统优点 Reduced number of moves减少转群数量 Lower labor requirement for moving and cleaning 转群和清洁的劳动量减少 Reduced moving and mixing stress 减少转群和混群的应激 Lower transport costs减少运输费用 Increased flexibility of use增加使用的灵活性 Reduced overcrowding in nursery减少保育期的过度拥挤 Improved health and performance compared to conventional multi-stage system 与传统的多阶段系统比较可提高健康和性能水平Wean-to-Finish ProductionProposed Disadvantages断奶到育肥生产系统预期的缺点 Increased facility cost compared to a two-stage system与两阶段系统比较,增加设施成本 Under-utilization of building space (if single stocked)圈舍面积没有充分利用(假如单头饲养) Lower weight of output per unit floor space 单位面积出栏重量减少 Establishing the newly-weaned piglet 建立新断奶仔猪群 Pigs are more difficult to handle at load out? 猪不易装车Wean-to-Finish Production Issues断奶到育肥生产系统有关事项 Establishing the newly-weaned piglet 建立新断奶仔猪群 Optimizing throughput for maximum profit 生产量最佳化以获取最大利润 Overstocking存栏过多 Degree of overstocking - range 150 to 300 % 过量存栏在150到300 Optimum time to spilt pens - 6 to 12 weeks 分圈的最佳时间是6到12周 Group size群体大小 Floor space allowance圈栏容量 Minimizing variation最小的变异 Biological versus economic performance 生物性能与经济性能的比较Production Systems 生产体系生产体系Animal Flow 猪的猪的流程流程Breeding and Gestation配种，妊娠配种，妊娠Farrowing分娩分娩Grow-Finish生长肥育生长肥育Nursery保育保育Number of sows2500 母猪数母猪数Piglets weaned/week1000 每周断奶仔数每周断奶仔数Nursery building size1100保育舍规模保育舍规模Grow-finish building size1100生长肥育舍规模生长肥育舍规模MULTIPLE SITES AGE SEGREGATION 多点生产，按年龄隔离多点生产，按年龄隔离Groups of SINGLE-SEX pigs of SAME AGE单一性别、单一年龄组群单一性别、单一年龄组群ALL-IN/ALL-OUT management system全进全出管理全进全出管理CREATES POSSIBILITIES TO EMPLOY “IMPROVED” NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT 创造创造高营养管理的机会高营养管理的机会SPLIT-SEX FEEDING 分性别饲养分性别饲养PHASE FEEDING 阶段饲喂阶段饲喂FEED BUDGETING 饲料预算饲料预算Wean-to-Finish断奶断奶-肥育肥育 Feed Budget饲料预算饲料预算Phase阶段阶段Budget (kg/head)预算预算(千克千克/头头)I0.25II1III2IV7V14VI30VII50VIII90IX130Swine Housing 猪舍猪舍 Lowest cost 最低成本最低成本 Fully insulated充分隔热充分隔热 Environmentally controlled环境控制环境控制 Heaters 取暖取暖 Ventilation system 通风通风 Designed for maximum ventilation in summer夏季最大通风夏季最大通风 Designed for minimum ventilation in winter冬季最低通风冬季最低通风 Fully automated 全自动全自动 Waste Management Systems(percent of sites)粪污处理系统(猪场比例)Gestatn. Farrow. Nurs. Gr/Fn. 怀孕 产仔 保育 生长肥育Pit-holding 粪池19.4 34.751.647.1Mechanical scraper/tractor 32.5 13.010.428.4机械刮粪/拖拉机Hand cleaned 手工清洁19.1 23.6 12.9 9.6Flush (under slatts) 5.9 15.315.5 5.1冲水(漏缝地板下)Flush (open gutter) 1.8 4.4 2.3 2.5冲水(开放系统)Other 其它 7.2 3.6 2.0 3.1None 没有14.1 5.4 5.3 4.2Records记录Percent of sites猪场比例Feed intake采食量54.4Drug use药品使用68.1Breeding 配种 76.2Waste disposal粪污处理38.0Benchmarking基本要点 Comparing your production with those of other operations 将将你的生产与其它猪场作比较你的生产与其它猪场作比较 Physical performance 生产性能生产性能 Financial performance 财务状况财务状况 Production “efficiency” is a function of: 生产效率的影响因素生产效率的影响因素 Individual animal performance 单头性能单头性能 Piglets weaned per sow per year每头母猪年断奶仔数每头母猪年断奶仔数 Growth rate & Feed efficiency生长率，饲料利用率生长率，饲料利用率 Throughput产量产量 Pigs weaned per farrowing crate per year每个产仔笼年产仔数每个产仔笼年产仔数 Weight of finished pigs produced per square meter of floor space单位面单位面积生产肥育猪重量积生产肥育猪重量Pig CHAMP Breeding Herd Summary US Farms Pig CHAMP软件统计结果 Average Top Top Top平均平均前前25% 前前10% 前前1%Weaning-to- farrowing interval, days 7.6 6.2 5.6 5.1断奶至配种天数断奶至配种天数Av. parity of farrowed sows 3.33.94.24.1分娩母猪平均胎次分娩母猪平均胎次Farrowing rate, %分娩率分娩率 74.881.484.888.8Av. pigs born alive/litter10.110.510.811.3平均窝产活仔数平均窝产活仔数Litters/per mated female/yr2.102.302.402.51每头配种母猪年产窝数每头配种母猪年产窝数Pigs weaned/litter窝断奶仔数窝断奶仔数9.09.49.710.3Pigs weaned/mated/female/yr20.422.123.325.1每头配种母猪断奶仔数每头配种母猪断奶仔数Pigs weaned/crate/year91.4136.0154.5171.9每产仔笼年断奶仔数每产仔笼年断奶仔数Culling rate, %淘汰率淘汰率43.130.918.512.1Death rate, %死亡率死亡率7.84.93.03.1平均每头配种母猪年产仔数，巴西平均每头配种母猪年产仔数，巴西平均每头配种母猪年产仔数，美国平均每头配种母猪年产仔数，美国美国平均前美国平均前10%Slaughter Statistics屠宰数据屠宰数据Days to slaughter 178上市所需天数上市所需天数Slaughter weight, kg115屠宰体重屠宰体重(千克千克)Backfat thickness, mm背膘厚背膘厚(毫米毫米) 17Source: USDA, 2001Growth Performance on Commercial Units 美国商品猪场生长性能美国商品猪场生长性能in US Median平均平均PhaseApprox. weight range (kg)ADG (kg)ADFI (kg)G:F ratioNursery5 to 204300.620.70Grow-Finish30 to 11581026000.33Wean-to-Finish5 to 11566017600.37阶段阶段 体重大致范围体重大致范围(千克千克) 日增重日增重 日采食日采食 增重增重/耗料耗料保育期保育期生长肥育生长肥育期期断奶断奶-肥育肥育生产性能实际水平和潜力生产性能实际水平和潜力(40 120千克千克) 研究研究 商品场水平商品场水平 潜力潜力 日采食日采食(千克千克) 日增重日增重(千克千克) 耗料耗料/增重增重 瘦肉生长率瘦肉生长率(克克/天天)Mating Techniques配种技术First/Second Service Percent of Sows首次/第二次配种 母猪比例AI/AI 人工授精/人工授精 64.8Hand mating/AI 自然交配/人工授精 7.2Hand mating/Hand mating自然交配/自然交配 5.3Pen mating 群交 18.5Other combination其它组合 4.2Source: USDA, 2001资料来源:美国农业部,2001年Semen Sourcing精液来源Percent of sites猪场比例Purchased semen购买精液72.9Collected on site本场采集17.1Collected off site外场采集20.8(owner boar stud自己的公猪)Source: USDA, 2001资料来源:美国农业部,2001年Culling and Death Loss淘汰与死亡损失Percent比例Sows:母猪Died死亡 3.3Culled淘汰17.5Pigs:肥猪Pre-weaning断奶前11.6Nursery保育 2.6Grow/Finish生长/肥育 2.9Source: USDA, 2001资料来源:美国农业部,2001年Causes of Preweaning Mortality断奶前死亡原因Causes of Nursery Mortality保育期死亡原因Causes of Grow-Finish Mortality生长肥育期死亡原因Use of Quarantine for New Breeding Males and Females对新进种猪(公、母)的隔离检疫Females母猪Males公猪Proportion of Quarantined Animals Tested for Disease检疫猪接受疾病检测的比例Production Costs and Profits - Illinois ($ per 100 lb live weight)生产成本和利润-伊利诺州(美元/每100磅活重)1994 1996 1998 2000 2002(est.)Corn and Grain12.26 18.56 11.28 8.94 8.97 (1.62)玉米和谷物Protein蛋白质13.23 14.56 12.57 11.63 10.73 (1.93)Non-feed items15.50 16.13 15.88 16.25 16.50 (2.97)非饲料类TOTAL总和40.99 49.25 39.73 36.81 36.20 (6.52)Market Price 市场价39.57 53.31 31.85 44.70 46.81MARGIN利润-1.43 4.06 -7.88 7.88 10.62Swine Production Costs养猪生产成本养猪生产成本$/kg live weight美元美元/千克活重千克活重USA美国美国0.84 (6.88)China 中国中国0.78 (6.40)UK英国英国1.33 (10.91)Denmark丹麦丹麦0.90 (7.38)Holland荷兰荷兰1.08 (8.86)Spain西班牙西班牙0.82 (6.72)Argentina阿根廷阿根廷0.62 (5.08)Brazil巴西巴西0.66 (5.41)Chile智利智利0.63 (5.17)Japan 日本日本1.71 (14.0)