c动词分类及情态动词

、动词的分类:类别意义例句实义动词含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句子中能独立作 谓语。She has some bananas.她 吃 些香蕉。 They eat a lot of potatoes.他们常 吃 土豆。 I treading an English book now连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和表语一 起构成谓语。His father_is a teacher.他 父亲 是 教师。Twins usually look the same双胞胎通常 看起来 一 样。The teacher became very angry.老师变得很生气。助动词没有词义不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词构成谓语 动词，用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形 式，助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态变化。He doesn t speak English他不说英语。 We are playing basketball.我们在打篮球。 Do you have a brother?你有兄弟吗？情态动词本身有一定的意义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词 起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动 诃没有人称和单复数的变化，有些情态动词有过去式。You can keep the books for two week銘些书你 可以 借两个星期。May I smoke here?我可以在这儿 抽烟吗？ We must go now.我们现在 得走了。(1)关于实义动词： 英语的实义动词 又可分为 及物动词和不及物动词 两大类：后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整，后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hal等。有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, sing等。 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know, wash等。 有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组，形成短语动词。如：listen,reply,wait,look(2) 关于连系动词： 连系动词用来连接主语和表语，连系动词后面常为形容词。 常见的连系动词有：be、become look、feel、sound smell、taste seem turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand lie 等。 有些连系动词来源于实义动词，意思也跟着变化：look(看t看起来卜feel(感觉、摸宀感到)、smel(闻、嗅t闻起来)、taste(尝t尝起来卜turn(翻转、转动t变得卜grow(生长t变得卜ge得到、到达t变得卜go(去 t变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时，后面不能跟形容词。become get、go、be grow、turn的用法区别：become表示变成”，比较正式，通常不用将来时表示动作已 经完成。get也表示动作已经完成，但是更加口语化，通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示“变得”，常见于某些短语中，后面常有形容词 bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成为、当”，多用于将来时、祈使句或不 定式中。grow表示“变得”，常指逐渐的变化，表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示“变得”，指变为与原先不同 的情况，通常指颜色等变化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了 ” He has got rich.(他变富了 ” He will be a scientist in the future.(将来他将成为科学家 ” My little brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在过去的一年里我的弟弟长得高多了” The sandwich has gone bad.(那块三明治已经变坏 ” Her faceturned red after her mother criticized批评)her.(妈妈批评了他以后他的脸变红了)(3) 关于助动词： 常见的助动词有：用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being );用于完成时的have(has,had,having) 用于将来时的 shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般时的 do(does,did). 助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致，也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式，其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would.(4) 关于情态动词： 常见的 情态动词 有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等，另外，have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。 can表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中，在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时，常用“ can”代替“may”。情态动词“ can”的过去式是“ could，否定式是“ cannot”通常缩写成“ can ”，“could的否定 式是 “ could nof，通常缩写成 “ couldn” 女口： Can I help you?(要帮忙吗？ ” He can swim.(他会游泳 ” That can t be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生) may表示允许、请求或可能性，用may提问时，肯定回答一般用 Certainly或Yes,you may;否定回答一般用 cant或 mustn .t 如：May I ask you a question? Certainly可以问你一个问题吗？当然可以）/ You may go now（.现在你可以走了 ” It may be in your pocket（它可能在你的衣袋里 ） must表示必须”、一定”的意思。表示必须”时否定形式是 must n；表示一定”时，否定形式是“ can”女口： We must be very careful when we cross the road我们过马路时一定要非常小心）/ It must be Jack.（那准是杰克）/1 haven t seen Kate todayhe can t be here我今天没有看到过凯特 ，她不可能在这里）注意用must（必须）进行提问时，肯定回答用 must,否定回答用needn；用must（一定）进行提问时，肯定回答仍用 must,但是否定回答用 can如:Must we clean the room before we leave?-Tes,you must或 No,you needn.（我们 走之前必须要打扫房间吗？是的，必须打扫。/不，不需要。）/ Must she be in the romm? -Yes,she mus或No,shecan（她一定在房间里吗？是的，一定。/不，不可能在。） have to” 表示不得不”、必须” 。W6 llhave to leave now for it is very late at nighthave to的疑问形式是： 助动词+ have to,否定形式是：助动词+not+have to或者用needn.如：Do you have to stay until 8 o c你得呆到 8 点钟吗？ ” You don t have do so.（=Youneedn db soj你不用这么做） shall在问句中，可表示征求对方意见，与第一人称连用；在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示命令”、警告”、允许”等。女口： Shall we go to the zoo this weekend（我们这个周末去动物园好吗？” He shall bring his ownbook next time（他下次必须带自己的书来 ） should可表示劝告”、建议”、惊奇”等意思。 We should speak to old people politely我们应该礼貌地对老 人讲话） will表示意愿”、决心”等意思，一般与第二人称连用。如：Will you please close the door for me（请你替我把门关上好吗？ ” I will teach you a lesson（我要教训你一顿） would表示过去的 意愿”、决心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned hom&每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边）would也可以表示现在的情况，表达说话人向对方提出的要求，语气比“ will-婉转、客气。在日常会话中，“我想要”通常用I would like to”或 “I should（I d） like”来表示。如： Would you like to have a rest at the moment?（你现在想要休息一下吗？）would 还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。女口： Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who wouldsave his people每一年父母们 总是向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事） need表示“需要”，用于疑问句或否定句。need作实义动词时，在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如：He needn do it in such a hurry.（他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事” He needs some help.（他需要一些帮助 ” Hedoesn t netxd bring his football socks then（那么他就无须带上足球袜了）（11）dare是“敢”的意思，用法几乎与“ need ”完全相同，即在疑问句和否定句中，可以作情态动词，后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样，后面的动词不定式要带“ to”。How dare you say I am a fool?你竟敢说我是个傻瓜？ ” He didn t darto touch the red button（他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮 ）（12） d bette（ido）（ “最好是”）一般也当作情态动词使用 ，否定式是：d better not （do）如：You d betteait here and say nothing你最好坐在这儿不讲话 ” You d better notoeak because he is sleeping你最好不要讲话因为他正在 睡觉）吗?,其否定式cant/ couldnt表示“不可能”。用情态 动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间 内容推测有不同的结构。（二）对现在的事实进行推测：主要结构：must / may / might +动词原形 be+名词/形容 词 /介 be + doing1. You must be Jea nn e. Im Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well.2. They must be in bed already at this time of the ni ght.3. The teacher must be jok ing.4. Freda isn ti n class. She must be sick.5. There must be someth ing wrong.二情态动词1.情态动词的推测表达 2.情态动词表达虚拟语气 3.某 些情态动词的特殊用法知识重点与难点总结知识重点：情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用：（一）用情态动词表达事实的推测。can, could , might,may, must可以用来表达对事实的推测。根据说话人对 事实的把握性大小，must表示“肯定”，may/ might / can / could表示“可能”，must只用于肯定句中，may/might 的否定式 may not / might not 表示 “可能不”,而can / could可以用于疑问句，表示“可能，可能6. She might be very clever, but she hasn got muchcom mon sen se.7. He may be arriving this evening.8. He may be traveli ng around the world.9. The keys can be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.10. Can the news be true ?（三）对过去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+havedone / been+名词I形容词/介词短语1. Mrs. Lon gma ns must have bee n a pretty girl in her youth.2. He couldn have seen Anna yesterday. Shesgone abroad.3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.4. He might have overslept aga in.5. Where can Tom have gone ?情态动词表达虚拟语气：表达“本来”,“不然早就”。 这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表示说话人所讲的 与所发生的事实相反。表达了说话人的埋怨，后悔的语 气。其结构是在一些情态动词后面加have done结构。根据要表达的意思，有如下结构：should have done / ought to have done ： 本应该should n have done / ought n to have done ： 本不该could have done ：本来可以n eed nthave done ：本来没必要would like to have done :本来很想would rather not have done: 本来不愿意could / might / have done: 不然早就1. You should n thave laughed at his mistakes.2. You could have told us earlier.3. I ought to have bought that dict ionary last week.4. You ought not to have spe nt so much time in readi ng novels.5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the trai n.6. They would like to have seen that film last film.7. If he had give n me his nu mber, I could haveteleph oned him.8. They might have bee n froze n to death but for the rescue in time.某些情态动词的特殊用法：need和dare的两种形式的用法need和dare可以用做实义动词，后面接不定式（to do）结构，在疑问句和否定句中，加助动词do/does/did/或don doesnt/didn 。作为情态动词使用时，主要用于疑 问句和否定句中。情态动词needn（没有必要，不必）相当于 don have to1. It is cold, you n eed to wear some warm clothes.2. Need I stay here with you for a while ?Tha nk you,you n eed n .3. How dare you speak to pare nts like that ?注意：句型I dare say+从句。意思是：我肯定=Imsure 或 There is no doubt that+ 从句。I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.will 和 would表示“意志”或愿意”，would则指过去愿意做1. He said that he would help us.2. You may teleph one if you will accept this job.would可以表达“过去习惯做”类似于“ used todo”1. When we were childre n, we would go swimmi ng every summer in that river.表示请求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do? /Would you like to do ?Will/Would you please give him a message whe n you see him ?shall1. 用于第一，三人称，表示“请求”；“建议” 或“推1. Shall we start the meeting now?2. Shall I watch TV now ?3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?2. 用于第二人称，表示“命令，“要求”，“许诺”1. You shall take whatever you like.2. You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much no ise aga in.在表示推测的否定句或疑问句中 ，常用can /cant /could / couldn 表示，意思是：“可能吗？”； “不可 能”。而不能使用 mustn或must等词。1. Do you think he will do me a favor ?As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. Hebe prepared to give you a hand, though.A. might B. must C. can D. should分析：本题考查情态动词推测性用法。根据he is thelast one to help others.（他是最不可能帮助别人的人），既 然如此，那么“帮助你”的可能性也就最小了。答案为A2. Look, some one is coming. Guess who itbe ?I thi nk itbe Tom.I don thi nk itbe.A. can ; must ; can ; heB. may ; can ;must ; himC. must ; can ; must ; hisD. might ;must ; can ; himself分析：根据备选答案。can表示推测时用于疑问句 或否定句中。本题首句就应该是Guess who can it be?第二句应该是I think it must be Tom.（说话人十分肯定）。 第三句表达了说话人对前一个人的否定。即：I donthinkit can be him/he.（不可能是他）。答案为 A3. Do you know Ms. Wang likes walk ing after supper ?Sure. Shearound the campus now.A. must be walk ingB. must walkC. may walkD. may bewalk ing分析：关键词Sure告诉我们说话人的口气十分肯定。 根据句子语境：她此刻肯定正在校园散步呢。must bedoing表示肯定正在做。答案为 A4. I stayed at a hotel in New York.Oh, did you ? Youwith Barbara.A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would say D. must have stayed分析：首句说：我在纽约住在一家宾馆里。在此ahotel是泛指。所以D选项不合题意。第二句在说：你本 来可以和 Barbara.住在一起的。 Could have done表示： 本来可以。答案为 A5. Why didn you tell me there was no meeting today ? I all the way here through the heavy snow.A. n eed n have drive nB. can havedrivenC. must n have drive nD. should n have drive n分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。Need nhavedone表示本来没必要。答案为 A6. I was really an xious about you. Youhomewithout a word.A. mustn leaveB.should n have leftC. couldn have leftD.n eed nleave分析：根据句意：我真的很担心你，你真不应该一 句话都不说就离开家。离开家”已经发生了。Should have done正好表达了本句的意思。答案为 B7. A: Are you coming to Jeff party ?B: Im not sure. Igo to the concert in stead.A. must B. wouldC. shouldD.might分析：根据B的回答：我不一定去，我有可能去听 音乐会。Might表示推测：可能。答案为 D8. A: I promise that sheget a nice present on herbirthday.B: Will it be a big surprise to her ?A. should B. must C. would D. shall 分析：A说：“我答应她在生日聚会上她会得到一份 生日礼物。shall表示许诺。答案为 D1. A: Is John coming by train ?B: He should, but henot. He likes driving hiscar.A. must B. canC. n eedD. may2. Mr. Whiteat 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn show up.A. should have arrivedB. shouldarriveC. should have had arrivedD. should bearrivi ng3. Sorry, I m late. Ihave turned off the alarm andgone to sleep aga in.A. might B. should C. can D. will4. Yoube tired Youve on ly bee n worki ng for anhour.A. must notB. won C. can D.may not5. I did n go to work yesterday after noon because my car broke dow n.Youmine. I wasn using it.A. might borrowB. could haveborrowedC. can have borrowedD. ought toborrow6. A man an swered the pho ne. I suppose it was her husband.Ither husba nd. He has bee n dead for ages.A. mustn beB. couldn have beenC. may not have beenD. mustn have been【试题答案】1. 分析：根据B的回答“他应该（坐火车来），但是 也不一定，他喜欢开自己的车。本题考查了情态动词的 推测用法。may表示不十分有把握的推测。答案为 D2. 分析：根据句意：White先生本应该在 8:30到这里 出席会议的，可他（在8:30）没有到场。Should have done 表示：本应该。答案为 A3. 分析：本句是说话人在解释迟到的原因：我或许是关掉闹钟又睡了。 might have done表示对过去的推测： 可能已经答案为A4. 分析： 根据后半句 Youve only been working for anhour.（你才刚干了一个小时）说明Yoube tired （你不可能很累），cant表示“不可能”答案为C5. 分析：听到对方说“昨天车坏了而没去上班”，第二个人说“你本来可以借我的车去上班。” 本来可以/能：could have done.答案为B6. 分析：第二个人是说：那个人不可能是她丈夫，因 为她丈夫已经去世多年了。根据对学习必备欢迎下载话的语境，是在谈论过去的事，表示过去不可能：could not have done答案为：B