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专题十五 短文改错【2015高考考纲解读】高考英语短文改错的文章多采用记叙文, 有时也有应用文和议论文。其篇幅长度为100120个词, 语言材料通常取自学生的作品或类似学生的作品, 话题多涉及学生身边的事情, 文章难易程度符合学生的实际水平, 基本上不涉及生僻的语言现象。一、初读全文, 了解大意。短文改错题的文章较短, 而且大多数文章很容易读懂。通读时应注意文章用什么时态以及前后使用的人称代词。通读的好处是: 读后心中有数, 答题有的放矢。二、逐句认真阅读并改正其中的错误。短文改错中常见的错误类型: 1. 动词形, 名词数。 (1)动词主要包括两类错误, 动词的时态和语态错误, 以及主谓不一致的错误。Then the trouble started. We cannot open the door. So we asked the policeman for help. 很显然此句子主时态是一般过去时, 因此应把cannot改为couldnt。There were a football game on TV last Saturday evening. 原句中a football game决定了谓语动词必须用单数, 所以应该把were改为was。 (2)名词主要考查单复数混用。Helen is seventeen year old. She is very busy. “年龄多大了”应该为复数形式, 因此应该把year改为years。2. 还要注意形和副。形容词/副词主要考查: 两者之间是否混用。即该用形容词的地方原文用了副词, 该用副词的地方原文用了形容词。(1)副词代替正确形容词出现在文章当中: During the football season, Helen is much busier than usually. “与平时相比更忙”, 因此需要把usually改为usual。 (2)形容词代替正确副词出现在文章当中: As the time clock showed one minute and forty-two seconds left in the game, she began cheering excited, “Come onget going! ”原文意思是说比赛还剩一分四十二秒时, 她开始兴奋地叫道, 显然应把excited改为excitedly, 用来修饰动词cheer。3. 代词格, 细领悟。代词主要考查: 代词是否多余, 以及与反身代词之间的混用。 (1)代词多余: Dont lose your heart. With the help of the people all over the world, Im sure you will get rid of the sorrow and unhappiness. lose heart: become discouraged泄气; 丧失勇气; 而lose ones heart to sb. /sth. : fall in love爱上; 钟情于。原文意思很明显是“别泄气”。所以应该把your去掉。一字之差, 离题千里。 (2)代词混用: We were living in a big family. We treated each other as brothers and sisters. If any one of them had any difficulty, the other would help him or her out. 应把them改为us; 把the后的other改为others。 (3)代词遗漏: A teacher could make classes lively and interesting. 应该在classes前加his, 表示“使他的课堂生动有趣”。4. 固定搭配要记住。I have given up smoke. The dog doesnt like the smell. give up doing sth. 是一个固定搭配。因此动词smoke应该改为smoking。5. 非谓语, 细辨别。主要表现在三个方面: 非谓语形式的混淆, 不定式to的遗漏或多用, 非谓语与谓语动词的混淆。I came across a crew make a new film with one of my favorite actors. 这里make不作谓语, 应该是非谓语的形式, 因此改为making和后面的构成分词短语作后置定语。He had time for a proper breakfast and was still the first reach the factory. 在序数词后面往往使用动词不定式作后置定语, 这里缺少to, 所以在reach前面加to。6. 冠连介要牢记。(1)介词主要考查: 与动词的固定搭配。介词遗漏: Im sure you will get rid the sorrow and unhappiness caused by the disaster. get rid of是固定搭配, 意思为“摆脱, 除去”。介词多余: My wife is also happy because of I have given up smoking. 这里显然是对because of与because用法的辨别区分。前者不能接句子, 而后者充当连词可以接句子。所以应该把of去掉。介词用错(一般为固定搭配): I pick out her false hair and said, “Dont be sad, Miss. ”pick out应改为pick up。pick out挑选的意思; pick up捡起的意思。(2)连词主要考查: 前后两句话之间的衔接关系。常考三种关系: but转折, and并列, because原因。Chatting on line, students can more freely express their feelings and opinions, but improve their English if they are talking with native speakers. 前后句之间是并列关系, 应该把but改为and。(3)冠词主要考查: 句中冠词是否多余。冠词多余: I sat in the front of the TV at 7 oclock, when the game just began. 原文中应该把第一个the去掉。冠词遗漏: As we all left home at early age, we met lots of problems in our daily life. at an. . . age固定搭配词组, 表示“处于年龄”。三、改后复读, 纠正失误, 减少差错。做完短文改错后将答案放回原文, 再重读全文, 其目的主要是查看有无不符合逻辑, 语句不通顺, 不符合英语习惯的问题。改后复读, 可以发现那些在通读与细读中不曾发现的问题或做出的误改。【热点题型】题型一 名词和冠词 例1、 【提分秘籍】 1.指名词单、复数形式的用法错误。2. 冠词a， an和the的用法错误【热点题型】题型二 动词例2、 【提分秘籍】 1.谓语动词主要包括两类错误：动词的时态和语态错误，以及主、谓不一致的错误。 2 非谓语动词（1）非谓语动词细辨别不定式动名词作主语、宾语and连接的不定式或动名词前后一致现在分词和过去分词的区别等 （2）名词动词的修饰词修饰名词、系动词要用形容词；修饰动词、形容词、整个句子用副词；比较级和最高级的使用。形容词的ed形式与ing形式【举一反三】【热点题型】题型三 连词例3、Im sorry， and I wont be able to come tonight .【提分秘籍】 连词but，and，or， so和although等的用法错误【举一反三】【热点题型】题型四 代词例4、 【提分秘籍】1.人称代词的误用2.人称代词格的误用3.反身代词的误用【热点题型】题型五 从句引导词例5、 【提分秘籍】复合句中从句的关系词或引导词运用是否得当【举一反三】【高考风向标】1、（2014新课标全国卷）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2.只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)，不计分。Nearly five years before, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果) in our back garden. Since thenfor all these yearwe had been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please. As result, the plants are growing somewhere. The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste. There are so much that we often share them with our neighbours.Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems. We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost! 【答案】 2、（2014陕西卷）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线()，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1. 每处错误及修改均仅限一词；2. 只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。My father took me out camping for the first time when I was seven. He wanted teach me about animals, insects and trees. My uncles all come along with bows and arrows for hunting. One evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue. Just then a bird was flying over us. My uncles immediate jumped up and shot their arrows on the bird. Neither of the arrows hit the target. Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the skythey were looked like rain! We ran to escape but fortunately no one was injured.That day I didnt learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!【答案】3、（2014浙江卷）下面短文中有10处语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写上该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写上修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。I was taking a train to Londons Victoria Station.I had noticed that the carriage was noise and filled with people.Before long，a train inspector comes to check our tickets.A passenger realized he couldnt find his ticket but became quite upset.Then everyone in the carriage began searching the ticket，which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner.The person who found a ticket smiled with pleasure at his success.No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticketowner before.Yet they had so quickly offered the strangers their help.If we could show concern to others on need，the world would be a better place to live in.【答案】4、（2014辽宁卷）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。Dear Jeremy and Alice，Although weve been delighted to have you as neighbours, were hoping to settle something that bothers to us. In a word, your dogCleo.Were called several time about Cleos early morning barking. It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute shes outside. The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby. Beside, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day. This morning she starts barking even before 5 oclock. That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are.We appreciate our apologies and goodwill, but we hope that you can figure a good way of settling the matter.Sincerely，Jack and Rose【答案】 5、（2014新课标全国卷）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 2. 只允许修改10处，多者 (从第11处起) 不计分。My dream school starts at 8：30 am and ends at 3：30 pm. They are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon. We didnt need to do so many homework. Therefore, we have more time with afterschool activities. For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.My dream school look like a big garden. There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings. We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening music. The teachers here are kind and helpfully. They are not only our teachers but also our friends.【答案】 6、（2014四川卷）下面短文中有10处语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1每句不超过两个错误；2每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；3只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。 Hello, boys and girls! Today, I am going to talk withwhat you should do when a fire alarm go off. If you hear thealarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to leadyou outside. Stay close to your teacher and classmate. Dontpanic or get out of line, and trying to remain quiet and calmly. Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire. If its afalse alarm and there is no fire, your teacher will lead us backto the classroom. If you notice that when someone is missingand hurt, tell your teacher immediately.【答案】【随堂巩固】 Passage 1When you go aboard，there are a number of things to remember.There are three important areas of every new culture you must adopt to： the language，the food and the clothing.The best thing to do is to do how the people of the country do.Unless they eat snack for breakfast，you should try snack too.Your vacation will be comfortable and pleasant if you dare follow it.If you have never traveled overseas before，you may find difficult to face the problems you meet.But you can always get off cultural difficulties by visiting some old great museum.Dont spend all your time alone or you will be lonely.You should spend some time make friends.In this way you could learn about the new culture and have fun.Passage 2It was snowing heavily Monday morning.Li Hua was at the bus stop，waited for Bus No.601 to go to school.After the while，the bus came and she got on it.There are many passengers in the bus.Some were talking but some were looking out of the windows.Suddenly the bus stopped.The driver turned around and said，“Sorry.The bus has been broken down.Please get off and help push the bus.” When we heard this，Li Hua and the other passenger got off the bus.They worked hardly together，pushing the bus slowly backward.Soon the bus was running again.All the passengers were smiling and the sun was shining.Passage 3Dear Editor，Im writing to tell you about a food poisoning accident.Several days ago，my neighbor ate a bag of food buying from the market.After the meal，they had stomachaches and their faces turn pale.Fortunately，one of their friends found the accident and immediately called on an ambulance，which carried them quickly to a hospital.After several hours treatment they finally escaped from death.As some illegal businessmen only interested in making profits to become rich quickly，we seldom care about the necessary safety measures or care which happens to consumers.They must be charged with law.Meanwhile，I do hope whole society can realize the important of food safety and begin taking action together to make sure food is safe.Yours，Wang MingPassage 4In order to realize his dream，Bill Gates，richest man in the world，gave up studying in Harvard University，that is the most famous in the world.He set up a company and researching the computer software.An old saying go，“Interest is the best teacher.”I quite agree with this idea.I began to be crazy about English when I was a little girl.I got extreme interested in foreign cultures or customs.To meet me curiosity，I read in English stories every day.It seemed to be the best “meal” of a day.As a result，I always did very well in English exam.Interest is the key of success.Passage 5It is important to know that a parent can do to help reduce childrens stress.If you notice that your child is becoming nerve，he may have problems at the school.He may has trouble sleep.He may be depressing and begin to suffer from headaches.You should talk him to try to discover the cause of her stress.You can spend extra time help him.In short，you need to be complete supportive and encouraging all the time. Passage 6Mrs. Smith was unable to fall sleeping at night and was tired during the day to do anything，even the simple things that she used to enjoy doing.She had headaches more often，it prevented her from reading or watched TV.The more she thought about her conditions，the more worse she felt.At last she went to see her doctor，whom she had known for year.The doctor listened to his heart and said，“There is nothing serious wrong with you，and I accept the fact that you dont feel well.Now，I will give you some pills that will help.Come tomorrow morning and tell me how you felt.”Passage 7I like music very much，pop songs particularly.Every evening then I am doing homework and at weekends when I at home，I always play some of my favorite songs on my tape recorder.The familiar patterns of notes attract me into the colourfully world of music.Now and then I stopped to follow the songs.Sometimes，my mother comes in，asked me to fix my attention to my homework.She does not like the pop music.Like most grown-ups，she enjoys folk songs，because the peaceful music reminds her of their beautiful life when she was young.It is a truth which people of different age understand music differently and enjoy different kinds of music. Passage 8It was my first day of high school，and I was late.My next lesson，French，scared to me，for I just can not speak that language.At the door，a hand reached out and shook me firmly.I looked up.The man with a smile and welcoming words eased my fears.That year，I enjoyed his classes a great deal because I learned more than just French.Sometime he told us interesting stories.After school his room always filled with students and he would listen to and chatted with them.He taught me what every person is worth your times.How fortunately I felt being his student!Passage 9A few years before，Jack and I had a quarrel over score in a football match.From then on，we didnt speak to each other any longer.One day，when I was standing by a tree read，a ball flew to me and I kicked it back with looking at the player，but while I put up my head，I found it was Jack.Seen him，I was feeling very embarrassed.However，he was smiled to me，so I smiled either.Then we began to make up.This way the walls between us were torn down with a smile but we become good friends again.Passage 10One day last month，a group of Chinese student arrived in Brisbane.I was one of them.After speaking goodbye to my dear parents at Beijing Airport，I started my long journey.That was my first journey abroad! How exciting I felt when I got on board.We left Shanghai to Hongkong to change to another plane to Melbourne，second largest city in Australia.From there we went to Brisbane，that is the capital city of Queensland，Australia.We were exchange students and send to the country by their government to learn English in Brisbane for twelve months.From the first few lessons，we found the teachers there really worked hardly，and I am sure of everything will go well in the next months. Passage 11The first time I decide to leave home was when I was upon graduation in high school.I was having trouble get along with my parents.I had about fifty dollar in my pockets，and so I thought about leaving home.It took me only two weeks away from home while I started to feel homesick.Living on my own is a total different experience for three main reasons：being more responsible，more decisive and more creative.Because of Im on my own，I get to deal with my duties without be told.I have to be more careful because my parents are not here to give me their advices.In the other hand，I could make my own future plan.I have made rules for my to follow.Passage 12Dear Li Hua，Its a long time since I heard from you in last time.Now Id like to tell you a impressive story that happened on the first day of my teaching career.A boy，Li Ming，whom father died a month ago，was late for school.He stood outside the classroom silent.I smiled to him and asked him to come.After a while，he began to cry.Seeing this，I walked to him and asked what has happened.He told me his mother was ill but he had to get some medicine for her.At the same time，he apologized to me for his lateness.Moved by his word，I praised him for his deeds and decided to sing a song was named “Mother” for the students.From then on，I began to realize we should respect our parents and did our best to help them.Do you think so?Im looking forward to your reply.Passage 13On Saturday afternoon，Li Hua and Wang Ping，members from “Green Eyes”，was having an environmental protection activity near the riverside when they catch sight of a bird on the ground.They picked it out and found it wounded.Thinking it should die without timely help，they took it home.Under their treatment and care，the lucky bird got recovered soon.When time came for them to flying the bird，they felt a bit of pity but very delightful.I think its worthwhile for him to do such a thing.Here I call on the public to show respects for the nature.Only by changing the way which we treat the environment can we get along well with it.Passage 14Rose wanted a job.She went to many offices and she didnt like any of them.One day she saw a board in an office read：“This office needs a typist whom can type 200 words a minute.”Rose was exciting.When Rose went to the managers office，the man was writing something.Rose knocked at the door and the manager raised her head.“Do you need a typist?”asked Rose.“Yes!”he said.Rose clapped her hand.She couldnt help saying，“OK!How much will you pay for me every month?”The manager thought for a while and said，“I will pay you 77 dollars for first three months.Then I will pay you 30 dollars every month.”Rose smiled and answer，“Great!I will come and work here three months late.”The manager was speechless.Passage 15I went hiking to a mountain with my friends last summer.It was a good trip at the beginning and something unexpected happened half way.One of my friend suddenly felt a terrible pain in his stomach and he couldnt move any far.Nobody knew what to do it.One girl tried to call her mum in her mobile phone，but there was no signal in the mountain area.Lucky we had brought a tent with us.We put it up and let him rested in it.He took some medicine.Then he drink some water，and ate some food.After while，he felt much better and we walked on.We all enjoyed us on the top of the mountain. Passage 16(2011辽宁实验中学期末)When Jack bowed to someone，he always did it much too quickly.They neednt to wait any longer after he finished nodding his head.So he was blamed for no manner.Then a warm-hearted man teaches him，“When you bow to somebody next time，you can count the January，February，March，until December.Then you can lift your body.Thus，the ceremony will almost perfect.”The next day，he met his uncle，but he did as the man told him to.The bow was too long that it made his uncle escape soon with a surprising look.When Jack looked down，he found his uncle gone.So he asked a passer-by，“In which month did she go away?” Passage 17It was dinner time.Mr.and Mrs.Smith were about to begin their dinner then they find that their son，Mike，wasnt there yet.So Mrs.Smith asked her husband to go and find him.Mr.Smith went to Mikes room and found Mike laying on his face on the floor，read a book.He was laughing!Mr.Smith told him to go for dinner，and he left quite unwilling.Wondering that what absorbed his son so much，Mr.Smith took a look at the book.Now Mrs.Smith and Mike were at the table，waiting Mr.Smith.She got quite patient and sent her son for his father.Mike went back to his room.To his great surprised，he saw his father lying on the floor，reading the same storybook of hers on the floor!Passage 18Im eighteen years old and I live in small village in the Peak District，not far from Nottingham.I grow up in this village，so I know everyone here.Thats the problem-the problem is theres nothing to do，and nobody of my age to do it with!At the moments I travel into Nottingham every day to the shop as I work.Theres a bus at 7：30 in the morning or the last bus back in the evening is at 5：30.From Septem
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