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专题11 阅读理解易错点1 只见树木不见森林，误把细节当主题 （2016天津卷）Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue(疲惫) and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it has either too boring or too difficult. And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel. Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first.Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical order(按字母顺序), never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the days work with the difficult task of essay-writing. Experience proved that the rule works.Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can then let the unconscious take over. When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica (大英百科全书), I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep. An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind provided correct at every step. Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.What could be the best title for the passage?A. Success Is Built upon FailureB. How to Handle Performance FatigueC. Getting over Fatigue: A Way to SuccessD. Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems【试题解析】根据全篇文章和最后一段的内容可知，文章主要介绍造成失败的两种疲惫，以及如何克服疲惫。故选C。 【参考答案】 C近几年的高考阅读理解越来越倾向于从语篇的角度考查能力，考生在做题时也要相应地转变为整体思维，要从整体把握文章的大意，不可过于纠缠细节。利用文章的细节内容进行干扰是命题人常采用的干扰方式，考生千万不可被其迷惑。遇到主旨大意题或是标题归纳题，切忌只见树木，不见森林。If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead，we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the suns light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us dont think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet its the only way to explain what weve done to the night: Weve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light. Living in a glare of our making,we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritagethe light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Waythe edge of our galaxy arching overhead.53. It is implied in the last paragraph that . A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animalsB. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritagesC. human beings cannot go to the outer space D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe【答案】 D易错点2 主观臆断，忽视逻辑 (2016新课标卷II)Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookC turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both. Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the real and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A. To explain what they are. B. To introduce BookCrossing.C. To stress the importance of reading. 【错因分析】 考生容易做错的原因是忽视本题上下文的逻辑关系和所涉及的相关信息，单一地、孤立地分析某句内容从而不能全面总结。【参考答案】B 回归原文，重视逻辑考生做阅读理解题的唯一依据就是文章，所有的判断都应围绕文章进行。每篇文章都是完整的语篇，上下文之间的逻辑关系非常紧密。在做此类题时，考生需要通过上下文之间的逻辑关系揣测作者所要表达的真正意图。 （2017浙江）Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one. In those days , a brush was made from camels hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush. In the city, Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape (风景) painting. Wiliams ,a well-known painter, came to see him work . Wiliams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home .The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said, Those two books were my companions by day, and under my pillow at night. While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy decided then that he would be an artist.23. What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent?A. He took him to see painting exhibitions.B. He provided him with painting materials.C. He sent him to a school in Philadelphia.D. He taught him how to make engravings.【答案】B 易错点3 信息错位，忽视题干 Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice Ive ever had: Be bold and brave and mighty(强大的) forces will come to your aid.Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas even physical strength greater than most of us realize.Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college classmate of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player. In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line, said Tim. I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet (子弹) and stopped him cold.So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities and youll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.1.What was especially important for Tims successful defense in the football game?A. His physical strength.B. His basic skill.C. His real fear.D. His spiritual force.【错因分析】 考生在解答本题时，如果没有注意到题干中的关键词especially，很容易误选B，主要是以为误解了文中的信息Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player.，认为一个优秀的足球运动员应该具备很好的技能。其实，只要把握住了题干中的especially，就能容易确定答案了。【参考答案】 D 审清题干，锁定范围考生在做阅读理解题时，一定要看清题干，即所问的问题是什么，切忌答非所问。更改原句词汇，偷换概念，变换时态以及颠倒是非都是命题人经常采用的干扰方式。由于题干或选项不是照抄文章中的句子，而是用其同意词句进行表达的，所以考生一定要仔细对照文章，做出正确判断。(2017全国新课标II)I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didnt want me for the film it wanted somebody as well known as Paul he stood up for me. I dont know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core （核心）of our relationship off the screen.We shared the brief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago. Hed been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didnt talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.24.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first?A. Paul Newman wanted it.B. The studio powers didnt like his agent.C. He wasnt famous enough.D. The director recommended someone else.【答案】C 易错点4 断章取义，忽视语篇You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years, this association，founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty(贫困) and sickness, promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes, Ashoka provides money for the worlds most promisingchangemakers seeking to solve(解决) urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy contributing adult. In fact, it is many young peoples ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city, helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there.When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhakas streets, attracting rats and disease, they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to compost(把制成堆肥) this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilizers(化肥) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years. At first, they were refused, but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made, the project took off. In 2009 sales were 14，000.Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious, practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.The authors attitude towards Ashokas programme can be described as _Achanging BforgivingCcautious Dpositive【错因分析】 文章介绍了Bill Drayton创办的机构Ashoka，该机构旨在让每一个公民都成为changemaker。如果考生不通篇理解，只注意到文章的某些细节内容，可能误选A或C。【参考答案】 D 重视语境，挖掘信息近几年的高考阅读理解题中出现了不少夹叙夹议类文章，或者是先叙述后议论、或者在叙述中夹有议论，无论是哪种类型的文章，作者都不直接表明自己的观点或态度，而是将自己的情感贯穿于文章之中。考生在做题过程中，要从语篇的角度推断作者的情感。遇到猜测词义或句意类试题，考生要依据上下文进行综合推断，不宜只根据某一处细节或某个句子下结论。 Why College Is Not Home The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of todays students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities. For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves trying on new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide safe spaces within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning. Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community. Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged. It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth. Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.1.Whats the authors attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?A. Sympathetic B. DisapprovingC. Supportive D. Neutral 【答案】A高考阅读理解试题解题误区第一大误区，阅读文章时逐字逐句，力争读懂每一句话。很多同学都觉得阅读理解时间不够，往往是采用的这种阅读方法。在高考或者我们平时高考模拟考试中，英语阅读一共应分配的时间是35分钟。平均每篇文章7分钟，那么这每篇文章的7分钟又应该大致如何分配呢？我问过一些中学生同学，不少同学都认为文章读5分钟，题做两分钟。他们的理由很简单，读完这样一篇高考文章，没个5分钟不太可能。那么我可以肯定的说，花5分钟读文章的同学2分钟绝对做不完题。于是在考试中这些同学只得采取牺牲写作文的时间这样一种拆东墙补西墙的方法以求在阅读上多拿分。这样的做法往往收效甚微，感觉时间不够的同学很多时候是因为采取了错误的阅读方法，这样的话即使补进去10来分钟时间，其实也不见得能多拿几分。一场考试下来，同学发现英语阅读错了很多，开始反思的时候，会这样想，我是阅读速度太慢，文章没有读懂，我应该继续努力提高我的英文水平，争取下次考试能把文展轻松读懂。这样一个努力方向是不现实的，就高考文章而言，要在7分钟内把文章读的清楚明白，还要把题作对，基本是一个不可能任务。而且出题人也根本没指望一个中学生能把高考阅读文章读的通通透透。高考阅读主要考查的是同学们两方面的能力，一个是把握文章主旨大意，另一方面是把握文章的某些细节。考纲中说阅读理解测试学生好几方面的能力，其实都可以归到这两类里，它不过写到更具体一些而已，比如根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和引申，这些推理引申不是没有根据的，其根据也只能根据两点，要么文章主旨，要么文章某个细节。 因此根据高考阅读考查的特点，我们在读文章时不是应该每个细节都不放过的去读，而是应该读文章的结构，读出结构，主旨题就能解决，而其他细节题再回文章定位做出。平时我们在复习的过程中就要注意了，我们读文章时要读文章的结构，不要在细节上做过多的纠缠。高考文章中的说明文占的比重较大，难度也大，而偏偏是这类文章结构鲜明，同学们应该注意把握。我们把阅读的重点转移到文章结构之后，建立起正确的时间分配方法就不是难事了，那就是读文章3 分钟，做题4分钟。其实你熟悉了把握结构这种读文章的方式之后，3分钟足够你把握文章的大致结构。第二个误区，读文章时断章取义。这个误区实际是第一个误区的延伸，就是同学对文章缺乏大局观，仅仅根据本段来理解本段。比如这样一篇文章，后面有道题问的是段落主旨。我们把其他段的大意翻译出来，只留下一二两段：1、One of our biggest fears nowadays is that our kids might some day get lost in a sea of technology rather than experiencing the natural world. Fear-producing TV and computer games are leading to a serious disconnect between kids and the great outdoors, which will changes the wild places of the world, its creatures and human health for the worse, unless adults get working on childs play.2、Each of us has a place in nature we go sometime, even if it was torn down. We cannot be the last generation to have that place. At this rate, kids who miss the sense of wonder outdoors will not grow up to be protectors of natural landscapes. If the decline in parks use continues across North America, who will defend parks against encroachment（蚕食）? asks Richard Louv, author of Last Child in the Woods.3. 接近自然好处多。4. 不是孩子的错。5. 每个人都有责任来让孩子重返自然。题目：The main idea of Paragraph 2 is that_A. kids are missing the sense of wonder outdoorsB. parks are in danger of being gradually encroachedC. Richard Louv is the author of Last Child in the woodsD. children are expected to develop into protector of nature这个题目正确答案是D，而很多考生误选了A。纠其原因，就是根据本段理解本段，没能体会这个段落在文章中的作用。这篇文章结构很清晰，先讲了一个现象（孩子脱离自然），然后表明了自己的态度，最后提出解决方案。好了，文章很明显的是，第一段讲了现象，第三段讲了态度，第4、5段讲解决方案。那问题就出来了，第二段它要干吗，是做为第一段的延续把这个现象更一步描述呢，还是表明了作者的态度，并引出了第三段的阐述？这样就能看出第2段文章的主旨了，它不是在描述现象，它是在讲作者的态度，表明了作者对孩子脱离自然后果的担忧；四个选项就只有D是最合适的，表明了作者的态度，孩子们应该要成长成为大自然的保护者。第三个误区，深究生词和难句。高考考纲规定高考阅读中超纲词可占35，同学们背纲内词也会有盲点，在加上英语当中有很多抽象的词汇不好理解，我们在考试中遇到不理解的词的情况时有发生。有些词不影响我们对文章结构的把握，细节题也没有考到，这样的词可以勇敢的跳过，在考场上没必要花时间去仔细琢磨。句子也是一样，我们关注的只是跟主旨相关的，以及后面题目考到的那些句子。于是就有这样一种情况，这个词这个句子考到了我又不理解那怎么办。那就根据上下文来猜测即可。第四个误区：选好了就不能再改，一改就会错。 做完一篇阅读后，必须花半分钟左右检查一下，看是否勾错选项，是否自己选的选项本身就是矛盾的，是否每个答案都能在文中找到了映射等等。 如果感觉有一道题目自己第一遍做错了，检查后想改，怎么办呢？很简单：对比两个选项间的映射，哪个选项映射的观点在文中表达得更清晰（比如，选项就是文中某一观点的另一种说法），哪个选项的结论更合乎作者的思维和推理方式，哪个选项的内容更接近主题中心而不是针对某一细节，那就应该选哪个选项。 事实上，避免不敢对已经做了的选择的答案进行修改的最有效的方法，是在第一遍做题的时候就仔细分析选项在文章中的映射。没有完全把握的题目可以放一放，等做完其它小题时你对全文已经有了全局的把握，再回头思考这个问题，可能更容易做出选择。第五个误区：先读文章，然后才做题。 考场上分秒必争，但一篇三四百字的文章考的问题往往只有5个，很多信息是多余的，过两眼就行；而有的一个单词却牵连数个选项，就得研究上下文，找出对应的关键词，然后参考题目认真加以分析。 从经验来看，做阅读理解题时，基本要用十几秒时间迅速浏览，弄清文章的主题是什么，比如环境保护、求职、医疗等等。再找到关键词，然后用一分钟读文章后的题目，了解问题是什么。有了文章的关键词，又知道了提问的主要问题，再回过头读文章时效率就比较高了。 而在浏览完考题之后，一定要细读文章，对题目涉及到的段落、句子做简单标记，接着要仔细分析每个题目在文中的映射，再做出选择。最后，可以结合文章中心上下检查一遍，一个完整的解题顺序就完成了。 做阅读理解是慢功出细活，不要妄想有什么捷径，只要闯过这几大误区，就能取得更好的成绩。 高考阅读的基本解题思路：第一，扫描提干，划关键项。第二， 通读全文，抓住中心。1. 通读全文，抓两个重点：首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题）；其他各段的段首和段尾句。（其他部分略读，有重点的读）2. 抓住中心，用一分半时间思考3个问题：文章叙述的主要内容是什么？文章中有无提到核心概念？作者的大致态度是什么？第三，仔细审题，返回原文。（仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩）定位原则：通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。（关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等）自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。第四，重叠选项，得出答案。（重叠原文=对照原文）1. 通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选项，选出答案。2.作题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由阅读理解的解题技巧1.例证题 ： 例证题的标记。当题干中出现example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 时。 返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。 搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的
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